Savarkar
Page 72
49. Ibid., pp. 317–18.
50. Ibid., pp. 283–85.
51. James Campbell Kerr. Political Trouble in India: 1907-1917 , p. 372.
52. V.D. Savarkar. My Transportation for Life , http://savarkar.org/en/pdfs/My-Transportation-for-Life-Veer-Savarkar.pdf , p. 252.
53. Ibid., p. 210.
54. V.D. Savarkar. An Echo from Andamans , p. 55.
55. V.D. Savarkar. My Transportation for Life , http://savarkar.org/en/pdfs/My-Transportation-for-Life-Veer-Savarkar.pdf , p. 270.
56. Oral Archives–Interview transcript of Prithvi Singh Azad, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML), New Delhi.
57. Petition of V.D. Savarkar, IOR/L/PJ/6/1525, File no 806; October 1917–March 1918, British Library, London. Complete text in Appendix III.
58. Ibid.
59. John George Lambton, First Earl of Durham.
60. Ibid.
61. William Macneile Dixon. Summary of Constitutional Reforms for India: Being Proposals of Secretary of State Montagu and the Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford (New York: G.G. Woodwark, n.d.), p. 24.
62. Shane Ryland. ‘Edwin Montagu in India: Politics of the Montagu-Chelmsford Report’. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies , (2011), pp. 79–92.
63. Philip Woods. ‘The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919): A Re-Assessment’. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies , pp. 25–42.
64. Complete Works of Mahatma Gandhi , Vol. 19, https://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/mahatma-gandhi-collected-works-volume-19.pdf, pp. 197–98.
65. Indian Annual Register , 1920, Part I, pp. 379–84. (Published by the Government of India.)
66. Complete Works of Mahatma Gandhi , Vol. 19, https://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/mahatma-gandhi-collected-works-volume-19.pdf, pp. 197–98.
67. V.D. Savarkar. An Echo from Andamans , p. 56.
68. Ibid., p. 70.
69. V.D. Savarkar. My Transportation for Life , http://savarkar.org/en/pdfs/My-Transportation-for-Life-Veer-Savarkar.pdf , pp. 288–89.
70. An often-practised Hindu tradition where the wife gave up her maiden name after marriage to take on a new one that her husband’s family gave her during the ceremonies.
71. English translation of the biography of Babarao Savarkar, http://savarkar.org/en/pdfs/babarao-savarkar-v003.pdf , pp. 37–38.
72. Reference of her date of death from Uttara Sahasrabuddhe. Bharatiya Swatantryaladhyatil Streeya . The other date of her death mentioned by a few other authors is 20 April 1919.
73. V.D. Savarkar. An Echo from Andamans , p. 63.
74. IOR/L/PJ/6/1594, File No. 3132; February 1919–August 1920, The Rowlatt Bills and Disturbances in India: House of Commons questions and replies, British Library, London.
75. R.C. Majumdar. History of the Freedom Movement in India, Vol. 3 ( Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay, 1962), p. 15.
76. Ibid., pp. 41–42.
77. Nigel Collett. The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer ( London: Hambledon, 2005), p. 323.
78. Complete Works of Mahatma Gandhi , Vol. 18, pp. 219–22, https://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/mahatma-gandhi-collected-works-volume-18.pdf
79. V.D. Savarkar. My Transportation for Life , http://savarkar.org/en/pdfs/My-Transportation-for-Life-Veer-Savarkar.pdf , p. 300.
80. Indian Jails Committee Report, pp. 145–52. Government of India Publication, 1919-1920.
81. Ibid., p. 276.
82. ‘Royal Proclamation’ found in ‘Resolution recommending royal amnesty to the political prisoners, the Savarkar brothers, Bombay’, parliamentary question, IOR/L/PJ/6/1677, File no 3153, May 1920–June 1921, British Library, London.
83. 60D(b)/1919: ‘Political Prisoners: Proposed release of Ganesh Savarkar and Vinayak Savarkar in view of the Royal Amnesty,’ pp. 63–73, Maharashtra State Archives, Mumbai.
84. Refer to Appendix III.
85. Letter from Chief Commissioner, Andaman and Nicobar Islands to Government of India, Home Department, 20 May 1919, file 60D(a)/1919: Political Prisoners, 7, Maharashtra State Archives, Mumbai. It is not clear from the letter what these forbidden articles actually were.
86. Government of Bombay, Home Department, F. #60D(a)/1919, 7, Maharashtra State Archives, Mumbai.
87. Notes of the Government of India, Judicial Department, 29 May 1919, para. 2, 60D(a)/1919, 17, Maharashtra State Archives, Mumbai.
88. DuBoulay was quoting clause (iii) of paragraph 4 of the Government of India’s letter #1555C, 28 February 1919: ‘As regards persons convicted by Courts in British India, and sentenced under Chapter VI of the Indian Penal Code for offences against the State or for kindred offences either under special laws, such as the Newspapers (Incitement to Offences) Act or the provisions of laws which require the sanction of Government to a prosecution, the following principles have been suggested as appropriate: [. . .] (iii) Those who have been convicted of murder or attempted murder or abetment of murder to have any sentence above a single life sentence remitted.’
89. Telegram #4438 from Morrison, Government of Bombay to Superintendent, Port Blair, n.d. (ca May 1919).
90. Morrison, Internal Note, Government of Bombay, 30 May 1919, Maharashtra State Archives, Mumbai.
91. Confidential letter from Montgomery, Government of Bombay, Judicial Department, Bombay, 19 June 1920 to H. McPherson, Secretary to the Government of India, Home Department, in F# 60 D(b)/1919, 85. The Home Department’s recommendation was made in telegram #1439, Government of India, 8 December 1919. Maharashtra State Archives, Mumbai.
92. Letter from Government of India, Home (Political) to J. Crerar, Secretary to Government of Bombay, Delhi, 24 February 1920, F# 60D(b)/1919: ‘Political Prisoners: Proposed Release of Ganesh Savarkar and Vinayak Savarkar in View of the Royal Amnesty Announced in December 1919’, Maharashtra State Archives, Mumbai.
93. Demi-official no. 1193, 20 May 1920, from H. McPherson, Secretary to the Government of India, Home Department (Political), Simla to J. Crerar, Secretary to the Government of Bombay, Political Department, Bombay, 59-61, F# 60D(b)/1919, Maharashtra State Archives, Mumbai.
94. Sachindranath Sanyal. Bandi Jeevan , p. 226.
95. V.D. Savarkar. An Echo from Andamans , p. 65.
Chapter 10: Political Potboiler
1. Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi , Vol. 19, https://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/mahatma-gandhi-collected-works-volume-19.pdf, p. 348.
2. Ibid. The ‘earlier letter’ that Gandhi refers to in this letter is missing in Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi .
3. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Young India: 1919-1922. B.R. Prasad (ed). 2nd ed. (Madras: S. Ganeshan, 1924), pp. 94–98.
4. Telegram #2845, from C.E. Gwynne, Deputy Secretary to the Government of India, Home Department (Political), Simla, 12 July 1920, to the Chief Commissioner, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 60(D)b/1919, 93 National Archives of India, New Delhi.
5. V.D. Savarkar. An Echo from Andamans , p. 69.
6. V.D. Savarkar. My Transportation for Life , http://savarkar.org/en/pdfs/My-Transportation-for-Life-Veer-Savarkar.pdf , p. 353.
7. ‘Question Regarding Savarkar Brothers in Assembly’—Home Department, 403–407 & K.W. 1921. Part A, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
8. Details of Council proceedings, from ‘Release on medical grounds of Ganesh Savarkar, sentenced in 1909 to transportation for life for sedition’, IOR/L/PJ/6/1819, File no. 4701, September 1922, British Library, London.
9. Note from C.E. Gwynne, Deputy Secretary to Government of India, Home Department, 10 February 1921, Home Political, 1921 A 64–83 & K.W. Political Prisoners in Andamans, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
10. Ibid.
11. V.D. Savarkar. My Transportation for Life , http://savarkar.org/en/pdfs/My-Transportation-for-Life-Veer-Savarkar.pdf , p.326.
12. Ramdulare Trivedi. Kakori ke Diljale ( Delhi: Pravin, 1992), p. 112.
13. Courtesy Savarkar Smarak, Mumbai, and interview of auth
or with Vinayak Damodar Savarkar’s grand-nephew, Ranjit Savarkar.
14. V.D. Savarkar. My Transportation for Life , http://savarkar.org/en/pdfs/My-Transportation-for-Life-Veer-Savarkar.pdf , p. 342.
15. Ibid., pp. 343–44.
16. Pattabhi Sitaramayya. History of the Indian National Congress (1885-1947 ). (New Delhi: S. Chand, 1988), p. 1189.
17. Indian Annual Register , Government of India Publication, 1921, Part 1, p. 103.
18. B.R. Ambedkar. Pakistan or the Partition of India (Delhi: Samyak Prakashan, 2013), pp. 165–66.
19. Ibid., pp. 165.
20. B.R. Ambedkar. Pakistan or the Partition of India (Delhi: Samyak Prakashan, 2013), p. 167.
21. Indian Annual Register , Government of India Publication, 1921, part 1, p. 206.
22. R.C. Majumdar. History of Freedom Movement in India , Vol. III ( Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay, 1962), p. 122.
23. R.C. Majumdar. History of Freedom Movement in India, Vols 1-3 ( Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay, 1962), p. 58.
24. Ibid., p. 68.
25. Bipin Chandra Pal, Nationality and Empire: A Running Study of Some Current Indian Problems (Calcutta: Thacker and Spink, 1916), pp. 372–73, 390.
26. Annie Wood Besant. The Future of Indian Politics: A Contribution to the Understanding of Present Day Problems (Madras: Theosophical Publishing House, 1922), p. 250.
27. B.R. Nanda. The Collected Works of Lala Lajpat Rai , Vol. 2 (New Delhi: Manohar Publications, 2008), p. 144.
28. Ibid., p. 165.
29. Young India , 10 December 1919.
30. Sachin Sen. The Birth of Pakistan (Calcutta: General Printers & Publishers, 1955), p. 73.
31. Ibid.
32. A Muslim scholar from the Firangi Mahal in Lucknow and an active participant of the Khilafat movement.
33. Complete Works of Mahatma Gandhi , Vol. XVII, 21 July 1920, https://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/mahatma-gandhi-collected-works-volume-17.pdf); Young India , pp. 76–77.
34. Saradindu Mukherji. ‘Caliphate Movement in India, 1919-1924’ (New Delhi: India Policy Foundation, 2015), p. 12.
35. Home Political. June 1920. 196–197, Part B, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
36. Home Political, June 1920, Secret No. 112, National Archives of India, New Delhi; see also Saradindu Mukherji. ‘Caliphate Movement in India, 1919-1924’, p. 10.
37. Stephen Hay. Sources of Indian Tradition (Columbia: Columbia University Press, 1958), p. 777.
38. This was an informal meeting convened in Allahabad during 1–2 June 1920, with the Khilafat leaders, after Gandhi failed to get the AICC to adopt his idea of initiating non-cooperation in alliance with the Khilafatists. Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal and others were present with Gandhi and the Khilafatists.
39. Jawaharlal Nehru. Nehru on Gandhi: Selections from Writings and Speeches (New York: The John Day Company, 1948), pp. 12–14; Jawaharlal Nehru. Towards Freedom: The Autobiography of Jawaharlal Nehru (New York: The John Day Company, 1958), pp. 52–53.
40. Swami Shraddhanand. Inside Congress (Bombay, Phoenix Publications, 1946), p. 122.
41. Ibid., pp. 122–23.
42. C. Sankaran Nair. Gandhi and Anarchy ( Madras: Tagore Press, 1923), p. 38; Indian Annual Register , Government of India Publication, 1922–23, Vol. 2, p. 43.
43. Young India , 8 September 1920.
44. Ibid.
45. Complete Works of Mahatma Gandhi , Vol. XVIII, https://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/mahatma-gandhi-collected-works-volume-18.pdf, pp. 80–81.
46. Ibid., vol. XIX, p. 254.
47. Young India , 4 May 1921.
48. Saradindu Mukherji. ‘Caliphate Movement in India, 1919-1924’, p. 10.
49. Young India , 4 May 1921.
50. R.C. Majumdar. History of Freedom Movement in India , Vol. 3, pp. 105–06.
51. Report of the Civil Disobedience Enquiry Committee , set up and published by the Congress in 1922, p. 70.
52. Indian Annual Register, 1924, II, p. 205. Government of India publication.
53. Swami Shraddhanand. Inside Congress , p. 126.
54. Sanderson Beck. World Peace Efforts Since Gandhi (Santa Barbara, CA: World Peace Communications), 2006.
55. Subhash Chandra Bose. The Indian Struggle: 1920-1942 , Vol. II (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017), pp. 99–101.
56. Ibid.
57. Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi , Vol. V, https://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/mahatma-gandhi-collected-works-volume-22.pdf, pp. 22, 377.
58. V.D. Savarkar. My Transportation for Life , http://savarkar.org/en/pdfs/My-Transportation-for-Life-Veer-Savarkar.pdf , p. 350.
59. Subhash Chandra Bose. The Indian Struggle: 1920-1942 , Vol. II, p. 108.
60. Jawaharlal Nehru. Nehru on Gandhi: Selections from Writings and Speeches , pp. 38–39.
61. R.G. Pradhan. India’s Struggle for Swaraj (Madras: J.A. Natesan & Co., 1930,) p. 196.
62. V.D. Savarkar. My Transportation for Life , http://savarkar.org/en/pdfs/My-Transportation-for-Life-Veer-Savarkar.pdf , p. 356.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid., p. 362.
65. Ibid., p. 363.
66. Home Department, Political, File no 354, 1921, ‘Letter regarding release of Savarkar Brothers’, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
67. Ibid.
68. F.# 60D(d)/21–23, Maharashtra State Archives, Mumbai. See full text in Appendix III.
69. V.D. Savarkar. My Transportation for Life , http://savarkar.org/en/pdfs/My-Transportation-for-Life-Veer-Savarkar.pdf , p. 318.
70. F. #60D(d)/21–23, 89-93 and F #60D(d)/21–23, 95–99, Maharashtra State Archives, Mumbai. See full text in Appendix III.
71. Letter from G. Wiles, Secretary to Government of Bombay, Home Department to D.D. Kamat, Superintendent of District Prison, Ratnagiri, 23 November 1921. F# 60-D(d)/1921–23: ‘Convicts, Port Blair: Remission of sentence to convicts transferred from Andamans: Savarkar, V.D. and Savarkar, G.D.’
72. English translation of the biography of Babarao Savarkar http://savarkar.org/en/pdfs/babarao-savarkar-v003.pdf , p. 60.
73. Ibid., p. 73.
Chapter 11: Who Is a Hindu?
1. Amrita Bazar Patrika , 12 August 1869. Quoted by J.C. Bagal. Bharatbarsher Svadhinata ( n.p, n.d.), p. 177; see also R.C. Majumdar. History of the Freedom Movement in India , pp. 443–45.
2. Amrita Bazar Patrika , 12 August 1869. Quoted by J.C. Bagal. Bharatbarsher Svadhinata , p. 177.
3. Syed Ahmed Khan, Akhari Madamin (Urdu), pp. 46–50; Translated into English in Stephen Hay. Sources of Indian Tradition, pp. 746–47.
4. Syed Ahmed Khan. Sir Syed Ahmed on the Present State of Indian Politics: Consisting of Speeches and Letters ( Allahabad: The Pioneer Press, 1888), p. 37.
5. S.M. Ikram. Indian Muslims and Partition of India (Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, 1995), p. 44–45.
6. R.C. Majumdar. History of Freedom Movement in India , p. 431.
7. Bahadur Lal. The Muslim League: Its History, Activities and Achievements (Lahore: Book Traders, 1979), p. 4.
8. Ibid., p. 66.
9. Rajendra Prasad. India Divided (New Delhi: Penguin, 2017), pp. 112–13.
10. James Ramsay MacDonald. The Awakening of India (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1910), p. 176.
11. Lal, Bahadur. The Muslim League: Its History, Activities and Achievements , p. 43.
12. R.C. Majumdar. History of the Freedom Movement in India , p. 223.
13. Aligarh Institute Gazette , 14 August 1907, pp. 7–8; Quoted in Bahadur Lal. The Muslim League: Its History, Activities and Achievements , p. 43.
14. Sir Percival Griffiths. The British Impact on India (London: Macdonald, 1952), pp. 309–10.
15. Bahadur Lal. The Muslim League: Its History, Activities and Achievements , p. 66.
16. Lovat Fraser. India Under Curzon and After (London: H. Holt, 1911), pp. 39
1–92.
17. R.C. Majumdar. History of Freedom Movement in India , pp. 211.
18. Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Speeches of Gopal Krishna Gokhale . G.A. Natesan (ed) (Madras: G.A. Natesan, 1920), pp. 209, 1137.
19. Ibid., p. 1136.
20. Manchester Guardian , 1 September 1921–12 December 1921.
21. C. Sankaran Nair. Gandhi and Anarchy ( Madras: Tagore Press, 1923), Appendix V.
22. Ibid., p. 40.
23. R.C. Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement in India, p. 195.
24. Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi , Vol. 22, https://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/mahatma-gandhi-collected-works-volume-22.pdf, p. 269.
25. Saradindu Mukherji. ‘Caliphate Movement in India, 1919-1924’, p. 18.
26. B.R. Ambedkar. Pakistan or the Partition of India, pp. 177–78.
27. Ibid., pp. 178–79.
28. V.D. Savarkar. Savarkar Samagra , pp. 600–15.
29. Vinayak’s claim on Muhammad Ali: V.D. Savarkar. Savarkar Samagra , p. 607.
30. Gyanendra Pandey. Routine Violence: Nation, Fragments, History (California: Stanford University Press, 2006), p. 108.
31. Janaki Bakhle. ‘Country First? Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (1883-1966) and the Writing of Essentials of Hindutva ’. Public Culture 22.1(2010), pp. 149–86.
32. Ibid., p. 151.
33. Ibid., p. 157.
34. Amiya Sen. Hindu Revivalism in Bengal, 1872-1905 ( Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 210.
35. V.D. Savarkar. Hindutva (Mumbai: Swatantryaveer Savarkar Rashtriya Smarak, 1999), pp. 2–3.
36. 36.Ibid. p. 8.
37. Anthony Parel (ed.). Hind Swaraj ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 48–49.
38. V.D. Savarkar. Hindutva , pp. 11–12.
39. Ibid., p. 13.
40. Ibid., p. 56.
41. Ibid., p. 28.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid., p. 51.
44. Ibid., pp. 55–56.
45. Ibid., p. 58.
46. Ibid., p. 60.
47. Ibid., p. 26.
48. Ibid., p. 52.
49. It is erroneous to assume that Savarkar visualized the nation as a masculine ‘Fatherland’, as is normally postulated to provide equivalence with fascist movements in Europe. The nation for him since childhood was visualized as a Goddess, a Mother, a divine feminine power. Here, pitrubhumi means the land of the pitrus or ancestors to whom devout Hindus offer oblations during the pitrupaksha (fortnight dedicated to forefathers) each year to assist the journey of their souls and seek their blessings.