One Thousand and One Nights

by Richard Burton

  When there was nothing to detain the emperor any longer, he took horse, and with the princes Bahman and Perviz on his right hand, and the queen consort and the princess at his left, preceded and followed by all the officers of his court, according to their rank, returned to his capital. Crowds of people came out to meet them, and with acclamations of joy ushered them into the city, where all eyes were fixed not only upon the queen, the two princes, and the princess, but also upon the bird, which the princess carried before her in his cage, admiring his sweet notes, which had drawn all the other birds about him, which followed him, flying from tree to tree in the country, and from one house-top to another in the city. The princes Bahman and Perviz, and the princess Perie-zadeh, where at length brought to the palace with this pomp, and nothing was to be seen or heard all that night but illuminations and rejoicings both in the palace and in the utmost parts of the city, which lasted many days, and were continued throughout the empire of Persia, as intelligence of the joyful event reached the several provinces.

  STORY OF THE SULTAN OF YEMEN AND HIS THREE SONS.

  There was in the land of Yemen (Arabia Felix) a sultan, under whom were three tributary princes. He had four children, three sons and a daughter. He possessed greater treasures than could be estimated, as well as innumerable camels, horses, and flocks of sheep; and was held in awe by all contemporary sovereigns.

  After a long and prosperous reign, age brought with it infirmity, and he at length became incapable of appearing in his hall of audience; upon which he commanded his sons to his presence, and said to them, “My wish is to divide among you, before my death, all my possessions, that you may be satisfied, and live in unanimity and brotherly affection with each other, and in obedience to my dying commands.” They exclaimed, “To hear is to obey.”

  The sultan then said, “My will is, that the eldest be sovereign in my room; that the second possess my treasures; and the third every description of animals. Let no, one encroach upon another, but all assist each other.” He then caused them to sign an agreement to abide by his bequests, and shortly afterwards was received into the mercy of the Almighty; upon which his sons prepared what was suitable to his dignity for his funeral. They washed the corpse, enshrouded it, prayed over it, and having committed it to the earth, returned to their palaces; where the viziers, officers of state, and inhabitants of the metropolis, high and low, rich and poor, attended to console with them on the loss of their father. The news of the death of the sultan was soon spread abroad into all the provinces, and deputations from every city came to condole with the princes.

  After these ceremonies, the eldest prince demanded that he should be inaugurated sultan in the room of the deceased monarch, agreeably to his will; but this was not possible, as each of the other brothers was ambitious of being sovereign. Contention and disputes now arose between them for the government, till at length the elder brother, wishing to avoid civil war, said, “Let us go and submit to the arbitration of one of the tributary sultans, and to let him whom he adjudges the kingdom peaceably enjoy it.” To this they assented, as did also the viziers; and they departed, unattended, towards the capital of one of the tributary sultans.

  When the princes had proceeded about half way on their journey, they reached a verdant spot, abounding in herbage and flowers, with a clear rivulet running through it, the convenience of which made them halt to refresh themselves. They sat down and were eating, when one of the brothers casting his eyes on the grass, said, “A camel has lately passed this way loaded, half with sweetmeats and half with grain.” “True,” cried another, “and he was blind of one eye.” “Yes,” exclaimed the third, “and he had lost his tail.” They had scarcely concluded their remarks, when the owner of the camel came up to them (for he had heard what they had said, and was convinced, as they had described the beast and his load, that they must have stopped him), crying out, that they had stolen his camel. “We have not seen him,” answered the princes, “nor touched him.” “By Allah!” replied he, “none but you can have taken him; and if you will not deliver him up, I will complain of you to the sultan.” They rejoined, “It is well; let us go to the sultan.”

  When all four had reached the palace, information was given of the arrival of the princes, and they were admitted to an audience, the owner of the camel following, who bawled out, “These men, my lord, by their own confession, have stolen my property, for they described him and the load he carried.”

  The man then related what each of the princes, had said; upon which the sultan demanded if it was true. They answered, “My lord, we have not seen the camel; but we chanced, as we were sitting on the grass taking some refreshment, to observe that part of the pasture had been grazed; upon which we supposed that the camel must have been blind of an eye, as the grass was only eaten on one side. We then observed the dung of a camel in one heap on the ground, which made us agree that its tail must have been cut off, as it is the custom for camels to shake their tails, and scatter it abroad. On the grass where the camel had lain down, we saw on one side flies collected in great numbers, but none on the other: this made us conclude that one of the panniers must have contained sweets, and the other only grain.” Upon hearing the above, the sultan said to the complainant, “Friend, go and look for thy camel, for these observations do not prove the theft on the accused, but only the strength of their understandings and penetration.”

  The sultan now ordered apartments for the princes, and directed that they should be entertained in a manner befitting their rank; after which he left them to their repose. In the evening, when the usual meal was brought in, the elder prince having taken up a cake of bread, said, “This bread, I am sure, was made by a sick woman.” The second, on tasting some kid, exclaimed, “This kid was suckled by a bitch:” and the third cried out, “Certainly this sultan must be illegitimate.” At this instant the sultan, who had been listening, entered hastily, and exclaimed, “Wherefore utter ye these affronting speeches?” “Inquire,” replied the princes, “into what you have heard, and you will find all true.”

  The sultan now retired to his haram, and on inquiry, found that the woman who had kneaded the bread was sick. He then sent for the shepherd, who owned that the dam of the kid having died, he had suckled it upon a bitch. Next, in a violent passion, he proceeded to the apartments of the sultana mother, and brandishing his cimeter — threatened her with death, unless she confessed whether he was son to the late sultan or not.

  The sultana was alarmed, and said, “To preserve my life, I must speak truth. Know then that thou art the son of a cook. Thy father had no male offspring, at which he was uneasy: on the same day myself and the wife of the cook lay in, I of a daughter and she of a son. I was fearful of the coolness of the sultan, and imposed upon him the son of the cook for his own: that son art thou, who now enjoyest an empire.”

  The spurious sultan left the sultana in astonishment at the penetration of the brothers, whom he summoned to his presence, and inquired of them on what grounds they had founded their just suspicions respecting the bread, the kid, and himself. “My lord,” replied the elder prince, “when I broke the cake, the flour fell out in lumps; and hence I guessed that she who made it had not strength to knead it sufficiently, and must have been unwell.” “It is as thou hast said,” replied the sultan. “The fat of the kid,” continued the second brother, “was all next the bone, and the flesh of every other animal but the dog has it next the skin. Hence my surmise that it must have been suckled by a bitch.” “Thou wert right,” answered the sultan; “but now for myself.”

  “My reason for supposing thee illegitimate,” said the youngest prince, “was, because thou didst not associate with us, who are of the same rank with thyself. Every man has properties which he inherits from his father, his grandfather, or his mother. From his father, generosity, or avarice; from his grandfather, valour or cowardice; from his mother, bashfulness or impudence.” “Thou hast spoken justly,” replied the sultan; “but why came ye to ask judgment of me, since
ye are so much better able to decide difficult questions than myself? Return home, and agree among yourselves.” The princes did so; and obeyed the will of their father.

  STORY OF THE THREE SHARPERS AND THE SULTAN.

  Three very ingenious sharpers who associated together, being much distressed, agreed, in hopes of obtaining immediate relief, that they would go to the sultan, and pretend each to superior ability in some occupation. Accordingly they proceeded to the metropolis, but found admission to the presence difficult; the sultan being at a garden palace surrounded by guards, who would not let them approach. Upon this they consulted, and agreed to feign a quarrel, in hopes that their clamour would draw the notice of the sultan. It did so: he commanded them to be brought before him, inquired who they were, and the cause of their dispute. “We were disputing,” said they, “concerning the superiority of our professions; for each of us possesses complete skill in his own.” “What are your professions?” replied the sultan. “I am,” said one, “O sovereign, a lapidary of wonderful skill.” “I fear thou art an astonishing rascal,” exclaimed the sultan.

  “I am,” said the second sharper, “a genealogist of horses.” “And I,” continued the third, “a genealogist of mankind, knowing every one’s true descent; an art much more wonderful than that of either of my companions, for no one possesses it but myself, nor ever did before me.” The sultan was astonished, but gave little credit to their pretensions: yet he said to himself, “If these men speak truth, they are worthy of encouragement. I will keep them near me till I have occasion to try them; when, if they prove their abilities, I will promote them; but if not, I will put them to death.” He then allotted them an apartment, with an allowance of three cakes of bread and a mess of pottage daily; but placed spies over them, fearing lest they might escape.

  Not long after this, a present of rarities was brought to the sultan, among which were two precious stones; one of them remarkably clear in its water, and the other with a flaw. The sultan now bethought himself of the lapidary, and sent for him to his presence, when he gave him the clear jewel to examine, and demanded what he thought it was worth.

  The sharper took the stone, and with much gravity turned it backwards and forwards in his hands, examining it with minute attention on every part; after which he said, “My lord, this jewel has a flaw in the very centre of it.” When the sultan heard this, he was enraged against the sharper, and gave orders to strike off his head; saying, “This stone is free from blemish, and yet thou pretendest it hath a flaw.” The executioner now advanced, laid hold of the sharper, bound him, and was going to strike, when the vizier entered, and seeing the sultan enraged, and the sharper under the cimeter, inquired the cause. Being informed, he advanced towards the sultan, and said, “My lord, act not thus, but first break the stone: should a flaw appear in it, the words of this man are true; but if it be found free from blemish, put him to death.” The sultan replied, “Thy advice is just:” and broke it in two with his mace. In the middle he found a flaw, at which he was astonished, and exclaimed to the sharper, “By what means couldst thou discover the blemish?” He replied, “By the acuteness of my sight.” The sultan then released him, and said, “Take him back to his companions, allow him a mess of pottage to himself, and two cakes of bread.”

  Some time after this a tribute came from one of the provinces, part of which consisted of a beautiful black colt, in colour resembling the hue of the darkest night. The sultan was delighted with the animal, and spent whole days in admiring him. At length he bethought himself of the sharper who had pretended to be a genealogist of horses, and commanded him to his presence. When he appeared, the sultan said, “Art thou a judge of horses?” He replied, “Yes, my lord,” upon which the sultan exclaimed, “It is well! but I swear by him who appointed me guardian of his subjects, and said to the universe, Be! and it was, that should I find untruth in thy declaration, I will strike off thy head.” The man replied, “To hear is to submit.” After this they brought out the colt, that he might examine him.

  The sharper desired the groom to mount the colt and pace him before him, which he did backwards and forwards, the fiery animal all the while plunging and rearing. At length the genealogist said, “It is enough:” and turning to the sultan exclaimed, “My lord, this colt is singularly beautiful, of true blood by his sire, his paces exquisite and proportions just; but in him there is one blemish; could that be done away, he would be all perfection; nor would there be upon the face of the earth his equal among all the various breeds of horses.” “What can that blemish be?” said the sultan. “His sire,” rejoined the genealogist, “was of true blood, but his dam of another species of animal; and, if commanded, I will inform you.” “Speak,” said the sultan. “The dam of this beautiful colt,” continued the genealogist, “was a buffalo.”

  When the sultan heard this he flew into a rage, and commanded an executioner to strike off the head of the sharper; exclaiming, “Thou accursed dog! how could a buffalo bring forth a colt?” “My lord,” replied the sharper, “the executioner is in attendance; but send for the person who presented the colt, and inquire of him the truth. If my words prove just, my skill will be ascertained; but if what I have said be false, then let my head pay the forfeit for my tongue.” Upon this the sultan sent for the master of the colt to attend his presence.

  When the master of the colt appeared before him, the sultan inquired whether it was purchased of another person, or had been bred by himself? To which the man replied, “My lord, I will relate nothing but the truth. The production of this colt is surprising. His sire belonged to me, and was of the true breed of sea-horses: he was always kept in an enclosure by himself, as I was fearful of his being injured; but it happened one day in the spring, that the groom took him for air into the country, and picqueted him in the plain. By chance a cow-buffalo coming near the spot, the stallion became outrageous, broke his heel-ropes, joined the buffalo, which after the usual period of gestation, produced this colt, to our great astonishment.”

  The sultan was surprised at this relation. He commanded the genealogist to be sent for, and upon his arrival said, “Thy words have proved true, and thy wonderful skill in the breed of horses is ascertained; but by what mark couldst thou know that the dam of this colt was a buffalo?” The man replied, “My lord, the mark is visible in the colt itself. It is not unknown to any person of observation, that the hoof of a horse is nearly round, but the hoof of a buffalo thick and longish, like this colt’s: hence I judged that the dam must certainly have been a buffalo.” The sultan now dismissed him graciously, and commanded that he should be allowed daily a mess of pottage, and two cakes of bread.

  Not long after this the sultan bethought himself of the third sharper, who pretended that he was the genealogist of man, and sent for him to the presence. On his appearance he said, “Thou canst trace the descent of man?” “Yes, my lord,” replied the genealogist. Upon this the sultan commanded an eunuch to take him into his haram, that he might examine the descent of his favourite mistress. Upon his introduction, he looked at the lady on this side and on that, through her veil, till he was satisfied, when he came out; and the sultan exclaimed, “Well, what hast thou discovered in my mistress?” He replied, “My lord, she is all perfect in elegance, beauty, grace, stature, bloom, modesty, accomplishments, and knowledge, so that every thing desirable centres in herself; but still there is one point that disgraces her, from which if she was free, it is not possible she could be excelled in anything among the whole of the fair sex.” When the sultan had heard this, he rose up angrily, and drawing his cimeter, ran towards the genealogist, intending to strike off his head.

  Just as he was going to strike, some of the attendants said, “My lord, put not the man to death before thou art convinced of his falsehood.” Upon which the sultan exclaimed, “What fault appeared to thee in my mistress?” “O sultan,” replied the man, “she is, as to herself, all perfect; but her mother was a rope-dancer.” Upon this the sultan immediately sent for the father of the lad
y, and said, “Inform me truly who was the mother of thy daughter, or I will put thee to death.” “Mighty prince,” replied the father, “there is no safety for man but in the truth. Her mother was a rope-dancer, whom I took when very young from a company of strolling mummers, and educated. She grew up most beautiful and accomplished: I married her, and she produced me the girl whom thou hast chosen.”

  When the sultan heard this, his rage cooled, but he was filled with astonishment; and said to the genealogist, “Inform me what could shew thee that my mistress was the daughter of a rope-dancer?” “My lord,” replied the man, “this cast of people have always their eyes very black, and their eyebrows bushy; such are hers: and from them I guessed her descent.” The sultan was now convinced of his skill, dismissed him graciously, and commanded that he should be allowed a mess of pottage and three cakes of bread daily, which was done accordingly.

  Some time after this the sultan reflected on the three sharpers, and said to himself, “These men have proved their skill in whatever I have tried them. The lapidary was singularly excellent in his art, the horse genealogist in his, and the last has proved his upon my mistress. I have an inclination to know my own descent beyond a doubt.” He then ordered the genealogist into his presence, and said, “Dost thou think thou canst prove my descent?” “Yes, my lord,” replied the man, “but on condition that you spare my life after I shall have informed you; for the proverb says, ‘When the sultan is present, beware of his anger, as there is no delay when he commands to strike.’” “There shall be safety for thee,” exclaimed the sultan, “in my promise, an obligation that can never be forfeited.”