The Idea of Justice
Page 61
210, 212, 213
debates in ancient Indian
bounded rationality 108, 176
astronomy 158–9
Brazil 335, 405, 409
al-Qaeda 3
Brundtland Commission on sustainable
America see United States
development 248–50, 251–2
anger, the role of 195, 390–92
Buddha and Buddhism xiv, 77, 87,
Arab history 247, 333–5
205 –6, 225, 251, 331
Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics and
Burke, Edmund
Politics 91, 253, 375, 438, 448
on the American War of Independence
Arrow’s impossibility theorem (General
114, 115–16
Possibility Theorem) 92–3, 110,
on the French Revolution 114–15
279 –81, 314, 410
his impeachment of Warren Hastings
Aryabhata (Indian mathematician) on
1 –2, 31
projections and astronomy 158–9
on liberty 114–15, 116
Ashoka, Indian emperor, on tolerance
on plural grounding 1–2, 4
and dialogue 69, 75–7, 76, 228,
Wollstonecraft on 115, 116, 122,
331
161
462
s u b j e c t i n d e x
calendar, Muslim Hijri 37
comprehensive outcomes 22–3, 215–17,
capability approach xi, 18–9, 65–6,
220, 230, 239
227, 231–47, 295–8
Condorcet, Marquis Marie Jean de, and
achievement and 235–43, 236
social choice theory xvi, 17, 91, 92,
weighting of capabilities 242–3
94, 107, 110, 112, 280, 410
disability and 258–60, 306–7
Condorcet Paradox 92
freedom and 228–30, 299–309, 305
conglomerate theory 96–105, 106
group capability 244, 246–7
consequentialism 23–4, 210–21
happiness and 270–71, 273–6
contractarian model see social contract limitations of capability focus 295–8
cooperation 202–3, 204
non-commensurable elements in
cultural distances, over-emphasis on x,
239 –41
141, 143, 152, 162–3, 198, 321–2,
and obligation 205–7, 270–71
328, 330–31, 332, 337, 404–7
poverty and 64–5, 237–8, 254–7
cultural freedoms and rights 232,
resources and 253–8
237 –8, 366, 382
capital punishment 405–6, 407
caste xviii, 36, 60, 116, 145, 350, 351,
democracy ix, xiii, 44, 73, 112–3,
355
321 –337, 338–354
children and parental duties 160,
in America 81–2, 323, 351
161,169, 205–6, 214
in ancient Greece 328, 329–30, 331
China 164, 166–7, 226, 246–7, 342,
as government by discussion ix, xiii,
344 –6, 351, 405, 407, 409, 445
3, 324, 326
choice, freedom of 18–19, 229–30,
in ancient India 88–9, 321–3,
245
330 –31
Christian ethics 170–72, 200, 247,
in modern India 330–31, 348–51,
353, 406
352 –4
civility 365
in the Middle East 333–5
clash of civilizations, concept of 141
media freedom and 335–7, 339, 341,
class divisions 116, 142, 164, 246, 247,
349
355, 389
as public reason 321–39
Cohen, G. A., critique of John Rawls
security issues and 348–50
regarding inequality 14, 61, 80,
votingand elections 93–4, 324,
292, 325, 412
326 –7, 328
commitment and goals 188–90, 191–3,
deontological demands 18–9, 22–4,
195
141 –2, 169–73, 205–7, 208–10,
Commonwealth Commission on Respect
270 –71
and Understanding: Civil Paths to
dialogue, public 39–44, 44–6, 87–9,
Peace 152
118, 121–2, 151–2, 334, 380–87,
communication, the importance of
409 –10
cross-cultural 87–9, 118, 121–2,
dignity and humiliation vii, 116, 274,
151 –2, 334, 336, 384–7
414 –5
comparative assessments xi-xii, xvi, 9,
disability
15 –18, 70, 96–105, 301–2
capabilities and 258–60, 306–7
and reasoned incompleteness 102–5,
poverty and 255, 258–61, 267–8
107 –8, 131–2
Rawls on 260–61
463
s u b j e c t i n d e x
disagreement, unresolved ix–x, 14–5,
famines 47–8, 85, 104, 166, 338–41
151 –2, 396–9, 399–400
342, 343, 344–5, 388, 389–90
disengaged toleration, the need to go
famine prevention 342–5, 348–9, 390
beyond x
fear, freedom from 368–9
duty see deontological demands
feminism 115, 142, 151, 391
Dworkin, Ronald
France vii, 1, 91, 114–15, 274, 330,
critique of the capability approach
355, 357, 361–2, 375, 380, 391
264 –8
freedom of speech 63–4, 326–7
on democracy and rights 351, 360
freedoms 18–19, 227–30, 281–2,
on resource equality 264–8, 274
301 –4, 305–9, 366–71
French Revolution vii, 1, 91, 93, 114,
East India Company 1, 2, 114
274
economic crises, contemporary 151–2,
Burke on 114–15
402 –3
‘Declaration of the Rights of Man’
economic and social rights 379–85
114, 355, 357, 359, 361–2, 380
education of women and men 94,
111 –2, 227, 307–8
game theory 32, 216, 314–16
Egypt 166, 329–30, 333–4
gender inequality xi, 166–7, 169, 236,
elections see votingand elections
242, 257, 350–51, 405
emotions and reason xvii, 36, 39, 50,
General Possibility Theorem see Arrow’s 176
impossibility theorem
Enlightenment, the xiii–xvi, 5–8, 34–6,
Genovese, Catherine (Kitty), attack on
49 –51, 91, 93, 124, 132, 134, 151,
374 –5, 382–3
411
Germany 6–8, 33, 34, 47, 117–8, 129,
environmental issues 48, 66, 248–52,
144, 372–6, 382–3, 386–7
355
global development 42, 226–7, 248–52,
epistemology 40, 75, 121–2, 155–7,
345 –8, 381, 409
160, 169–70
global dialogue xiii, 380–87, 409–10
equality ix, 64, 232–3, 274, 282–4,
global justice xiii, xv, 3, 24–7, 71–2,
283, 291–9, 315–17
127, 128–30, 140–45, 172–3, 328,
capabilities and 295–8
373, 388–415
impartiality and 293–5
globalization 141–2, 143, 172–3,
importance of 291–3, 297–8
409 –10
ethical beliefs
Greece 87–91, 130, 328, 329–30, 331
>
and human rights 358–61, 366–71,
group identity 128–30, 141, 142–3,
375 –6, 381, 386–7
145 –9, 244, 246–7, 255–6
and objectivity viii, 41, 118, 156, 160
guilt, sense of 246
and reason 39–46, 51, 121–2, 142
European Court of Human Rights
happiness ix, 13–14, 19, 49, 201,
(ECHR) 364
218 –9, 226, 231, 269–90, 356,
exclusionary neglect in social contracts
360, 379
138 –9, 140–45
Hart, Herbert, on human rights 363–4,
365, 377
fairness see impartiality and fairness; health and self-perception 164–6,
‘justice as fairness’
284 –6
464
s u b j e c t i n d e x
healthcare xi–xii, 48, 104, 164–5,
Indian constitution 37, 330
226 –7, 238, 259, 285–6
Indian epic narratives 23–4, 87, 208–17
Hobbes, Thomas, on liberty 308–9, 369
inequality 60–62, 64, 80, 232–3,
HongKong346
282 –4, 292
human rights ix, 59–60, 64, 65,
see also equality
115 –17, 206–7, 296, 355–87
injustice, diagnosis of, as a starting point
human rights declarations
vii–viii, 2, 173, 205, 242–3, 259,
American Declaration of
266 –7, 271, 388–9, 413–4
Independence 174, 356, 357, 358,
injustice, sense of 2, 5, 388, 403
363, 380
institutions and their importance ix, xii,
French Declaration of the Rights of
6, 7, 8, 11–12, 25, 53, 56–7, 58,
Man 114, 355, 357, 359, 361–2,
67 –8, 77–86, 111–13, 262, 383,
380
413
Universal Declaration of Human
institutions, limitations of focusing
Rights by the United Nations 357,
exclusively on them xi, xiii, xvi, 68,
359, 366, 380–81, 386
75 –81, 82–6, 267–8
human rights legislation 364–6, 386
intolerance and toleration 37, 47, 63,
Hume, David
75 –6, 111, 162, 275–6, 305,
on global neighbourhood 172–3
333 –4, 353
on the original contract 147
Iran 166, 329, 330, 334, 405
Iraq 2–4, 71, 129, 334
identity 126, 141–3, 247, 334, 353,
Islam see Muslims
420, 428, 434, 443–4
Italy 34, 119–21, 257
impartiality and fairness 10–11, 12–15,
42, 44–6, 54–5, 64, 117–18, 123,
Jainism 87, 88
124 –52, 162, 194–207, 404–5
Japan 47, 331, 335, 349, 405, 445
impartial spectators see Smith, Adam, justice
the ‘impartial spectator’
arrangement-focused analysis 7, 10,
imperfect obligations, Kant’s analysis of
20 –21, 23–4, 82–6, 99–100,
129, 144, 372–6, 382–3, 386
102 –3, 209–10, 300–301
impossibility theorems 92–3, 110–11,
realization-focused analysis 6–10,
279 –81, 309–14, 410
18 –24, 83–6, 213–14, 215–17,
incentives 14, 60–61, 76, 80, 292, 325,
217 –21, 315–16, 316–17, 338,
342 –3, 412
354, 366–70, 372–6, 383–5
inclusionary incoherence of social
‘justice as fairness’ (Rawls’s notion of)
contracts 139, 145–9
xi, xvi, 8, 10, 11–12, 15, 26, 42–3,
incompleteness of judgements, its room
44, 52, 53–65, 67–8, 69–71, 72–4,
in a complete evaluative theory
77 –8, 85, 108–9, 123, 124–5, 127,
102 –5, 107–8, 131–2
132 –4, 139, 146–8, 150, 202,
see also partial ordering
402 –3, 411–12, 413
India and South Asia xii, xiii–xiv, 1–2,
justice and its beingseen to be done
20 –22, 23–4, 37–9, 69, 75–7,
4 –5, 392–4
87 –8, 91, 114, 158–9, 160, 164–7,
see also global justice
208 –17, 242, 330, 338–41,
350 –51, 353–4
Korea 327, 342, 346, 349, 405
465
s u b j e c t i n d e x
labour
objectivity viii, 31–51, 114–23,
and entitlements of efforts 13, 14, 60
124 –52, 155–73, 196, 386–94,
and claims of needs 14
408 –10
Marx on 14, 163
obligations see responsibilities
language 72–3, 118, 119–20, 121–2,
ontology 41–2
182, 277–8
opportunity and achievement 228–30,
Latin America 335, 405, 409
235 –8
liberty ix, 59, 60, 63–5, 97, 104, 111,
L’Ordine Nuovo (Italian journal) 120
274, 299–317, 369
outcomes, comprehensive 22–3,
life expectancy 164–7, 226–7, 285, 296
215 –17, 220, 230, 309
overlappingconsensus (Rawlsian
Magna Carta 73, 331
notion) 54
M ahabharata (Indian epic) 23–4, 87,
ownership and property rights 60,
208 –14
325 –6
maximization and minimization 174–6,
182
Paretian liberal, theorem on 309–14
media freedom 335–7, 339, 341, 349
parochialism viii, xiv, 128–30, 139,
membership entitlement 8–9, 131–2,
149 –52, 402–7
134, 426
partial ordering 102–5, 107–8, 131–2,
methodological individualism 244–6
135, 144, 243, 277, 298, 396,
Middle East 2–3, 71, 129, 166, 322,
398 –400, 426
329, 333–5, 378, 402, 405, 409
plural reasons ix–x, 2, 12–15, 56–7,
minority rights 337, 352–4
135, 200–201, 235, 239, 247,
missingwomen 166–7
301 –4, 305, 353–4
Muslim history 2–3, 36–9, 49, 51, 71,
population growth 112, 139, 141
129, 166, 304, 322, 329, 333–5,
positional perspectives and objectivity
378, 402, 405, 409, 420
155 –7, 157–64, 165–7, 167–74
poverty 64, 254–7, 258–61, 267–8
Nash’s bargaining problem 280–82
power 19, 25, 35, 48, 81–2, 205–7,
neighbours and neighbourhoods 170–73
249, 251, 270–71, 289, 294,
Niger 343
301 –5, 308, 323, 325, 340, 344,
Niti xv, 20–22, 67, 82, 86, 212–13.
373, 386
225, 315, 326, 350, 354, 411,
prejudices xvii–xix, 35, 64, 143, 166–7,
413
169, 236, 242, 350–51, 257, 351,
non-commensurability, fear of 239–41,
405
395 –6
press freedom see media freedom
non-governmental organizations
primary goods 64–65, 66, 99, 233–4,
(NGOs) 143, 151, 265, 409
254, 260–63
North Korea 327, 342
property rights see ownership and
Nyaya xv, 20–22, 24, 68–9, 82, 86,
/> property rights
168 –9, 213–14, 221, 225, 315,
public choice theory 110, 291–2, 324,
338, 350, 354, 411, 413
439 –40, 444
public dialogue see dialogue
objective illusions and false
public reasoning see reasoningand
consciousness 163–4, 284–6
public reason
466
s u b j e c t i n d e x
Putnam, Hilary
reasoningand public reason viii, x,
The Collapse of the Fact/Value
xii–xiii, xvii–xix, 4–8, 31–51, 33,
Dichotomy 41–2, 119–21, 357
39 –46, 46–9, 50–51, 62–3, 68,
Ethics Without Ontology 41, 42, 156
79 –80, 88–9, 110–11, 121–2, 127,
130 –31, 133, 138, 142, 167–9,
race-related inequality vii, 36, 60, 64,
175, 179–80, 182, 183, 194–207,
143, 246, 355
210 –19, 227, 231–3, 293, 314–7,
Ramayana (Indian epic) see Valmiki 321 –415
Ramayana
‘reasonable persons’, Rawls’s use of the
rational choice theory (RCT) 32–3, 63,
notion 42, 43–4, 62–3, 68, 79–80,
178 –83, 188–90, 194, 400
138, 194–207
rationality and reasonableness viii, 108,
reflective equilibrium x, 53, 129
174 –93, 194–207, 216, 369–70,
religious freedom 37, 303–4, 353–4
369
republican (neo-Roman) theory of
Rawls, John
freedom 304–9, 369
and justice as fairness see ‘justice as resources, equality of 264–8, 274, 291
fairness’
responsibilities 19, 22–4, 160–61, 169,
on the Difference Principle 60, 63,
205 –6, 208–21, 238, 269–70,
65 –6, 78, 97, 139, 145, 234, 254,
280 –81, 372–6, 382–3
260, 261, 262, 297, 299
Rwanda 353
on disability 260–61
on equality 291, 292
Scanlon, Thomas, his criterion of
on global justice 26, 328
principles that others cannot
The Law of Peoples 11–12, 26, 55,
reasonably reject 15, 196–200, 293
126, 128, 140
self-interest 18–19, 32–3, 181, 182–3,
on liberty 204–5, 299–301
184, 185–7, 188–9, 191, 194
on moral powers 43–4
Singapore 346
on objectivity 42, 43, 122, 196
slavery xi, 21–2, 77, 116, 121, 161,
original position, his concept of 9, 10,
398 –9
15, 54, 55, 57, 61–2, 71, 104,
Smith, Adam
109 –10, 126–8, 132–4, 138–9,
the ‘impartial spectator’ 44–6, 70,
140, 145–8, 150–51, 197–9, 202
108 –9, 123, 124–6, 130–31,
Political Liberalism 8, 42, 55, 59, 63, 134 –5, 136–8, 144, 149, 151, 199,
79, 109, 127, 134, 135, 138,
404 –5, 407
150 –51
Kant on 124
on primary goods 233–4, 234, 254,