Our Oriental Heritage
Page 3
2. THE NINE CLASSICS
3. THE AGNOSTICISM OF CONFUCIUS
A fragment of logic—The philosopher and the urchins—A formula of wisdom
4. THE WAY OF THE HIGHER MAN
Another portrait of the sage—Elements of character—The Golden Rule
5. CONFUCIAN POLITICS
Popular sovereignty—Government by example—The decentralization of wealth-Music and manners—Socialism and revolution
6. THE INFLUENCE OF CONFUCIUS
The Confucian scholars—Their victory over the Legalists—Defects of Confucianism—The contemporaneity of Confucius
III. SOCIALISTS AND ANARCHISTS
1. MO TI, ALTRUIST
2. YANG CHU, EGOIST
3. MENCIUS, MENTOR OF PRINCES
A model mother—A philosopher among kings—Are men by nature good?—Single tax—Mencius and the communists—The profit-motive—The right of revolution
4. HSUN-TZE, REALIST
The evil nature of man—The necessity of law
5. CHUANG-TZE, IDEALIST
The Return to Nature—Governmentless society—The Way of Nature—The limits of the intellect—The evolution of man—The Button-Moulder—The influence of Chinese philosophy in Europe
Chapter XXIV: THE AGE OF THE POETS
I. CHINA’S BISMARCK
The Period of Contending States—The suicide of Ch’u P’ing—Shih Huang-ti unifies China—The Great Wall—The “Burning of the Books”—The failure of Shih Huang-ti
II. EXPERIMENTS IN SOCIALISM
Chaos and poverty—The Han Dynasty—The reforms of Wu Ti—The income tax—The planned economy of Wang Mang—Its overthrow—The Tatar invasion
III. THE GLORY OF T’ANG
The new dynasty—T’ai Tsung’s method of reducing crime—An age of prosperity—The “Brilliant Emperor”—The romance of Yang Kwei-fei—The rebellion of An Lu-shan
IV. THE BANISHED ANGEL
An anecdote of Li Po—His youth, prowess and loves—On the imperial barge—The gospel of the grape—War—The wanderings of Li Po—In prison—“Deathless Poetry”
V. SOME QUALITIES OF CHINESE POETRY
“Free verse”—“Imagism”—“Every poem a picture and every picture a poem”—Sentimentality—Perfection of form
VI. TU FU
T’ao Ch’ien—Po Chü-i—Poems for malaria—Tu Fu and Li Po—A vision of war—Prosperous days—Destitution—Death
VII. PROSE
The abundance of Chinese literature—Romances—History—Szuma Ch’ien—Essays-Han Yü on the bone of Buddha
VIII. THE STAGE
Its low repute in China—Origins—The play—The audience—The actors—Music
Chapter XXV: THE AGE OF THE ARTISTS
I. THE SUNG RENAISSANCE
1. THE SOCIALISM OF WANG AN-SHIH
The Sung Dynasty—A radical premier—His cure for unemployment—The regulation of industry—Codes of wages and prices—The nationalization of commerce-State insurance against unemployment, poverty and old age—Examinations for public office—The defeat of Wang An-shih
2. THE REVIVAL OF LEARNING
The growth of scholarship—Paper and ink in China—Steps in the invention of printing—The oldest book—Paper money—Movable type—Anthologies, dictionaries, encyclopedias
3. THE REBIRTH OF PHILOSOPHY
Chu Hsi—Wang Yang-ming—Beyond good and evil
II. BRONZES, LACQUER AND JADE
The rôle of art in China—Textiles—Furniture—Jewelry—Fans—The making of lacquer—The cutting of jade—Some masterpieces in bronze—Chinese sculpture
III. PAGODAS AND PALACES
Chinese architecture—The Porcelain Tower of Nanking—The Jade Pagoda of Peking—The Temple of Confucius—The Temple and Altar of Heaven—The palaces of Kublai Khan—A Chinese home—The interior—Color and form
IV. PAINTING
1. MASTERS OF CHINESE PAINTING
Ku K’ai-chhi, the “greatest painter, wit and fool”—Han Yü’s miniature—The classic and the romantic schools—Wang Wei—Wu Tao-tze—Hui Tsung, the artist-emperor—Masters of the Sung age
2. QUALITIES OF CHINESE PAINTING
The rejection of perspective—Of realism—Line as nobler than color—Form as rhythm—Representation by suggestion—Conventions and restrictions Sincerity of Chinese art
V. PORCELAIN
The ceramic art—The making of porcelain—Its early history—Céladon—Enamels—The skill of Hao Shih-chiu—Cloisonné—The age of K’ang-hsi—Of Ch’ien Lung
Chapter XXVI: THE PEOPLE AND THE STATE
I. HISTORICAL INTERLUDE
1. MARCO POLO VISITS KUBLAI KHAN
The incredible travelers—Adventures of a Venetian in China—The elegance and prosperity of Hangchow—The palaces of Peking—The Mongol Conquest—Jenghiz Khan—Kublai Khan—His character and policy—His harem—“Marco Millions”
2. THE MING AND THE CH’ING
Fall of the Mongols—The Ming Dynasty—The Manchu invasion—The Ch’ing Dynasty—An enlightened monarch—Ch’ien Lung rejects the Occident
II. THE PEOPLE AND THEIR LANGUAGE
Population—Appearance—Dress—Peculiarities of Chinese speech—Of Chinese writing
III. THE PRACTICAL LIFE
1. IN THE FIELDS
The poverty of the peasant—Methods of husbandry—Crops—Tea—Food—The stoicism of the village
2. IN THE SHOPS
Handicrafts—Silk—Factories—Guilds—Men of burden—Roads and canals-Merchants—Credit and coinage—Currency experiments—Printing-press inflation
3. INVENTION AND SCIENCE
Gunpowder, fireworks and war—The compass—Poverty of industrial invention-Geography—Mathematics—Physics—Feng shut—Astronomy—Medicine—Hygiene
IV. RELIGION WITHOUT A CHURCH
Superstition and scepticism—Animism—The worship of Heaven—Ancestor—worship—Confucianism—Taoism—The elixir of immortality—Buddhism—Religious toleration and eclecticism—Mohammedanism—Christianity—Causes of its failure in China
V. THE RULE OF MORALS
The high place of morals in Chinese society—The family—Children—Chastity—Prostitution—Premarital relations—Marriage and love—Monogamy and polygamy—Concubinage—Divorce—A Chinese empress—The patriarchal male—The subjection of woman—The Chinese character
VI. A GOVERNMENT PRAISED BY VOLTAIRE
The submergence of the individual—Self-government—The village and the province—The laxity of the law—The severity of punishment—The Emperor—The Censor—Administrative boards—Education for public office—Nomination by education—The examination system—Its defects—Its virtues
Chapter XXVII: REVOLUTION AND RENEWAL
I. THE WHITE PERIL
The conflict of Asia and Europe—The Portuguese—The Spanish—The Dutch—The English—The opium trade—The Opium Wars—The T’ai-p’ing Rebellion—The War with Japan—The attempt to dismember China—The “Open Door”—The Empress Dowager—The reforms of Kuang Hsu—His removal from power—The “Boxers”—The Indemnity
II. THE DEATH OF A CIVILIZATION
The Indemnity students—Their Westernization—Their disintegrative effect in China—The rôle of the missionary—Sun Yat-sen, the Christian—His youthful adventures—His meeting with Li Hung-chang—His plans for a revolution—Their success—Yuan Shi-k’ai—The death of Sun Yat-sen—Chaos and pillage—Communism—“The north pacified”—Chiang Kai-shek—Japan in Manchuria—At Shanghai
III. BEGINNINGS OF A NEW ORDER
Change in the village—In the town—The factories—Commerce—Labor unions—Wages—The new government—Nationalism vs. Westernization—The dethronement of Confucius—The reaction against religion—The new morality—Marriage in transition-Birth control—Co-education—The “New Tide” in literature and philosophy—The new language of literature—Hu Shih—Elements of destruction—Elements of renewal
B
. JAPAN
Chronology of Japanese Civilization
Chapter XXVIII: THE MAKERS OF JAPAN
I. THE CHILDREN OF THE GODS
How Japan was created—The rôle of earthquakes
II. PRIMITIVE JAPAN
Racial components—Early civilization—Religion—Shinto—Buddhism—The beginnings of art—The “Great Reform”
III. THE IMPERIAL AGE
The emperors—The aristocracy—The influence of China—The Golden Age of Kyoto—Decadence
IV. THE DICTATORS
The shoguns—The Kamakura Bakufu—Tie Hojo Regency—Kublai Khan’s invasion—The Ashikaga Shogunate—The three buccaneers
V. GREAT MONKEY-FACE
The rise of Hideyoshi—The attack upon Korea—The conflict with Christianity
VI. THE GREAT SHOGUN
The accession of Iyeyasu—His philosophy—Iyeyasu and Christianity—Death of Iyeyasu—The Tokugawa Shogunate
Chapter XXIX: THE POLITICAL AND MORAL FOUNDATIONS
I. THE SAMURAI
The powerless emperor—The powers of the shogun—The sword of the Samurai—The code of the Samurai—Hara-kiri—The Forty-seven Ronin—A commuted sentence
II. THE LAW
The first code—Group responsibility—Punishments
III. THE TOILERS
Castes—An experiment in the nationalization of land—State fixing of Wages—A famine—Handicrafts—Artisans and guilds
IV. THE PEOPLE
Stature—Cosmetics—Costume—Diet—Etiquette—Saki—The tea ceremony—The flower ceremony—Love of nature—Gardens—Homes
V. THE FAMILY
The paternal autocrat—The status of woman—Children—Sexual morality—The Geisha—Love
VI. THE SAINTS
Religion in Japan—The transformation of Buddhism—The priests—Sceptics
VII. THE THINKERS
Confucius reaches Japan—A critic of religion—The religion of scholarship—Kaibara Ekken—On education—On pleasure—The rival schools—A Japanese Spinoza—Ito Jinsai—Ito Togai—Ogyu Sorai—The war of the scholars—Mabuchi—Moto-ori
Chapter XXX: THE MIND AND ART OF OLD JAPAN
I. LANGUAGE AND EDUCATION
The language—Writing—Education
II. POETRY
The Manyoshu—The Kokinshu—Characteristics of Japanese poetry—Examples—The game of poetry—The hokka-gamblers
III. PROSE
1. FICTION
Lady Muraski—The Tale of Genji—Its excellence—Later Japanese fiction—A humorist
2. HISTORY
The historians—Arai Hakuseki
3. THE ESSAY
The Lady Sei Shonagon—Kamo no-Chomei
IV. THE DRAMA
The No plays—Their character—The popular stage—The Japanese Shakespeare-Summary judgment
V. THE ART OF LITTLE THINGS
Creative imitation—Music and the dance—Inro and netsuke—Hidari Jingaro—Lacquer
VI. ARCHITECTURE
Temples—Palaces—The shrine of Iyeyasu—Homes
VII. METALS AND STATUES
Swords—Mirrors—The Trinity of Horiuji—Colossi—Religion and sculpture
VIII. POTTERY
The Chinese stimulus—The potters of Hizen-Pottery and tea—How Goto Saijiro brought the art of porcelain from Hizen to Kaga—The nineteenth century
IX. PAINTING
Difficulties of the subject—Methods and materials—Forms and ideals—Korean origins and Buddhist inspiration—The Tosa School—The return to China—Sesshiu—The Kano School—Koyetsu and Korin—The Realistic School
X. PRINTS
The Ukiyoye School—Its founders—Its masters—Hokusai—Hiroshige
XI. JAPANESE ART AND CIVILIZATION
A retrospect—Contrasts—An estimate—The doom of the old Japan
Chapter XXXI THE NEW JAPAN
I. THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION
The decay of the Shogunate—America knocks at the door—The Restoration—The Westernization of Japan—Political reconstruction—The new constitution—Law—The army—The war with Russia—Its political results
II. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Industrialization—Factories—Wages—Strikes—Poverty—The Japanese point of view
III. THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION
Changes in dress—In manners—The Japanese character—Morals and marriage in transition—Religion—Science—Japanese medicine—Art and taste—Language and education—Naturalistic fiction—New forms of poetry
IV. THE NEW EMPIRE
The precarious bases of the new civilization—Causes of Japanese imperialism—The Twenty-one Demands—The Washington Conference—The Immigration Act of 1924—The invasion of Manchuria—The new kingdom—Japan and Russia—Japan and Europe—Must America fight Japan?
Envoi: Our Oriental Heritage
Glossary of Foreign Terms
Bibliography of Books Referred to in the Text
Notes
Pronouncing and Biographical Index
List of Illustrations
(Illustration Section follows page xxxii)
FIG. 1. Granite statue of Rameses II
Turin Museum, Italy
FIG. 2. Bison painted in paleolithic cave at Altamira, Spain
Photo by American Museum of Natural History
FIG. 3. Hypothetical reconstruction of a neolithic lake dwelling
American Museum of Natural History
FIG. 4. Development of the alphabet
FIG. 5. Stele of Naram-sin
Louvre; photo by Archives Photographiques d’Art et d’Histoire
FIG. 6. The “little” Gudea
Louvre; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art
FIG. 7. Temple of Der-el-Bahri
Photo by Lindsley F. Hall
FIG. 8. Colonnade and court of the temple at Luxor
Photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art
FIG. 9. Hypothetical reconstruction of the Hypostyle Hall at Karnak
From a model in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
FIG. 10. Colonnade of the Hypostyle Hall at Karnak
Underwood & Underwood
FIG. 11. The Rosetta Stone
British Museum
FIG. 12. Diorite head of the Pharaoh Khafre
Cairo Museum; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art
FIG. 13. The seated Scribe
Louvre; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art
FIG. 14. Wooden figure of the “Sheik-el-Beled”
Cairo Museum; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art
FIG. 15. Sandstone head from the workshop of the sculptor Thutmose a Amarna
State Museum, Berlin; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art
FIG. 16. Head of a king, probably Senusret III.
Metropolitan Museum of Art
FIG. 17. The royal falcon and serpent. Limestone relief from First Dynasty
Louvre; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art
FIG. 18. Head of Thutmose III
Cairo Museum; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art
FIG. 19. Rameses II presenting an offering
Cairo Museum; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art
FIG. 20. Bronze figure of the Lady Tekoschet
Athens Museum; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art
FIG. 21. Seated figure of Montumihait
State Museum, Berlin
FIG. 22. Colossi of Rameses II, with life-size figures of Queen Nofretete at his feet, at the cave temple of Abu Simbel
Ewing Galloway, N. Y.
FIG. 23. The dancing girl. Design on an ostracon
Turin Museum, Italy
FIG. 24. Cat watching his prey. A wall-painting in the grave of Khnumhotep at Beni-Hasan
Copy by Howard Carter; courtesy of Egypt Exploration Society
FIG. 25. Chair of Tutenkhamon
Cairo Museum; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art
FIG. 26. Painted limestone head of Ikhnaton’s Queen Nofretete
&nb
sp; Metropolitan Museum of Art facsimile of original in State Museum, Berlin
FIG. 27. The god Shamash transmits a code of laws to Hammurabi
Louvre; photo copyright by W. A. Mansell & Co., London
FIG. 28. The “Lion of Babylon.” Painted tile-relief
State Museum, Berlin; Courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
FIG. 29. Head of Esarhaddon
State Museum, Berlin
FIG. 30. The Prism of Sennacherib
Iraq Museum; courtesy of the Oriental Institute, University of Chicago
FIG. 31. The Dying Lioness of Nineveh
British Museum; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art
FIG. 32. The Lion Hunt; relief on alabaster, from Nineveh
British Museum; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art
FIG. 33. Assyrian relief of Marduk fighting Tiamat, from Kalakh
British Museum; photo copyright by W. A. Mansell, London
FIG. 34. Winged Bull from the palace of Ashurnasirpal II at Kalakh
Metropolitan Museum of Art
FIG. 35. A street in Jerusalem
FIG. 36. Hypothetical restoration of Solomon’s Temple
Underwood & Underwood
FIG. 37. The ruins of Persepolis
Courtesy of the Oriental Institute, University of Chicago
FIG. 38. “Frieze of the Archers.” Painted tile-relief from Susa
Louvre; photo by Archives Photographiques d’Art et d’Histoire
FIG. 39. Burning Ghat at Calcutta
Bronson de Cou, from Ewing Galloway, N. Y.
FIG. 40. “Holy Men” at Benares
FIG. 41. A fresco at Ajanta
FIG. 42. Mogul painting of Durbar of Akbar at Akbarabad. Ca. 1620
Boston Museum of Fine Arts
FIG. 43. Torso of a youth, from Sanchi
Victoria and Albert Museum, London
FIG. 44. Seated statue of Brahma, 10th century
Metropolitan Museum of Art
FIG. 45. The Buddha of Sarnath, 5th century
Photo by A. K. Coomaraswamy
FIG. 46. The Naga-King. Façade relief on Ajanta Cave-temple XIX
Courtesy of A. K. Coomaraswamy
FIG. 47. The Dancing Shiva. South India, 17th century
Minneapolis Institute of Arts
FIG. 48. The Three-faced Shiva, or Trimurti, Elephanta
Underwood & Underwood
FIG. 49. The Buddha of Anuradhapura, Ceylon
Ewing Galloway, N. Y.