The Age of Napoleon
Page 137
guilds, 125, 598
Guillotin, Dr. Joseph-Ignace (1738–1814), 131
Guizot, François (1787–1874), 266, 331
gunpowder, 125
improvement of, 64, 141
Gustavus II Adolphus, King of Sweden (r. 1611–32), 247
Gustavus III, King of Sweden (r. 1771–92), 661
Gustavus IV, King of Sweden (r. 1792–1809), 661, 663
Guy Mannering (Scott), 506
Gzhatsk, 703
Haakon Jarl, ruler of Norway (970–95), 666
Habeas Corpus Act (England, 1679), 355–56, 517
Hadrian, Emperor of Rome (r. 117–138), 57
Halle, University of, 591, 606
Halles des Blés and des Vins, Paris, 261
Hamburg, 432, 588, 592
and Continental Blockade, 210, 592, 695
Danish seizure of, 178
and French Revolution, 619
under French rule, 236, 592
theater in, 614, 618
Hamelin, Mme. Fortunée, 100
Hamilton, Alexander (1755?–1804), 43
Hamilton, Emma, Lady, nee Amy Lyon (1761–1815), 450
at Naples, 519, 520–21, 544
flees with royal family, 116, 545
returns to England, 521
Nelson’s last letter to, 523
later life, 524–25
Hamilton, Sir William (1730–1803), 519, 521, 545
Hanau, battle of (1813), 719
Hancock, John (1737–93), 380
Handel, George Frederick (1685–1759), 582
Hannibal (247–183 B.C.), 247
Hannibal Crossing the Alps (Turner), 384
Hanover, electorate of, 85, 178, 587, 592
French occupation of, 189, 201, 253, 592, 595
promised to Prussia but offered to England, 208, 595–96
recovered by England, 733
Hanover, house of, 358
Hanriot, François (1761–94), 56, 82–83
Hanseatic cities, 209, 253see also Amsterdam
Bremen
Hamburg
Lübeck
Hanseatic League, 592, 642
Hapsburgs, Austrian: patronage of music, 565
realms of, 541, 558
and Reformation, 563
Hardenberg, Charlotte von (b. 1769), 304, 307, 308
Hardenberg, Freiherr G. F. P. von, see Novalis
Hardenberg, Prince Karl August von (1750–1822), 596, 598–99, 603, 631, 654, 732
Hardy, Thomas, shoemaker (1752–1832), 517
Hardy, Capt. Thomas Masterman (1769–1839), 524
Harmonie community, Indiana Territory, 350
Harold in Italy (Berlioz), 554
Harrow School, 362, 456
Hartley, David (1705–57), 363, 391, 426, 433, 503
Harvard University, 388
Harwich, 342, 384
Harz Mountains, 432
Haugwitz, Count Christian von (1752–1832), 177
Hawaii, 387
Haydn, Franz Joseph (1732–1809), 104, 376, 565, 570
Beethoven and, 569, 670, 577, 582
composes Austrian anthem, 577
death of, 577
and the Webers, 613
Hay Wain, The (Constable), 382
Hazlitt, William (1778–1830), 373, 409, 448, 450
in debate over Paley’s book, 397, 448
on Godwin, 397
Malthus’ theory attacked by, 402
on Schlegel’s lectures, 634
on Wordsworth, 446, 451
Heart of Midlothian, The (Scott), 502, 506
heat conduction, 323
Hébert, Françoise, nee Goupil (d. 1794), 78
Hébert, Jacques-René (1757–94), 34, 54, 56, 63, 65
anti-Christian campaign, 73, 74, 115
death, 76
Robespierre and, 74, 75, 79, 83, 128
Hebrew Melodies (Byron), 464
Hédouville, Comte Gabriel d’ (1755–1825), 251
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831), 576, 587, 644, 645–58
Coleridge and, 442
death of, 657
dialectics of, 648–52, 655–57
and Fichte, 639, 657
followers of, 645, 657–58
and French Revolution, 619, 643, 645, 656
at Jena, 293, 606, 646–47
political philosophy of, 646, 652–55
at Tübingen, 626, 643, 645
his view of Napoleon, 776
in War of Liberation, 714
Hegel, Ludwig (b. 1807), 647
Hegel, Marie, nee von Tucher (b. 1791), 647
Heiberg, Johan Ludvig (1791–1860), 657, 665
Heiberg, Peter Andreas (1758–1841), 665
Heidegger, Martin (1889-), 650, 658
Heidelberg, University of, 606, 647
Heine, Heinrich (1797–1856), 93, 626
Heinrich von Ofterdingen (Novalis), 632
Helge (Oehlenschläger), 666
Heliopolis, battle of (1800), 170
Helmholtz, Hermann von (1821–94), 388, 389
Helvetic Club, 659
Helvetic Republic, 108, 177, 187–88, 659
Helvétius, Anne-Catherine, nee de Ligniville d’Autricourt (1719–1800), 120, 136, 143, 330
Helvétius, Claude-Adrien (1715–71), 6, 127, 143, 619, 628
utilitarianism of, 398, 406
Helyer, William, 468
Henry IV, King of France (r. 1589–1610), 328
Henry VIII, King of England (r. 1509–47), 183, 392, 454
Henry of Prussia, Prince (1726–1802), 620
Heracleitus (fl. 500 B.C.), 412, 657
Hérault de Séchelles, Marie-Jean (1759–94), 57, 60, 68, 78
Herculaneum, 139, 140, 554, 611
Herder, Johann Gottfried von (1744–1803), 305, 620*, 621, 633
Hermannsschlacht, Die (Kleist), 618
Herold, J. Christopher, 290*
Herrnhut community, 631
Herz, Henrietta, nee de Lemos (1764–1847), 603, 605
Herz, Marcus (1747–1803), 603
Herzensergiessungen eines kunstliebenden Klosterbruders (Tieck), 630
Hesperus (Richter), 625
Hesse-Cassel, 85, 588
landgraves of, 603
Hesse-Darmstadt, 202, 206, 588, 589
Heuschkel, Joseph, 613
Heyne, Christian Gottlob (1729–1812), 632, 635
Hildesheim, 588, 590, 591
Hill, Rowland Hill, Baron, later Viscount (1772–1842), 747
Hippel, Theodor Gottlieb von (1741–96), 604
Hippocrates (460?–377? B.C.), 325
Hispaniola, island of, 85, 177–78
Histoire d’Angleterre (Barrow), 93
Histoire des arabes (Marigny), 93
Histoire des français (Sismondi), 660
Histoire des républiques italiennes (Sismondi), 294, 660
Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire (Thiers), 775*
Histoire du gouvernement de Venise (Houssaye), 93
Histoire naturelle (Buffon), 325
Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres (Lamarck), 328
Histoire naturelle des poissons (Cuvier), 326
Histoire philosophique des deux Indes (Raynal), 93, 144
histology, 142
Historia crítica de España y de la cultura española (Masdeu), 534
historiography, 607
History of British India (James Mill), 503
History of England (Rapin), 404
History of Philosophy (Hegel), 655, 657
History of Russia (Karamzin), 685–86
History of the Italian Republics (Sismondi), 294, 660
History of the Revolution in England (Mackintosh), 504
Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945), 658
Hobbema, Meindert (1638–1709), 381
Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679), 636
Hobhouse, John Cam (1786–1869), 456–59, 461, 463–67 passim, 478–80, 500, 501
Hoc
he, Louis-Lazare (1768–97), 64, 74, 85, 106
Irish expedition, 509
and Josephine, 96, 130
in Vendée, 72, 85
Hochet, Claude, 294
Hodgson, Francis (1781–1852), 491
Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Amadeus (1776– 1822), 616, 626, 630
Hogarth, William (1697–1764), 363
Hogg, Thomas Jefferson (1792–1862), 468–70, 474, 492, 501
Hohenlinden, battle of (1800), 176
Hohenlohe, Prince Friedrich Ludwig of (1746–1818), 209
Holbach, Baron Paul-Henri-Dietrich d’ (1723–89), 6, 35, 127, 143, 144, 397, 619, 628
Holcroft, Thomas (1745–1809), 366, 371, 398
Hölderlin, Friedrich (1770–1843), 606, 619, 623, 626–27, 643, 645
Holland, 3
alliance with England (1788), 517
controversy with France over Scheldt, 50, 516
France declares war on, 53, 517
French conquest of, 53, 85
under French protectorate, 85, 115, 169, 177, 178, 207, 217
French withdrawal from demanded by England, 189
hurt by blockade, 694
Jews in, 275
navy cooperates with French, 202, 203
N.’s annexation of, 217
revolt of, 719, 720
united with Belgium, 733
Holland, Elizabeth Fox, Lady, nee Vassall (1770–1845), 370
Holland, Henry Richard Vassall Fox, 3d Baron (1773–1840), 467
Holland House, 370–71, 450, 459
Holstein, duchy of, 588
Holy Roman Empire, 36, 192, 587–90, 597, 646
reorganized, 589
dissolved, 118, 207, 590
“Holy Thursday” (two poems by Blake), 414, 415
Homer (9th cent. B.C.), 286, 290, 309, 458
Hondschoote, battle of (1793), 64
Hood, Samuel Hood, Baron, later Viscount (1724–1816), 75, 519
Hooker, Richard (1554?–1600), 447
Hookham, publisher (fl. 1814), 474
Hoppner, John (1758–1810), 378, 381, 535
Hoppner, Richard (fl. 1818), 482, 488, 489
Horace (65 B.C.-8 B.C.), 145, 309, 456
Horace (Corneille), 140
Hortense, Queen, see Beauharnais, Hortense de
horticulture, 386
Hôtel-Dieu, Paris, 142
Hotham, Sir Henry (1777–1833), 755, 756
Houchard, Jean-Nicolas (1738–93), 64, 67
Houdon, Jean-Antoine (1741–1828), 266, 280, 555
Hours of Idleness by George Gordon, Lord Byron, a Minor, 456
Hugo, Victor (1802–85), 155, 282, 773
Huguenots: expulsion from France, 4
in Germany, 600
Humboldt, Alexander von (1769–1859), 43, 607, 608–10, 751
Humboldt, Wilhelm von (1767–1835), 301, 603, 605, 606–7, 608, 624, 633, 732
Humboldt Current, 609
Hume, David (1711–76), 363, 400, 456, 490, 503
Hummel, Johann Nepomuk (1778–1837), 586, 612
Hundred Days (1815), 92, 216, 220, 279, 740–51
Hungary, 104, 204, 558, 559
Hunt, Leigh (1784–1859), 408, 440, 467
Italian venture, 494, 496–97, 498
later life, 501
Huntington Gallery, 381
Huss, John (Jan Hus; 1369?–1415), 601
Hutcheson, Francis (1694–1746), 406
Hutchinson, John (fl. 1802), 435
Hutchinson, Mary, see Wordsworth, Mary
Hutchinson, Sara (d. 1835), 433, 435, 437, 439, 443, 452
Hutton, James (1726–97), 387
Huyghens, Christian (1629–95), 388
Hymne à la raison (Méhul), 137
Hymnen an die Nacht (Novalis), 632
“Hymn to Intellectual Beauty” (Shelley), 478
“Hymn to Liberty” (Chénier), 73, 146
“Hymn to Liberty” (Hölderlin), 627
Hyperion (Hölderlin), 627
hypnotism, 391–92
I as Principle of Philosophy, The (Schelling), 643
“Idiot Boy, The” (Coleridge), 430
Iffland, August Wilhelm (1759–1814), 615–16
Iliad (Homer), 552, 607
Illuminati (secret society), 564, 619
Illustrations and Proof of the Principle of Population (Place), 403
Illyria, 253, 733
“Il pleut, il pleut, bergère” (Fabre), 145
Imlay, Fanny, see Godwin, Fanny
Imlay, Capt. Gilbert, 366, 481
immunology, 393
Imperial Diet (Reichstag), 588, 589, 590, 597
Imperial Guard, 247, 268, 698, 718, 725–27, 734–40 passim, 745, 748
India: British trade with, 107, 340
Langlès’ study of, 266
literature of, 635
N.’s designs on, 107, 110, 242, 243, 686, 699
population growth in, 402
reforms in government of, 503
Russia’s designs on, 664, 676, 686
the Wellesleys in, 535–36
Indische Bibliothek (ed. A. von Schlegel), 635
Indulgents, 76, 77
industrial exhibitions, Paris, 206, 261
Industrial Revolution: in England, 178, 340, 410, 600, 776
in France, 133, 694
Malthus and, 402, 403
Wordsworth and, 445, 452
“infernal machine” plot (1800), 176
Influence de l’habitude sur les facultés de penser (Maine), 331
Ingolstadt, University of, 563, 564
Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique (1780–1867), 266, 282
Innsbruck, University of, 563
Innviertel, 233
Inquisition, 335, 632
in Italy, 101, 550, 556
in Portugal, 531
in Spain, 229, 531, 533, 534, 537, 539
insane, treatment of, 325
Institute of Egypt, 110, 253
Institute of France, 106, 146, 198
Cuvier and, 142, 326
and Davy, 390
early members of, 142
and education, 180
“ideologues” of, 240, 253, 266, 272, 330–31
inauguration of, 87, 128
N. a member of, 240
and N.’s assumption of imperial power, 195
N.’s visits to, 107, 120
reorganized by N., 266–67
Second Class suppressed by N., 330
steam-navigation plan rejected by, 261
terrestrial-magnetism findings reported to, 323
Volta’s demonstrations to, 322, 551
Institut National de Musique, 137
intendants, 163
interest: Bentham’s defense of, 405
legalized in France, 130
“Intimations of Immortality” (Wordsworth), 435–36
Invalides, Hôtel des, Paris, 18, 724, 761
N.’s funeral at, 280, 775–76
Inventum novum ex Percussione (Auenbrugger), 325
Ion (Plato), 493
Ionian Islands, 105, 201, 498, 552, 676, 733
Iphigénie (Racine), 285
Ireland, 339, 507–11
Byron denounces British rule of, 460
exploitation of, 353, 410, 508
population of, 3, 507
revolts in, 509, 510–11
Shelley and, 472
Isabella, Queen of Castile (r. 1474–1504) and of Aragon (r. 1479–1504), 533
Isabey, Jean-Baptiste (1767–1855), 246, 282
Isla de León, 539
“Isle of Greece, The” (Byron), 458
Isnard, Maximin (1755–1825), 85
Istria, 233
Italian Confederation, 549
Italian Republic (1802–05), 187, 201, 546
Italy, 3, 7, 541–57
art in, 554–56
art spoliation in, 101, 102, 139, 279, 555, 556
campaign of 1796–97 in, 95, 97–105, 247, 544, 548
/>
campaigns of 1798 in, 108, 544–45
campaigns of 1799 in, 113, 116–117, 170, 545, 548, 553
campaign of 1800 in, 171–76, 545
and Lunéville Peace, 177
morals in, 551
music in, 552, 553–54
philosophy in, 552
poetry in, 552–53
in the Renaissance, 587
Risorgimento in, 552
science in, 551–52
and Vienna, Congress of, 733
see also Cisalpine Republic
Liguria
Liguria, Republic of
Lombardy
Naples, kingdom of
Papal States
Piedmont
Sardinia, kingdom of
Tuscany
Venice
Italy, kingdom of (1805–14), 546, 549, 556, 557
see also Lombardy
Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem (Chateaubriand), 319
Itzig, Fanny, see Arnstein, Fanny von
Ivanhoe (Scott), 506
Ives, Charlotte, 312
Jackson, William (1737?–95), 508
Jacobin Club, 7, 15, 31, 33–34, 130
controls Convention election, 47
Danton and, 54
Girondins and, 34, 36, 56
Marat and, 38, 54, 55
radical orientation of, 38, 54
reopening of (1799), 117
Robespierre and, 33, 38, 39, 54, 56, 81, 82
suppression of, 83
triumph of, 78
Wordsworth and, 420
Jacquard, Joseph-Marie (1752–1834), 261
Jacqueries, 22
Jaffa, 112, 188
Jahresbericht (Berzelius), 662
James I, King of England (r. 1603–25), King of Scotland as James VI (r. 1567–1625), 648*
James I, King of Scotland (r. 1406–37), 455
James II, King of England, Scotland and Ireland (r. 1685–88), 360
Jamestown, St. Helena, 758, 763
Jardin des Plantes, 326, 328
Jaspers, Karl (1883–1969), 658
Jassy, Peace of (1792), 670
Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826), 143, 330, 396, 405, 777
Jeffrey, Francis Jeffrey, Lord (1773–1850), 408, 446, 460
Jemappes, battle of (1792), 50
Jena, 227, 593, 646–47
Romantic circle in, 631, 632–33, 635, 638, 643–44
Jena, battle of (1806), 209, 276, 525, 549, 588, 596, 597
Jena, University of, 606, 652
Fichte at, 606, 627, 631, 636, 638
Hegel at, 293, 606, 646–47
Schiller at, 606, 622, 627, 631
Jenner, Edward (1749–1823), 392–93
Jerome, King of Westphalia, see Bonaparte, Jerome
Jerome, Saint (Eusebius Hieronymus; 340?–420), 648*
Jerusalem, 188
Jervis, Sir John, Earl of St. Vincent (1735–1823), 520
Jesuits (Society of Jesus), 3, 265, 550, 563
Jeu de Paume, Salle du, 16
“Jeune Captive, La”; (Chénier), 145–46
Jeunesse Dorée, 86