The Age of Napoleon
Page 139
accedes to imperial throne, issues Declaration of Pillnitz, 36, 559
reign of, 559
prohibits secret societies, 564
patron of music, 565
death of, 36
Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, Louis-Michel (1760–93), 52, 141
Lepeletière section, Paris, royalist revolt in (1795), 87
Le Père, Jean-Baptiste (1761–1844), 280
Lermontov, Mikhail Yurievich (1814–41), 685
Lespinasse, Julie de (1732–76), 93, 148, 366
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729–81), 226, 591, 616, 629, 630
and the Aufklärung, 588, 602
and classic tradition, 139, 611, 619
Lesueur, Jean-François (1760–1837), 137
Letourneur, Charles- Louis- François- Honoré (1751–1817), 88
Letters from England: By Don Manuel Alvarez Espriella (Southey), 450
Letters of a Russian Traveler (Karamzin), 683
Letter to a Member of the National Assembly (Burke), 514–15
Letter to a Noble Lord (Burke), 514–15
lettres de cachet, 16, 18, 130
Lettres sur les causes premières (Cabanis), 143–44
Leucippus (fl. c. 450 B.C.), 389
Levana (Richter), 626
levies en masse, 63–64, 74, 267
Levin, Rachel, see Varnhagen, Rachel Lewis, Matthew “Monk” (1775–1818), 409
libelles, 20
Liberal, The (periodical), 494
Liberation, War of (1813–14), 599, 626, 658, 712–25
Fichte and, 643, 712, 714
first phase of (Germany, 1813), 712–19
Goethe and, 623
Görres and, 625
Kleist and, 618
Körner and, 613, 627
second phase of (France, 1814), 721–25
Liberation, War of, Spanish (1808–14), 534, 537, 539
liberum veto, 210, 213
Lichnowsky, Prince Karl (1753–1814), 565, 570, 571, 584
Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph (1742–99), 602
Lictors Bringing Home to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons (David), 141
Liège, 50, 80, 588
Life of Napoleon (Scott), 507
Life of Napoleon Buonaparte (Hazlitt), 448
Life of Nelson (Southey), 450
Life of Samuel Johnson, The (Boswell), 505
light: Newton’s theory of, 388
wave theory of, 385, 388
Ligne, Prince Charles-Joseph de (1735–1814), 674, 681
Ligny, battle of (1815), 745–46
Liguria, 172, 174, 187
Republic of, 103, 105, 202, 546
Lille, 5, 126, 263, 739, 740
Lille Hyrdedreng, Den (Oehlenschläger), 666
Lima, Peru, 609
Limoges, 34, 35
Lincoln, Abraham (1809–65), 679
Lindet, Robert (1746–1825), 60, 117
“Lines Written in Dejection near Naples” (Shelley), 482
“Lines Written in the Euganean Hills” (Shelley), 482
Linguet, Simon-Nicolas-Henri (1736–94), 89
Linnaean Society, 386
Linnaeus, Carolus (Carl von Linné 1707–78), 326
Linnell, John (1792–1882), 416
Lion of Lucerne (Ahorn), 666
Lisbon, 222, 225, 456–57, 532, 538
literature: Danish, 666–67
English, 408–501
French, 114–51, 286–321
German, 619–35
Russian, 684–86
Scottish, 505–7
Spanish, 534
Swedish, 662–63
lithography, 613, 623–24
Lithuania, 212, 689, 697
“Little Black Boy, The” (Blake), 414
“Little Boy Lost, A” (Blake), 415
Liverpool, 342, 368, 409
Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2d Earl of (1770–1828), 345, 527
Livorno, see Leghorn
Livy (Titus Livius; 59 B.C.- A.D. 17), 91, 140, 141, 607
Llorente, Juan Antonio (1756–1823), 534
Lloyd, Charles (1775–1839), 446
Lobau, Georges Mouton, Comte de (1770–1838), 747–48
Lobkowitz, Prince Jose Fran (1772–1816), 565, 570–71, 576
Locke, John (1632–1704), 298, 363, 368, 456
Lodi, 100, 104, 171
Lodoïska (Cnerubini), 137
Logik (Hegel), 647, 657
Loire Inférieure département, 69
Loire River, 37, 41, 69, 71
Lombardo-Venetian kingdom (1815), 733
Lombardy: under the Hapsburgs, 541, 558
N.’s conquest of (1796), 99, 100–102, 104–5, 170, 544, 571
retaken by Austria (1799), 117
campaign of 1800 in, 171–74
in Italian Republic (French protectorate), 187, 188, 241
in N.’s kingdom of Italy, 202, 253, 546
under Austrian rule (1816), 478
Lombardy, Iron Crown of, 202, 546
Lombardy, Republic of (1796), 101–2
London: Jane Austen’s picture of life in, 410
climate of, 609
clinics and hospitals in, 392
clubs in, 370
fashion in, 368–69
government of, 354
newspapers in, 408
population of (1811), 342
port of, 342, 367
prostitution in, 363
salons in, 370–71, 505
theaters in, 371–74
Wellington honored by, 377
Wordsworth’s description of, 444
London Corresponding Society, 517
Londonderry, Charles William Stewart Vane, 3d Marquess of (1778–1854), 754
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (1807–82), 626
Longman, Thomas Norton (1771–1842), 409
Longwood (N.’s home at St. Helena), 758–69, 772
Longwy, Fortress of, 44, 46
Lonsdale, Earls of, see Lowther Lons-le-Saunier, 738
López y Portaña, Vicente (1772–1850), 533–34
Lord of the Isles, The (Scott), 505
Lords, House of: Bentham’s disciples and, 407
Byron (the poet) in, 345, 456, 460
as a court, 352, 354, 454
and education bill, 361
Irish representation in (after 1800), 510
membership and powers of, 53, 354, 359
Lorrain, Claude (Claude Gellée; 1600–82), 385
Lorraine, 5, 38, 277
Loterie Nationale, 130
Louis, King of Holland, see Bonaparte, Louis Louis XIV, King of France (r. 1643–1715), 162
art under, 139, 281, 290
centralization under, 4
the Church under, 184, 359
and the Fronde, 25
Paris under, 180
prizes given by, 322
and Spain, 231
Louis XV, King of France (r. 1715–74), 9, 15, 51, 729
art under, 139
Louis XVI (Louis-Auguste), King of France (r. 1774–92), 7–19 passim, 22–41 passim, 50–52, 95
the arts under, 139, 140, 141, 145
captured by mob in 2d invasion of Tuileries, 39–40, 149
character of, 9, 152, 155
children of, 65
and Civil Constitution of Clergy, 28, 31
Comédie Française and, 138
and Constitution of 1791, 28, 29, 32, 559
death of, 52, 129, 160
and Feast of Federation, 28–29
flight to Varennes, 31–32, 559
at Hôtel de Ville (1789), 19
last words to son, 66
and Mirabeau, 29–31, 33
and Narbonne, 35, 148–50
and Necker, 10, 11, 17, 19, 147
and Philippe d’Orléans, 152
red cap donned by (1st storming of Tuileries), 37–38, 149
and States-General, 11–12, 13, 15, 16
trial of, 50–52
and Women
’s March on Versailles, 25, 133, 331
Louis XVII, King of France, see Louis-Charles de France, Dauphin
Louis XVIII (Louis-Stanislas-Xavier, Comte de Provence), King of France (r. 1814–15, 1815–24), 38*, 144, 279, 322, 729–31
escapes from France (1791), 729
acknowledged as king by royalists (1795), 85
royalists attack N. for not recalling, 167
appeals to N. for restoration, 169, 175–76
is a factor in N.’s concordat with Church, 183
wanders in exile, 176, 212, 729
royalists demand restoration of (1813), 719
First Restoration (1814), 300, 320, 321, 729–31, 741–42
and Congress of Vienna, 733
asks Ney to lead force against N. (1815), 738
leaves Paris at N.’s approach, 308, 739
Second Restoration, 308, 752–54
orders N.’s arrest, 755
repays Mme. de Staël, 301
court of, 774
Louis, Baron Joseph-Dominique (1755–1837), 730
Louis-Charles de France, Dauphin (Louis XVII b. 1785-d. 1795), 24, 25
imprisoned in Temple, 40, 50, 65
death of, 85, 729
Louis de France, Dauphin (1729–65), father of Louis XVI, 9, 729
Louise, Duchess of Saxe-Weimar, see Luise
Louise (Luise) of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1776–1810), Queen of Frederick William III of Prussia, 208, 293, 595, 601–2
at Tilsit, 212–13
tomb of, 611
Louis Ferdinand of Prussia, Prince (1772–1806), 208, 209, 595, 605, 612
Louisiana, 177, 189
Louis Philippe, King of the French (r. 1830–48), 752, 774–76
Loustalot, editor (b. 1762), 20, 24, 33
Louvre, 139
additions to, 280
captured art sent to, 102, 279, 610
industrial exhibition at, 206
Lovelace, 2d Earl of, 501
Lovell, Mary, nee Fricker, 424
Lovell, Robert, 424
Lovers’ Vows (Inchbald), 371
Lowe, Sir Hudson (1769–1844), 245, 759–64, 766
Lowther, Sir James, Earl of Lonsdale (1736–1802), 418, 419, 434
Lowther, Sir William, Earl of Lonsdale (1757–1844), 434, 435, 442
Lübeck, 236, 588, 592, 694, 695
Lucan Brotherhood, 611–12
Lucca, 219–20, 482, 541, 546
Lucchesini, Marchese Girolamo (1751–1825), 179
Lucinde (Schlegel), 633, 638
Lucretius (96?–55 B.C.), 467, 468
Ludd, Ned (fl. 1779), 345
Luddite revolt (1811), 345, 460, 526
Ludwig I, King of Bavaria (r. 1825–48), 625
Ludwig of Württemberg, Duke, 613
Luise, Queen of Prussia, see Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Luise of Hesse Darmstadt, Duchess of Karl August of Saxe-Weimar, 293, 605
Lund, University of, 662
Lunéville, Peace of (1801), 177, 188, 588
Lushington, Stephen (1782–1873), 466
Luther, Martin (1483–1546), 587, 592
Lützen, battle of (1813), 715–16
Luxembourg, 177
Luxembourg Palace, Paris, 88, 123, 159, 168
Barras’ apartments in, 114, 136
Directors’ reception for N. at, 106–7, 151
gardens, 63, 136
Luxembourg prison, Paris, 82
Lyceum, Liverpool, 409
Lyon, Amy, see Hamilton, Emma, Lady
Lyons, 34, 126, 263
canals at, 261
depressed conditions in, 7, 8, 75, 118
Girondist/capitalist revolt at (1793), 56, 62, 67, 70
and N.’s return from Egypt, 119
and N.’s return from Elba, 737, 738
society in, 271
Mme. Roland’s description of, 35–36
Terror in, 69–71, 81
textile industry in, 5, 194, 261
White Terror in (1795), 84
Lyons, Academy of, 94
Lyrical Ballads (Wordsworth and Coleridge), 428–32, 449
Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de (1709–85), 89
Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1800–59), 150, 302, 368, 654
Macaulay, Zachary (1768–1838), 368
Macbeth (Shakespeare), 371, 372
Macdonald, Alexandre (1765–1840), 718, 723, 726
Machiavelli, Niccolo (1469–1527), 93, 251, 254, 301, 493, 646
Mack (Mack von Leiberich), Baron Karl (1752–1828), 202, 203, 544–45
Mackintosh, Sir James (1765–1832), 346, 504, 515
Maclure, William (1763–1840), 350
Macpherson, James (1736–96), 146, 242, 413, 416, 629
Macri, Theresa, 458
Madame Mère, see Buonaparte, Letizia
Madeleine, La, see Temple de la Gloire Madelin, Louis (1871–1956), 679*
Mademoiselle de La Valliére (Genlis), 185
Madison, James (1751–1836), 43
Madras, 536
Madrid, 223–25, 229, 236, 533*-35 539, 598
Magic Flute (Mozart), 565
Magnano, battle of (1799), 116
magnetism, terrestrial, 323, 608, 609
Magyars, 558
Mahmud II, Sultan of Turkey (r. 1808–39), 670, 697
Mahomet (Voltaire), 138
“Maid of Athens, ere we part…” (Byron), 458
Maine de Biran (Marie-François-Pierre Gonthier de Biran; 1766–1824), 266, 331
Main River, 600, 715, 719
Mainz, 211, 569, 587, 633, 719, 721
changes hands (1792–93), 49, 62, 516
Jews in, 275
N.’s court at, 285
N.’s emotional collapse at, 208–9, 238
theater at, 614
Mainz, Prince Archbishop Elector of, 560, 597
Mainz, University of, 561, 606
Maistre, Joseph-Marie de (1753–1821), 105, 332–36
Maitland, Capt. Frederick Lewis (1777–1839), 755–56
Malesherbes, Chrétien-Guillaume de Lamoignon de (1721–94), 51, 312
Malet, Claude-François de (1754–1812), 707, 710
Maleville, Jacques de (1741–1824), 180
Malfatti, Dr. Johann (1775–1859), 577, 585
Malfatti, Therese, 577
Mallet du Pan, Jacques (1749–1800), 7, 115
Malmaison, Château de, 120, 191–92, 217, 234, 235–36, 751–52
Maloyaroslavets, 707
Malta, 107
captured by N.(1798), 109, 115, 169, 676
seized by British (1799), 114, 178
England pledges to relinquish, 179
England holds on to, 188–89, 522, 676
Byron at, 457, 459
Coleridge at, 438–39, 444, 449
awarded to England, 733
Malthus, Daniel (d. 1800), 400
Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766–1834), 317, 345–46, 386, 400–403, 492
Owen and, 347, 349, 402
Mamelukes, 109–10, 174*
Manchester, 342, 344, 347, 354, 386
Manet, Édouard (1832–83), 385
Manfred (Byron), 479–80
Mannheim, 103, 588, 721
music in, 612
theater in, 614, 615
Mansfeld, 593
Mansfield, William Murray, 1st Earl of (1705–93), 368
Mansfield Park (Austen), 411, 412
Mantua, 541
in 1796 campaign, 100, 103, 552
in 1800 campaign, 171, 173, 174
Manzoni, Alessandro (1785–1873), 660
Marat, Albertine, 58
Marat, Jean-Paul (1743–93), 7, 20–21, 57–59
urges dictatorship, 21, 49, 159, 167, 252
incites march on Versailles, 24
in hiding after demonstration (1791)
increases his influence, 33, 34
and anti-veto demonstration (1792), 37
radicalizes Jacobin Club, 38, 54
&n
bsp; incites invasion of Tuileries, 39
denounces Danton, 41
incites September Massacres, 43–44, 45, 58
in Convention, 47, 49 ff.
wages war on Girondins, 49, 54, 55, 56–57
at trial of Louis XVI, 51, 52
his own trial and acquittal, 55
death of, 57–59, 141, 145
Marburg, University of, 591
Marchand, Leslie, 454*
Marchand, Louis-Joseph-Narcisse (1791–1876), 767, 775
Marches, Papal, 542, 549
Marcomanni, 558
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Emperor of Rome (r. 161–180), 195, 558
Marengo, battle of (1800), 173–74, 187, 211, 263, 289, 521
Murat at, 220
N.’s planning for and tactics at, 240, 248
Marenholz, Baron von, 304, 307
Maret, Hugues-Bernard (1763–1839), 191, 702, 735
Maria Amalia of Austria (1746–1804), Duchess of Ferdinand III of Parma, 549, 558
Maria Carolina of Austria (1752–1814), Queen of Ferdinand IV of Naples, 541, 543, 558
and Emma Hamilton, 519
welcomes Nelson (1798), 521
flees Naples, returns (1799), 545
evicted again (1806), 547
fails in insurrection against French, 216
Maria Feodorovna (nee Sophia Dorothea Augusta of Württemberg), 2d Czarina of Paul I of Russia (1759–1828), 212, 226, 234, 675, 677
Maria I Francisca, Queen of Portugal (r. 1777– 1816), 531
Maria Ludovica of Modena (1787–1816), 3d wife of Emperor Francis I of Austria (Holy Roman Emperor Francis II), 580, 700
María Luisa of Parma (1751–1819), Queen of Charles IV of Spain, 222–24, 534
Maria Stuart (Schiller), 285
Maria Theresa, Empress, ruler of Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia (r. 1740–80), 205, 558–59, 564, 604
Maria Theresa of Naples (d. 1807), 2d wife of Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, 700*
Marie Antoinette (Maria Antonia; 1755–93), Queen of Louis XVI of France, 9, 13, 17, 19
and Women’s March on Versailles, 24–25
at Tuileries, 29
captivates Mirabeau, 30
urges brothers to invade France, 36
attempted flight of, 31, 559
Louis begs forgiveness of, 32
her comment on Narbonne’s appointment, 148
imprisoned after mob captures Tuileries, 40, 50, 65
trial and execution of, 65–66 Austria’s reaction to death of, 560
Marie-Josèphe of Saxony (1731–67), Dauphine of France, 95
Marie Louise (1791–1847), Empress of the French as 2d wife of Napoleon I, 220, 246
marriage to N., 234–35, 241, 271, 562, 598
Canova makes statue of, 555
birth of son to, 236, 244
praised by N., 699
at Dresden (1812), 700
N. hears from at Borodino, 703
N. returns to from Russia, 711
appointed as regent (1813), 715
at Mainz, 716
N. returns to after Leipzig, 719