by Will Durant
53. Thayer, III, 307,
54. Ibid., 306.
55. Grove’s, I, 371d.
CHAPTER XXIX
1. Treitschke, Heinrich von, History of Germany in the 19th Century, I, 119.
2. Sorel, Albert, Europe and the French Revolution, I, 120.
3. Fisher, H. A. L., Studies in Napoleonic Statesmanship: Germany, 7.
4. Ibid., 120.
5. 196.
6. 268.
7. 53–59.
8. Treitschke, 55.
9. Ibid., 65.
10. In Fisher, H. A. L., 35.
11. Gooch, G. P., Germany and the French Revolution, 369.
12. Ibid., 518.
13. Seeley, J. R., Life and Times of Stein, I, 128; Sorel, Albert, 480.
14. Treitschke, 187.
15. Ibid., 307, 321.
16. Seeley, I, 203.
17. Ibid., 285–97.
18. 425.
CHAPTER XXX
1. Staël, Mme. de, Germany, I, 84.
2. EB, XII, 213d.
3. Fisher, H. A. L., Studies in Napoleonic Statesmanship: Germany, 13–14.
4. Staël, Mme. de, Germany, I, 306.
5. Fisher, 13.
6. Carlyle, Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, II, 59.
7. Fisher, 313,330.
8. Graetz, History of the Jews, V, 405.
9. Somewhere in Walt Whitman.
10. Gooch, Germany and the French Revolution, 363–64.
11. Ibid., 388.
12. See below, Ch. XXXII, Section I, 3.
13. Paulsen, Friedrich, German Education, 117.
14. Fisher, 283.
15. Staël, Mme. de, Germany, I, 116.
16. Gooch, 107.
17. Treitschke, 392.
18. Bell, E. T., Men of Mathematics, 219.
19. Ibid., 220.
20. EB, X, 35b.
21. Bell, E. T., 220.
22. EB, XI, 831d.
23. Humboldt, Alexander von, Cosmos, preface, ix.
24. Thayer, Beethoven, I, 196.
25. Grove’s Dictionary of Music and Musicians, I, 563n.
26. Ibid., 565.
27. 635.
28. 656.
29. Mantzius, History of Theatrical Art, pp. vi, 234.
30. Ibid., 327.
31. EB., XIII, 399b.
32. Francke, Kuno, A History of German Literature, 469.
33. Ibid., 470.
CHAPTER XXXI
1. Treitschke, 137.
2. Gooch, Germany and the French Revolution, 40.
3. Brandes, Main Currents, IV, 26.
4. Gooch, 145.
5. Ibid., 143.
6. 152.
7. Schiller, Don Carlos, Act III, Scene 6.
8. Gooch, 214.
9. Ibid., 206.
10. Treitschke, 230.
11. Brandes, IV, 35.
12. Marchand, Byron, II, 883.
13. Brandes, 24.
14. Gooch, 248–49.
15. In Carlyle, Critical Essays, II, 119.
16. Gooch, 240.
17. Rousseau and Revolution, 572 ff.
18. In Francke, 416–17.
19. Ibid., 418.
20. Pascal, Roy, The German Novel, 30.
21. Rousseau and Revolution, 519.
22. Francke, 420.
23. Brandes, IV, 69.
24. Ibid., 91.
25. Ibid.; Herold, Mistress to an Age, 271.
26. Brandes, 91.
27. Ibid., 54.
28. William Hazlitt, quoted by Francke, 151.
29. Brandes, 89.
30. Friedrich Schlegel, Gespräche über Poesie, 274, in Lewes, G. H., Life of Goethe, II, 216 f.
CHAPTER XXXII
1. EB, XX, 16d.
2. Adamson, Robert, Fichte, 15.
3. Lost in Whitman.
4. Gooch, Germany and the French Revolution, 284–85.
5. See Rousseau and Revolution, 588.
6. Gooch, 290.
7. Ibid.
8. 291.
9. Adamson, 184; Höffding, History of Modern Philosophy, II, 157.
10. Adamson, 186–88.
11. Fichte, Science of Knowledge, pp. xv and 187.
12. Adamson, 178, 204–5.
13. Ibid., 56–63; Brandes, Main Currents, IV, 88–89.
14. Ibid.
15. Adamson, 77; Gooch, 293.
16. Fichte, The Vocation of Man, 157–60.
17. Fichte, Addresses to the German Nation, 163.
18. Ibid., 28–29.
19. 27.
20. xvi, xxvii.
21. 165.
22. Adamson, 102.
23. Höffding, History of Modern Philosophy, II, 163.
24. In Brandes, 82, quoting Plitt, Aus Schellings Leben, I, 282.
25. Schelling, Of Human Freedom, 21–23.
26. Schelling, The Ages of the World, 76.
27. Of Human Freedom, 26.
28. Cf. Hirsch, E. D., Wordsworth and Schelling, passim.
29. Coleridge, Biographia Literaria, I, 104.
30. Schelling, The Ages of the World, introd. by Frederick Bolman, 8n.
31. Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Idea, II, 22.
32. Caird, Edward, Hegel, 31.
33. Kaufman, Walter, Hegel: Reinterpretation, Texts and Commentary, 61.
34. Caird, 46.
35. Hegel, The Philosophy of Georg Wilhelm Hegel, ed. Carl Friedrich, 526, 532, 539.
36. Weidman, Franz, Hegel, 38, quoting Hegel’s Briefe, I, 120; cf. Caird, 66.
37. Weidman, 64.
38. Hegel, Philosophy, 414.
39. Ibid., 402.
40. Findlay, J. N., Hegel: A Re-examination, 96.
41. Hegel, Philosophy of History, 23.
42. Ibid., 26.
43. Caird, 153.
44. Findlay, 131, 142.
45. In Caird, 195.
46. EB, XI, 300b.
47. Weidman, 76.
48. Hegel, Philosophy of Right, preface, 3.
49. Ibid., 5.
50. 6.
51. Nos. 162–63.
52. No. 170.
53. No. 166.
54. No. 174.
55. No. 270.
56. Weidman, 83, quoting Rudolf Haym, Hegel und seine Zeit, 413 ff.
57. Hegel, Philosophy of Right, No. 260.
58. Ibid., No. 278.
59. No. 281.
60. No. 273, 280.
61. No. 273.
62. Ibid., preface, 4a.
63. Hegel, Philosophy of History, 9.
64. Ibid., 15.
65. 30.
66. 26.
67. 446.
68. 456.
69. Hegel, History of Philosophy, in Hegel, Philosophy, 168.
70. Philosophy of History, 50.
71. Ibid.
72. 17.
73. 49:
74. History of Philosophy, in Hegel, Philosophy, 162.
75. Weidman, 81; Stace, W. T., The Philosophy of Hegel, 31.
76. Weidman, 119.
CHAPTER XXXIII
1. Gooch, Germany and the French Revolution, 48.
2. CMH, IX, 98.
3. Ibid., 106.
4. Staël, Mme. de, Germany, I, 80.
5. NCMH, IX, 110.
6. Moore, F. J., History of Chemistry, 102.
7. Horn, F. W., History of the Literature of the Scandinavian North, 388.
8. CMH, IX, 46.
9. Ibid 47.
10. Our account follows Dudley Pope’s The Great Gamble.
11. CMH, IX, 298.
12. Ibid., 236, 299 ff.
13. Horn, 237.
14. EB, XXI, 1082b.
15. Cambridge History of Poland, II, 213.
16. Dubnow, S. M., History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, I, 298–305; Lefebvre, Napoleon, II, 249–51.
17. NCMH, IX, 546.
CHAPTER XXXIV
1. Talleyrand, Memoirs, V, 399.
2. Staël, Mme. de, Ten Years’ Exile,
330, 310.
3. Lefebvre, Napoleon, II, 305.
4. Kornilov, Alexander, Modern Russian History, 26.
5. Florinsky, Michael T., Russia: A History and an Interpretation, II, 716.
6. Kornilov, 30.
7. Wiener, Leo, Anthology of Russian Literature, II, 6.
8. Florinsky, II, 701.
9. Maistre, Les Soirées de Saint-Pétersbourg, I, 2, 3.
10. Garrison, History of Medicine, 400.
11. Strakhovsky, L., Alexander I of Russia, 17; Kornilov, 56.
12. Kornilov, 54.
13. Strakhovsky, 17–19.
14. Ibid., 28.
15. Kornilov, 69.
16. Ibid., 26.
17. 81.
18. 103.
19. Caulaincourt, With Napoleon in Russia, 376.
20. Kornilov, 82.
21. Ibid., 100; Florinsky, II, 727.
22. Florinsky, II, 723–27.
23. Dubnow, History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, I, 341.
24. Ibid., 312, 317–20; Kornilov, 105–6.
25. Dubnow, I, 315.
26. Ibid., 343; Graetz, IV, 473.
27. Dubnow, I, 352.
28. Gilbert, O. P., Prince de Ligne, 143.
29. Staël, Mme. de, Ten Years’ Exile, 361.
30. Pope, The Great Gamble, 288.
31. Réau, Louis, L’Art russe, 90.
32. Ibid., 113.
33. Fiala, Vladimir, Russian Painting, plates 11 and 12.
34. Ibid., plate 13.
35. Staël, Mme. de, Ten Years’ Exile, 303.
36. Strakhovsky, 51.
37. Kropotkin, Peter, Ideals and Realities in Russian Literature, 33.
38. Bruckner, A., A Literary History of Russia, 150.
39. Lefebvre, Napoleon, I, 201.
40. Kornilov, 128.
41. EB, XI, 9c.
42. Kornilov, 131.
43. Lefebvre, II, 269.
44. Vandal, Napoléon et Alexandre, III, 58.
45. Ibid., II, 509.
46. In Treitschke, 45.
47. Méneval, II, 787; Vandal, II, 532.
48. Florinsky, II, 638.
CHAPTER XXXV
1. Watson, The Reign of George III, 469; Mistler, Napoléon et l’Empire, II, 66.
2. Lefebvre, Napoleon, II, 179.
3. Vandal, Napoléon et Alexandre, III, 26.
4. Lefebvre, II, 109, 123–26.
5. Ibid., 127–28.
6. Mistler, II, 184–89.
7. Ibid., 185.
8. Vandal, III, 139.
9. Ibid., 34, 39, 597.
10. Kornilov, 195.
11. Caulaincourt, With Napoleon in Russia, Ch. I.
12. Méneval, Memoirs, II, 808.
13. Vandal, III, 326.
14. Ibid., 2–4.
15. Kircheisen, Memoirs of Napoleon I, 195.
16. Letter of Dec. 19, 1811, in Napoleon, Letters, 263; Palmer, Alan, Napoleon in Russia, 31.
17. Letter of Dec. 20, 1811.
18. Guérard, French Civilization in the 19th Century, 76.
19. Édouard Driault, in Geyl, Napoleon: For and Against, 311.
20. Caulaincourt, 25.
21. Fouché, Memoirs, II, 85 f.
22. Letters of Nov. 1, 1811, in Napoleon, Letters, 259–60.
23. Kircheisen, 196.
24. Méneval, III, 894.
25. Taine, Modern Regime, 37; Vandal, III, 343.
26. Mistler, II, 202.
27. Ibid., 449.
28. 204.
29. Palmer, Alan, Napoleon in Russia, 48.
30. Letters, 270 (July 14, 1812).
31. Lefebvre, Napoleon, II, 314.
32. Herold, ed., The Mind of Napoleon, 205.
33. Letters, 271.
34. Ibid., note by J. M. Thompson.
35. Palmer, Alan, Napoleon in Russia, 81.
36. Kircheisen, 188.
37. Mistler, II, 207.
38. Palmer, Alan, Napoleon in Russia, 113.
39. Testimony of Napoleon’s physician in Mestivier, in Delderfield, The Retreat from Moscow, 62.
40. Caulaincourt, 152.
41. Lefebvre, Napoleon, II, 3.
42. Caulaincourt, 152.
43. Méneval, III, 859.
44. Strakhovsky, Alexander I of Russia, 94.
45. Las Cases, III, 167.
46. Ibid., 172.
47. EB, XV, 878c.
48. Delderfield, 82.
49. Caulaincourt, 122; Lefebvre, II, 315.
50. Letters, 273.
51. Mistler, II, 210.
52. Méneval, III, 865.
53. Caulaincourt, 132; Kircheisen, 199.
54. Palmer, Alan, Napoleon in Russia, 177.
55. Caulaincourt, 41.
56. Méneval, III, 871; Kircheisen, 200.
57. Strakhovsky, 138.
58. Caulaincourt, 192.
59. Méneval, III, 887.
60. Ibid., Ill, 373; Delderfield, 109–11.
61. Palmer, Alan, Napoleon in Russia, 221.
62. Ibid., 222.
63. Méneval, III, 874–78; Caulaincourt, 230; Mistler, II, 212.
64. Caulaincourt, 261.
65. Delderfield, 175.
66. Mistler, II, 215.
67. Caulaincourt, 325.
68. Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations, 13th ed., 399.
69. Note to Bertrand, Napoleon at St. Helena, 265.
70. Méneval, III, 888.
CHAPTER XXXVI
1. EB, XVI, 25a.
2. Strakhovsky, Alexander I of Russia, 141.
3. Thiers, History of the Consulate and the Empire, VIII, 338.
4. Francke, History of German Literature, 492.
5. Thiers, History of the Consulate and the Empire, VIII, 435–36.
6. Ibid.
7. Caulaincourt, Memoirs, II, 213, in Herold, ed., Mind of Napoleon, 195.
8. Mistler, Napoléon et l’Empire, II, 217.
9. Lefebvre, Napoleon, II, 329.
10. Madelin, Consulate and Empire, II, 214.
11. Ibid., 217.
12. Mistler, II, 221.
13. Ibid., 221–22; Thiers, IX, 130–40; Las Cases, III, 223–24.
14. Thiers, IX, 155; Mistler, II, 222.
15. Kircheisen, Memoirs of Napoleon I, 203; Las Cases, III, 278.
16. Mistler, II, 225a.
17. Thiers, IX, 259.
18. Lefebvre, II, 390; Thiers, IX, 276.
19. Thiers, 283.
20. Madelin, II, 258.
21. Ibid., 266.
22. Méneval, III, 952; Madelin, II, 265; Thiers, IX, 353.
23. Thiers, 365.
24. Ibid., 369.
25. Fain, Agathon, Memoirs of the Invasion of France by the Allied Armies, 79–81.
26. Mistler, II, 236.
27. Ibid., 239.
28. Fain, 107.
29. Méneval, III, 244.
30. Thiers, X, 139.
31. Mistler, II, 245 ff.
32. Thiers, X, 138.
33. Fain, 271.
34. Bertrand, H., Napoleon at St. Helena, 53.
35. Fain, 257.
36. Mistler, II, 249.
37. Mossiker, Napoleon and Josephine, 375.
38. Petersen, ed., Treasury of the World’s Great Speeches, 324.
39. Méneval, III, 1047; Fain, 268.
40. Ortzen, Imperial Venus, 157.
CHAPTER XXXVII
1. EB, XIV, 346d.
2. Thiers, History of the Consulate and the Empire, X, 317.
3. Ibid., 443; Lefebvre, Napoleon, II, 360.
4. Brion, Daily Life in the Vienna of Mozart and Schubert, 173–78.
5. Thiers, XI, 70.
6. Ibid., 160.
7. Mistler, Napoléon et l’Empire, II, 251.
8. Ibid., 253; Rose, Personality of Napoleon, 230.
9. Mistler, II, 253.
10. Rose, 332; Goodrich, F., The Court of Napoleon, 363.
11. Rose, 336.
12. Thiers,
XI, 170.
13. Ibid., 172.
14. 173.
15. Mistler, II, 260.
16. Gourgaud, Journal, Jan. 4, 1817.
17. Thiers, XI, 184.
18. Ibid., 196; Mistler, II, 261.
19. Thiers, XI, 199–201.
20. Ibid., 215.
21. Houssaye, Henri, La Première Abdication, 305.
22. Thiers, XI, 235.
23. Ibid., 268.
24. Mistler, II, 267.
25. Lefebvre, II, 363.
26. Thiers, XI, 437–38.
27. Las Cases, IV, 110.
28. Fouché, Memoirs, II, 246.
29. Madelin, Consulate and Empire, II, 412.
30. Houssaye, 1815: Waterloo, 17.
31. Las Cases, II, 5.
32. Gourgaud, Journal, I, 93.
33. Thiers, XI, 481.
34. Byron, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, III, xxi-xxviii.
35. Houssaye, 1815: Waterloo, 80–81.
36. Mistler, II, 221.
37. Ibid.
38. Houssaye, 1815: Waterloo, 91.
39. EB, XXIII, 286.
40. Longford, Wellington, 438.
41. Howarth, Waterloo, 52, 55–56.
42. MacLaurin, C., Post Mortem, 224–25.
43. Houssaye, 1815: Waterloo, 255.
44. Mistler, II, 276.
45. Longford, 472.
46. Madelin, II, 457.
47. Howarth, Waterloo, 144.
48. Longford, 472.
49. Kircheisen, Memoirs of Napoleon I, 223.
50. Houssaye, 1815: Waterloo, 212.
51. Ibid., 221.
52. Houssaye, 1815: La Seconde Abdication, 113.
53. Houssaye, 1815: Waterloo, 216, 224.
CHAPTER XXXVIII
1. Kircheisen, Memoirs of Napoleon I, 225.
2. Houssaye, 1815: La Seconde Abdication.
3. Constant, Benjamin, Mémoirs sur les Cent Jours, in Houssaye, 40.
4. Letter of June 19, in Letters, 307.
5. Houssaye, 1815: La Seconde Abdication, 10.
6. Ibid., 61; Mistler, II, 282.
7. Houssaye, 199.
8. Letters, 308 (June 25, 1815).
9. Houssaye, 215, 194.
10. Las Cases, I, 15n.
11. CMH, IX, 644.
12. Houssaye, 337–41.
13. Ibid., 160–66.
14. Talleyrand, Memoirs, introd. by de Broglie, x.
15. Bartlett’s Quotations, 384.
16. Talleyrand, I, x.
17. Lefebvre, Napoleon, II, 367.
18. Houssaye, 561.
19. Mistler, II, 285.
20. Houssaye, 396.
21. From a copy of the original in the Royal Library at Windsor.
22. Las Cases, I, 26.
23. Rosebery, Napoleon: The Last Phase, Appendix I.
24. Thiers, History of the Consulate and the Empire, XII, 305.