Catherine the Great & Potemkin
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27 SIMPIK KV vol 2 p 9. GAP’s orders to his Cossack officers show his gradual development of Cossack forces into a substantial new Host. GAP to Ataman Sidor Bely 2 January 1788, Elisabethgrad; p 10, GAP to A. A. Golavaty on formation of Black Sea Host from ex-Zaporogian Cossacks 10 August 1788; p 24, GAP to Anton Golavaty to recruit the new Black Sea Host 4 October 1789.
28 AVPRI 5.585.339, L 350, GAP to CII 10 June 1789, Elisabethgrad.
29 RS (1876) 15 p 16, Garnovsky December 1786.
30 Masson pp 42, 55. Vigée Lebrun pp 13–14. Golovina p 120. Golovina, who shows Catherine’s playful simplicity with her ladies, was writing about the last year of the Empress’s life. They knew she was not well and Golovina wept after she seeing her for the last time.
31 CII Sochinenya vol 12, 2nd half-volume pp 699–701, L 355, CII to GAP June 1789. RGADA 5.85.2.166–7, CII to GAP 14 July 1789.
32 RS (1876) 16 p 400, Garnovsky to Popov 21 June 1789. RGADA 5.85.2.3–4, GAP to CII 18 July 1789, Olviopol.
33 AKV 12: 63, P. V. Zavadovsky to S. R. Vorontsov June 1789, St Petersburg.
34 Khrapovitsky pp 290–1, 19 June 1789.
35 RS (1876) 16 pp 406–7, Garnovsky to Popov.
36 Masson pp 99–100.
37 RS (1876) 16 p 404, Garnovsky to Popov. Khrapovitsky p 290, 18–23 June 1789.
38 RGADA 5.85.2.163, L 358, CII to GAP 6 July 1789.
39 RGADA 5.85.2.173, L 363, CII to GAP 5 August 1789, Tsarskoe Selo.
40 Khrapovitsky pp 294–8, 501–4.
41 RGADA 5.85.2.7, L 357, GAP to CII ud.
42 RGADA 5.85.2.166–7, L 319, CII to GAP 14 July 1789.
43 RGADA 5.85.2.163, L 358, CII to GAP 6 July 1789.
44 RGADA 5.85.2.177, L 365, CII to GAP 12 August 1789.
45 Masson p 194.
46 PRO FO Secretary of State: State Papers, Foreign, cyphers 65 SP 181, Baron de Keller to Berlin 26 February 1789, St Petersburg.
47 Saint-Jean pp 137–45. This is always dubious but see also GAP on V. A. Zubov after Ismail: RGADA 1.1/1.43.35–5, L 444, GAP to CII 18 December 1790, Bender.
48 Damas p 113.
49 RGADA 1.1.43.42, L 362, GAP to CII 30 July 1789, Olviopol.
50 Philip Longworth The Art of Victory pp 156–7. SD vol 3 pp 500–10. V. S. Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov pp 157–69.
51 RGIA 1146.1.33, Mikhail Garnovsky’ accounts for GAP 27 July 1789, William Gould sent to Dubossary, unpublished.
52 RS (1889) 9 p 512, Prince Y. V. Dolgoruky.
53 RGVIA 52.1.586.2.430, GAP to Suvorov 1 September 1789.
54 Longworth, Art of Victory p 157. SD vol 3 p 553, Suvorov to Khvostov 29 August 1796.
55 RS (1875) October p 220, GAP to CII 10 September 1789.
56 AAE 20: 95–7, Langeron, ‘Résumé des campagnes’. Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov pp 157–70.
57 SO (1839) vol 9 p 64, GAP to Suvorov and Suvorov to GAP September 1789, quoted in Lopatin, Suvorov i Potemkin p 167.
58 RGVIA 52.2.52.8, GAP to Ligne 15 September 1789, Lauchon, unpublished.
59 AAE 20: 149, Langeron, ‘Evénements de campagne de 1790’.
60 AVPRI 5.585.144, GAP to CII 9 November 1789, Bender.
61 RGVIA 52.2.39.28, GAP to Count Stackelberg with text of Bender surrender 7 November 1789, unpublished.
62 RGVIA 52.2.46.3, JII to GAP 1 December 1789, Vienna; and RGVIA 52.2.46.14, JII to GAP 5 December 1789, Belgrade, unpublished. These letters show the close relationship and liaison between the Austrians and GAP in 1789. The nuances are fascinating – but are outside the remit of this book. See also the following letters by GAP to JII, Prince Kaunitz, Count Cobenzl and the Prince de Ligne. RGVIA 52.2.52.8, GAP to Ligne 15 September 1789, Louchon. GAP, who had been hurt by the Prince de Ligne’s slanders after their falling out at Ochakov, was still fond of his friend and always touchingly keen to win his admiration. After the Battle of Rymnik, for example, he wrote to him: ‘I’m scribbling you a letter to remind you, my Prince, of one who loves you tenderly in spite of all your faults.’ RGVIA 52.2.48.4, GAP to Cobenzl 30 July 1789, Olviopol. RGVIA 52.2.46.1, GAP to JII 15 September 1789, Kauchon. On Rymnik: RGVIA 52.2.47.1, GAP to Kaunitz 28 July 1789, Olviopol. RGVIA 52.2.47.3, GAP to Kaunitz 15 September 1789. RGVIA 52.2.48.33, Cobenzl to GAP 26 September 1789 on fall of Belgrade, and RGVIA 52.2.48.36, 15/26 October 1789, GAP to Cobenzl: sends congratulations. RGVIA 52.2.48.38, Cobenzl to GAP on Bender 16/27 November 1789, St Petersburg. RGVIA 52.2.46.2, GAP to JII 7 November 1789 on fall of Bender. RGVIA 52.2.47.54, Kaunitz to GAP on hopes of peace 2 November 1789. RGVIA 52.2.46.3, JII to GAP 1 December 1789, Vienna, congratulates GAP on Bender. RGVIA 52.2.48.3, GAP to Cobenzl 25 March 1789 on the battle-plan for 1789. All of the above unpublished.
63 PRO FO Secretary of State: State Papers Foreign, cyphers SP106/67, Sir Robert Ainslie in Istanbul to J. Ewart in Berlin 8 February NS 1790, unpublished.
64 AVPRI 5.585.326–7, L 383 GAP to CII.
65 AVPRI 5.585.326, L 383, GAP to CII 9 November 1789, Bender.
66 IRLI 265.2.2115.13–14, L 338, GAP to CII 22 September 1789, Kaushany.
67 AVPRI 5.585.132, L 374, GAP to CII 2 October 1789, Akkerman (Belgrade-on-Dniester).
68 AVPRI 5.585.237, GAP to CII 21 October 1789, Kishnev.
69 RGADA 5.85.2.198, L 379, CII to GAP 18 October 1789.
70 GPB S-Sch f755 vol 1 quoted in Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov p 173, GAP to Suvorov and Suvorov to Popov 8 November 1789.
71 CII–Ligne p 114, CII to Ligne 5 November 1789.
72 RGADA 5.85.2.197, CII to GAP 18 October 1789.
73 RGADA 5.85.2.199, L 378, CII to GAP 18 October 1789.
74 RS (1876) 16 pp 415–22, Garnovsky to Popov August/September.
75 RGADA 5.85.2.204, L 383, CII to GAP 15 November 1789.
76 AVPRI 5.585.128–31, L 388, GAP to CII December 1789.
77 RGADA 5.85.2.273, L 391, CII to GAP 20 December 1789.
78 AVPRI 5.585.123–31, L 359, GAP to CII December 1789, Jassy.
79 RGVIA 271.1.43.3, JII to GAP 7 October 1789, Vienna, unpublished.
CHAPTER 29: THE DELICIOUS AND THE CRUEL: SARDANAPALUS
1 For the main sources for this account of the Second Turkish War, see Chapter 26, note 1. Golovina pp 24–5.
2 SIRIO 54 (1886): 197, Richelieu, ‘Mon voyage’.
3 Ligne, Mélanges vol 7 p 199, Prince de Ligne to Comte de Ségur 1 December 1788.
4 Mansel, Constantinople pp 154–5. This description owes much to Philip Mansel’s chapter on the Greek princes of Wallachia and Moldavia.
5 AAE 20: 8–10, Langeron, ‘Journal de la campagne de 1790’.
6 Ligne, Mélanges vol 7 pp 199–210, Ligne to Ségur 1 December 1788.
7 AAE 20: 8–10, Langeron, ‘Journal de la campagne de 1790’. Damas p 139. Ligne, Mémoires 1828 vol 1 pp 211–14, Ligne to Ségur I December 1788 and vol 2 pp 390–2. Mansel, Constantinople pp 154–7. RGVIA 52.2.89.149, Prince Alexander Mavrocordato to GAP 21 September 1790, Elisabethgrad, unpublished. SIRIO 54 (1886): 197, Richelieu, ‘Mon voyage’. Ligne, Mélanges vol 7 p 199–210, Ligne to Ségur 1 December 1788.
8 Castera vol 3 p 294. Saint Jean pp 48–54, 137–45. AAE 20: 38, Langeron, ‘Journal de la campagne de 1790’ (résumé).
9 AAE 20: 367, Langeron, ‘Résumé 1790’.
10 RGVIA 52.11.91.11, Prince Nicholas Mavrogeny Hospodar of Wallachia to GAP 5 November 1789; and RGVIA 52.11.91.6, GAP to Prince Nicholas Mavrogeny Hospodar of Wallachia 24 October 1789, unpublished.
11 Demetrius Dvoichenko-Markov, ‘Russia and the First Accredited Diplomat in the Danubian Principalities 1779–1808’ pp 208–18.
12 Saint Marc de Giraudin, Souvenirs de voyage et d’études p 249, cited in Georges Haupt, ‘La Russie et les Princapautés Danubiennes en 1
790: Le Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky et le Courrier de Moldavie’ pp 58–63. Also N. Iorga, Geschichte des Osmanishen Reiches (Gotla 1908) vol 1 p 469, cited in Dvoichenko-Markov p 218.
13 Samoilov col 1553.
14 RGVIA 52.11.91.25–6, Prince de Cantacuzino and others to GAP 12 February 1790. RGVIA 52.11.91.24, Moldavian boyars to GAP 17 November 1789. RGVIA 52.11.91.23, Moldavian boyars to GAP ud, 1790, unpublished.
15 ZOOID 4: 470. Haupt, pp 58–63.
16 AAE 20: 367, Langeron, ‘Résumé 1790’
17 Samoilov col 1553.
18 RGADA 5.85.2.206, L 385, CII to GAP 25 November 1789.
19 RA (1907) 2 pp 130–2.
20 Engelhardt 1997 p 82.
21 RGIA 1146.1.31, Mikhail Garnovsky accounts 1790, unpublished.
22 RS (1876) 16 p 425, Garnovsky to Popov 4 March 1790.
23 RGVIA 52.2.89.128, unsigned to GAP ud, unpublished.
24 Moskvityanin zhurnal (1852) no 2 January vol 2 p 101.
25 Moskvityanin zhurnal (1852) no 2 January vol 2 p 99.
26 AAE 20: 98, Langeron, ‘Résumé 1790’.
27 RGADA 11.940.5, Peter Zahorevsky to Praskovia Potemkina ud, unpublished.
28 RS (1875) June vol 13 pp 164–8. Brückner, Potemkin pp 254–5, GAP to Praskovia Andreevna Potemkina. RGADA 11.857.8, 13, 14, 19, 22, 40, P. A. Potemkina to GAP.
29 SBVIM vol 8 p 22, GAP Orders to M. L. Faleev 15 March and 25 April 1790.
30 AAE 20: 131, Langeron, ‘Evénements de la Campagne de 1790 des Russes contre les Turcs en Bessarabie et en Bulgarie’.
31 RGVIA 52.2.56.32–3, Baron I. M. Simolin to GAP 16/26 July 1790, Paris, unpublished.
32 RGVIA 52.2.39.182, Count Stackelberg to GAP 18/29 March 1788, Warsaw, unpublished.
33 RGVIA 52.2.56.32–3, Simolin to GAP 16/26 July 1790, Paris, unpublished.
34 RGVIA 52.2.35.35, GAP to Baron Sutherland 1/16 March 1787 on payment to Baron Grimm for purchases in Paris, unpublished.
35 Literaturnoye nasledstvo (Moscow 1937) vol 29–30 pp 386–9. Simolin to A. A. Bezborodko 25 December 1788/5 January 1789, Paris. The bill was 8,000 Turenne livres, each worth approximately four normal livres.
36 Vigée Lebrun vol 1 p 323.
37 Ligne, Letters (Staël) vol 2 p 5, Ligne to Ségur 1 August 1788.
38 Masson p 113.
39 A. S. Pushkin, ‘Notes on Russian History of the Eighteenth Century’ p 5.
40 RGADA 248.4404.221 reverse, CII to Senator Count Andrei Petrovich Shuvalov ordering him to assign three million roubles to GAP to build the Sebastopol Admiralty 2 September 1785. Once the war began in 1787, the budgets increased massively. A document in the same place as the above from Prince A. A. Viazemsky to CII on 7 November 1790 shows how, for example, 7.3 million roubles were distributed in 1787–90 by GAP to the Black Sea Navy and the Ekaterinoslav and Ukrainian armies through officials such as Colonel Garnovsky, Faleev and Popov. However, Viazemsky does complain that GAP had three times neglected to report on the details of all his spending of his money. Another example: SIRIO 27 (1880): 348–51, CII to GAP 14 January 1785. CII ordered Viazemsky to pay GAP one million roubles for creating new regiments. PSZ xxii no 16, 131. SIRIO 27 (1880): 354, CII to GAP 13 August 1785. In this case, the money is 2.4 million roubles for the Black Sea Admiralty.
41 Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin pp 85–7.
42 GARF 9: Potemkin’s correspondence with different persons. Potemkin continued to use his ‘Court Jew’ and friend Zeitlin as well as bankers like Ferguson Tepper of Warsaw. Their unpublished correspondence is spread throughout the archives in RGIA in Petersburg, RGVIA f52 and RGADA f11 in Moscow. This is an invaluable picture of GAP’s and the Russian Empire’s finances, but again it is beyond the scope of this book. See next note for the unhappy struggles of Baron Sutherland.
43 RGADA 11.895.3–5, Baron Richard Sutherland to GAP 10 August and 13 September 1783. RGADA 11.895.7, Baron Sutherland to GAP 2 March 1784. All unpublished. Presumably Sutherland was paid something because he calmed down until the next year, when he fell foul of Zeitlin: ‘I am extremely mortified to learn that I’m losing the protection and confidence with which Your Highness has deigned to honour me, through the report of my business with Monsieur Zeitlin.’ Sutherland claimed he was the ‘victim of his own goodwill’ and grovelled for Potemkin to forgive whatever he had done. One suspects that GAP is one of the few Russian statesmen who would fall out with a British baron on behalf of a Jewish merchant. (see Ch 19) RGVIA 52.2.35.33, Ferguson Tepper to GAP 11 January 1788 Warsaw. Sutherland was soon back in favour, but every delay in paying him hit the Scotsman’s bankers in Warsaw, Ferguson Tepper, who were soon begging GAP directly to give Sutherland the money to pay them 77,912 roubles. For the way GAP’s Chancellery functioned as both a state and a personal office, see RGVIA 271.1.53.1, Abbé Michel Ossowski to GAP 30 July NS 1789, unpublished. Here a Pole discusses both GAP’s Polish estates and the supply of timber and masts for shipbuilding in Kherson.
44 RGVIA 52.2.35.4, Sutherland to GAP 6 October 1788. RGADA 11.895.13, Sutherland to GAP 22 October 1788, unpublished.
45 RA (1873) 2 p 1687, GAP to Bezborodko.
46 Khrapovitsky 24 December 1789.
47 Gerhard F. Kramer and Roderick E. McGrew, ‘Potemkin, the Porte and the Road to Tsargrad: The Shumla Negotiations 1789–90’ pp 467–87. This work quotes from the Barozzi Diaries in Austrian Haus-, Hof-, und Staatsarchiv Russland II Berichte 202A to 206B
48 RGIA 468.1.2.3904, list of jewels sent down to Jassy for Turkish negotiations, unpublished.
49 RGVIA 52.2.79.1, GAP to Barozzi February 1790. ZOOID 8 (1872): 194–5, GAP to Grand Vizier and Barozzi 16/27 February 1790. ZOOID 8: 198–9, GAP to Barozzi, the offer of the mosque in Moscow.
50 RGADA 5.85.2.216, L 397, CII to GAP 6 February 1790.
51 Blanning, JII 1, pp 189, 198. SIRIO 54: 111, Richelieu, ‘Journal de mon voyage’. RGVIA 52.2.47.8, GAP to Prince Kaunitz 31 January 1790, unpublished. Ligne, Letters (Staël) vol 2 p 34, Ligne to CII 12 February 1790. Joseph had been urging GAP to negotiate peace as his condition worsened. His correspondence with GAP (all unpublished): RGVIA 271.1.43.3, JII to GAP 7 October NS 1789, Vienna. RGVIA 52.2.47.41, JII to GAP 22 October NS 1789, Vienna (six-page letter). RGVIA 52.2.47.6, GAP to Kaunitz 11/22 December 1789, Jassy, and also RGVIA 52.2.47.4, GAP to Kaunitz 7 November 1789, Bender.
52 RGVIA 52.2.46.9, Leopold King of Hungary to GAP 30 March 1790, and GAP to King of Hungary ud. Also RGVIA 52.2.46.6, GAP to Leopold ud. The correspondence between GAP and the Austrians Leopold and Kaunitz is unpublished. GAP was said to have been outraged by Leopold’s nervous letters, stamping on them furiously, and swearing at the Habsburgs, who soon heard about the names he had called them. Sir N. William Wraxall, Historical Memoirs of my own Time p 171.
53 RGVIA 52.2.65.1, Duke of Leeds to GAP 31 March NS 1790. RGVIA 52.2.65.2, GAP to Leeds 30 May 1790, unpublished. Cross, By the Banks of the Neva pp 361–3. John Howard (1726–90) was buried near Kherson, and Tsar Alexander I erected a pyramid over his tomb. The Soviets continued to revere this friend of humanity. In 1998, when the author visited Kherson, there were still tours and pamphlets offered to tourists to encourage visits to Howard’s tomb.
54 RGADA 5.85.2.212, L 385, CII to GAP 3 December 1789.
55 RGVIA 52.2.46.4, GAP to Leopold King of Hungary 25 May 1790, unpublished.
56 AVPRI 5.5/1.589.214–16, GAP to CII ud, November/December 1789.
57 RGADA 5.85.2.208–9, L 385, CII to GAP 2 December 1789.
58 Engelhardt 1997 p 82.
59 RGADA 1.1/1.43.24–6, L 414, GAP to CII May 1790. The actual order is quoted in SIMPIK KV vol 2 p 30, 31 March 1790: ‘To all ranks of the army, I order you to wear only regular uniform without any differentiation. The generals should not have eagles on their tunics…’.
60 AVPRI 5.585.142, L 397, GAP to CII February 1790, Jassy.
61 AVPRI 5.585.128.31, L 389, GAP to CII December 1789.
62 RGADA 5.85.2.225–6, L 407, CII to GAP 19 March 1790, and RGADA 5.85.2.224, L 408, CII to GAP 30 March 1790.
63 AVPRI 5.585.323, L 394, GAP to CII 23 January 1790, Jassy. RGADA 5.85.2.208, L 387, CII to GAP 2 December 1789. AVPRI 5.585.128–131, L 388–9, GAP to CII December 1789. The orders to his Cossack officers Chepega and Golovaty about the formation of the new Host intensify in late 1789, spring 1790, for example SIMPIK KV vol 2 p 24, GAP to Golovaty 4 October 1789; p 32, 14 April 1790, Jassy.
64 RGVIA 52.2.37.207, GAP to Bezborodko.
65 RA (1842) 7–8 pp 17–18. AKV 5: 402, M. N. Radischev to Count A. R. Vorontsov 17 May 1791.
66 RGADA 1.1/1.43.107, L 441, GAP to CII 3 December 1790.
67 RS (1876) November pp 417–8, 1 GAP to CII June 1790.
68 RGADA 5.85.2.227, CII to GAP 27 April 1790.
69 RGADA 1.1/1.43.17, L 419, GAP to CII 19 June 1790.
70 Madariaga, Russia p 414. Austria’s withdrawal from the Russian alliance was partly blamed by Wraxall on Leopold’s hearing of GAP’s rudeness. But Russian anger was the least of Leopold’s problems. However, it is very likely that GAP was furious at the loss of the Austrian alliance. Wraxall claims GAP had ‘ebullitions of rage’. Wraxall p 171.
71 RGADA 5.85.2.239, L 422, CII to GAP 17 July 1790.
72 RGADA 5.85.2.245–6, L 425, CII to GAP 9 August 1790.
73 RGADA 1.1/1.43.38, L 427, GAP to CII 16 August 1790, Bender.
74 AAE 20: 179, Langeron, ‘Evénements 1790’
75 Dubrovin p 20, quoted in Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov p 182.
76 RP 2.1 p 36. RP 4.1 p 19. RP 1.2 p 85. Vigée Lebrun vol 1 pp 319–20. AAE 20: 138, Langeron, ‘Evénements 1790’. Golovina pp 24–5. RGVIA 52.2.52.1, Ligne to GAP ud but probably 18 October 1789 or even 1790 from Vienna because it mentions that young Charles de Ligne is serving with GAP and Ismail may be taken. Unpublished. Ligne’s handwriting is notoriously hard to decipher. This marks another stage in the reconciliation of Ligne and GAP after Ochakov: ‘I often feel the need to tell my dear Prince I love him tenderly and, for the first time in my life, absence doesn’t make any difference…What unhappiness for me that I can’t see…Madame Samoilov…and those who surround you in Moldavia whom I so like and who so adore you…’.