Our Oriental Heritage

by Will Durant

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  MORET, A. and DAVY, G.: From Tribe to Empire. New York, 1926.

  MUKERJI, D.G.: A Son of Mother India Answers. New York, 1928.

  MUKERJI, D. G.: Visit India with Me. New York, 1929.

  MÜLLER-LYER, F.: Evolution of Modern Marriage. New York, 1930.

  MÜLLER-LYER, F.: The Family. New York, 1931.

  MÜLLER-LYER, F.: History of Social Development. New York, 1921.

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  MÜLLER, MAX: Six Systems of Indian Philosophy. London, 1919.

  MULLER, MAX: India: What Can It Teach Us? London, 1919.

  *MURASAKI, LADY: The Tale of Genji, tr. Arthur Waley. London, 1927.

  MURDOCH, JAS.: History of Japan. 3V. London, 1925.

  MURRAY, G.: Aristophanes and the War Party. London, 1919.

  MUTHU, D. C.: The Antiquity of Hindu Medicine and Civilization. London, 1930.

  NAG, KALIDAS: Greater India. Calcutta, 1926.

  NAIDU, SAROJINI: The Sceptred Flute: Songs of India. New York, 1928.

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  NIVEDITA, SISTER (Margaret E. Noble): The Web of Indian Life. London, 1918.

  NOGUCHI, YONE: The Spirit of Japanese Poetry. London, 1914.

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  OKAKURA-KAKUSO: The Book of Tea. New York, 1912.

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  OSBORN, H.F.: Men of the Old Stone Age. New York, 1915.

  OTTO, RUDOLF: Mysticism, East and West. New York, 1932.

  PARK, NO YONG: Making a New China. Boston, 1929.

  PARMELEE, M.: Oriental and Occidental Culture. New York, 1928.

  PEFFER, N.: China: The Collapse of a Civilization. New York, 1930.

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  PERROT, G. and CHIPIEZ, C.: History of Art in Chaldea and Assyria.2 v. London, 1884.

  PETRIE, SIR W. FLINDERS: Egypt and Israel. London, 1925.

  PETRIE, SIR W. FLINDERS: The Formation of the Alphabet. London, 1912.

  *PETRIE, SIR W. FLINDERS: The Revolutions of Civilization. London, 1911.

  PIJOAN, Jos.: History of Art. 3v. New York, 1927.

  PITKIN, W. B.: A Short Introduction to the History of Human Stupidity. New York, 1932.

  PITTARD, E.: Race and History. New York, 1926.

  PLATO: Dialogues. Tr. Jowett. 4V. New York, n.d.

  PLUTARCH: Lives. 3V. Everyman Library.

  *POLO, MARCO: Travels, ed. Manuel Komroff. New York, 1926.

  POTTER, CHARLES F.: The Story of Religion. New York, 1929.

  *POWYS, J. C.: The Meaning of Culture. New York, 1929.

  PRATT, W. S.: The History of Music. New York, 1927.

  QUINTUS CURTIUS: Works, tr. Knight. Cambridge, England, 1882.

  RADAKRISHNAN, S.: The Hindu View of Life. London, 1928.

  RADAKRISHNAN, S.: Indian Philosophy. 2vo. Macmillan, New York, n.d.

  RATZEL, F.: History of Mankind. 2v. London, 1896.

  RAWLINSON, GEO.: Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World. 3V. New York, 1887.

  RAWLINSON, GEO., ed.: Herodotus. 4V. London, 1862.

  REDESDALE, LORD: Tales of Old Japan. London, 1928.

  REICHWIN, A.: China and Europe: Intellectual and Artistic Contacts in the Eighteenth Century. New York, 1925.

  *REINACH, S.: Orpheus: A History of Religions. New York, 1909 and 1930.

  RENAN, E.: History of the People of Israel. 5V. New York, 1888.

  RENARD, G.: Life and Work in Prehistoric Times. New York, 1929.

  REPORT OF THE INDIAN CENTRAL COMMITTEE. Calcutta, 1929.

  RICKARD, T. A.: Man and Metals. 2v. New York, 1932.

  RIVERS, W. H. PITT: Instinct and the Unconscious. Cambridge U. P., 1920.

  RIVERS, W. H. PITT: Social Organization. New York, 1924.

  ROBIE, W. F.: The Art of Love. Boston, 1921.

  * ROBINSON, J. H.: article “Civilization” in Encyclopedia Britannica, 14th ed.

  ROLLAND, ROMAIN: Mahatma Gandhi. New York, 1924.

  ROLLAND, ROMAIN: Prophets of the New India. New York, 1930.

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  ROSS, E. A.: Foundations of Sociology. New York, 1905.

  ROSS, E. A.: Social Control. New York, 1906.

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  RUSSELL, BERTRAND: Marriage and Morals. New York, 1929.

  SANGER, WM.: History of Prostitution. New York, 1910.

  SANSUM, DR. W. D.: The Normal Diet. St. Louis, 1930.

  SARKAR, B. K.: Hindu Achievements in Exact Science. New York, 1918.

  SARRE, F.: Die Kunst des alten Persien. Berlin, 1925.

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  *SHONAGON, LADY SEI: Sketch Book; tr. N. Kobayashi. London, 1930.

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  SIRÉN, OSVALD: Chinese Paintings in American Collections. 5V. Paris, 1927.

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  *SPENGLER, OSWALD: Decline of the West. 2v. New York, 1926-8.

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  STRABO: Geography. 8v. Loeb Classical Library. New York, 1917-32.

  *SUMNER, W. G.: Folkways. Boston, 1906.

  SUMNER, W. G. and KELLER, A. G.: Science of Society. 3V. New Haven, 1928.

  SUNDERLAND, J. T.: India in Bondage. New York, 1929.

  SUTHERLAND, A.: Origin and Growth of the Moral Instincts.2 v. London, 1898.

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  SUZUKI, A. T.: Brief History of Early Chinese Philosophy. London, 1914.

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  TABOUIS, G. R.: Nebuchadnezzar. New York, 1931.

  TACITUS: Histories. Tr. Murphy. London, 1930.

  *TAGORE, R.: Chitra. London, 1924.

  *TAGORE, R.: The Gardener. Leipzig, 1921.

  TAGORE, R.: Gitanjali and Fruit-Gathering. New York, 1918.

  TAGORE, R.: My Reminiscences. New York, 1917.

  TAGORE, R.: Personality. London, 1926.

  TAGORE, R.: Sadhana: The Realization of Life. Leipzig, 1921.

  TARDE, G.: The Laws of Imitation. New York, 1903.

  *THOMAS, E. D.: Chinese Political Thought. New York, 1927.

  THOMAS, E. J.: Life of Buddha. New York, 1927.

  THOMAS, W. I.: Source Book for Social Origins. Boston, 1909.

  THOMSON, E. J.: Rabindranath Tagore. Calcutta, 1921.

  THOREAU, H. D.: Walden. Everyman Library.

  *THORNDIKE, LYNN: Short History of Civilization. New York, 1926.

  *TIETJENS, EUNICE, ed.: Poetry of the Orient. New York, 1928.

  TOD, LT.-COL. JAS.: Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan. 2v. Calcutta, 1894.

  TSURUMI, Y.: Present Day Japan. New York, 1926.

  *TU FU: Poems, tr. Edna Worthley Underwood and Chi Hwang Chu. Portland, Me., 1929.

  TYLOR, E.B.: Anthropology. New York, 1906.

  TYLOR, E.B.: Primitive Culture. 2v. New York, 1889.

  TYRRELL, C. A.: The Royal Road to Health. New York, 1912.

  UNDERWOOD, A. C.: Contemporary Thought of India. New York, 1931.

  *VAN DOREN, MARK: Anthology of World Poetry. New York, 1928.

  VENKATESWARA, S. V.: Indian Culture through the Ages. Vol. I: Education and the Propagation of Culture. London, 1928.

  VINOGRADOFF, SIR P.: Outlines of Historical Jurisprudence. 2v. Oxford, 1922.

  * VOLTAIRE, F. M. A. DE: Works. 32v. New York, 1927.

  WALEY, ARTHUR: Introduction to the Study of Chinese Painting. London, 1923.

  *WALEY, ARTHUR: 170 Chinese Poems. New York, 1923.

  WALSH, CLARA A.: The Master-Singers of Japan. London, 1914.

  WANG YANG-MING: The Philosophy of, tr. by F. G. Henke. London and Chicago, 1916.

  WARD, C. O.: The Ancient Lowly. 2v. Chicago, 1907.

  WATTERS, T.: On Yuan Chuang’s Travels in India. 2v. London, 1904.

  WEIGALL, ARTHUR: Life and Times of Akhnaton. New York, 1923.

  WEIGALL, ARTHUR: Life and Times of Cleopatra. New York, 1924.

  WESTERMARCK, E.: History of Human Marriage. 2V. London, 1921.

  WESTERMARCK, E.: Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas. 2v. London, 1917-24.

  WESTERMARCK, E.: Short History of Marriage. New York, 1926.

  WHITE, E. M.: Woman in World History. Jenkins, London, n.d.

  WHITE, W. A.: Mechanisms of Character Formation. New York, 1916.

  WHITMAN, WALT: Leaves of Grass. Phila., 1900.

  WILHELM, R.: Short History of Chinese Civilization. New York, 1929.

  WILHELM, R.: The Soul of China. New York, 1928.

  WILLIAMS, E. T.: China Yesterday and Today. New York, 1927.

  WILLIAMS, H. S.: History of Science. 5V. New York, 1904.

  WILLIAMS, S.WELLS: The Middle Kingdom.2v. New York, 1895.

  WILLIS, R.: Benedict de Spinoza. London, 1870.

  WINTERNITZ, M.: History of Indian Literature. Vol. I. Calcutta, 1927.

  WOOD, ERNEST: An Englishman Defends Mother India. Madras, 1929.

  WOOLLEY, C. LEONARD: The Sumerians. Oxford, 1928.

  WORLD ALMANAC, 1935. New York, 1935.

  WU, CHAO-CHU: The Nationalist Program for China. Yale U. P., 1929.

  XENOPHON: Anabasis. Loeb Classical Library.

  XENOPHON: Cyropaedia. Loeb Classical Library.

  YANG CHU: Garden of Pleasure. London, 1912.

  ZIMAND, SAVEL: Living India. New York, 1928.

  Notes*

  1. Supplement to Essai sur les mœurs; quoted by Buckle, H. T., History of Civilization, i, 581.

  CHAPTER I

  2. Robinson, J. H., art. Civilization, Encyclopedia Britannica, 14th ed.

  CHAPTER II

  1. Spengler, O., The Decline of the West; The Hour of Decision.

  2. Hayes, Sociology, 494.

  3. Lippert, J., Evolution of Culture, 38.

  4. Spencer, H., Principles of Sociology, 1, 60.

  5. Sumner and Keller, Science of Society, i, 51; Sumner, W. G., Folkways, 119-22; Renard, G., Life and Work in Prehistoric Times, 36; Mason, O. T., Origins of Invention, 298.

  6. Ibid., 316.

  7. Sumner and Keller, i, 132.

  8. Roth, H. L., in Thomas, W. I., Source Book for Social Origins, 111.

  9. Ibid.; Mason, O. T., 190; Lippert, 165.

  10. Renard, 123.

  11. Briffault, The Mothers, ii, 460.

  12. Renard, 35.

  13. Sutherland, G. A., ed., A System of Diet and Dietetics, 45.

  14. Ibid., 33-4; Ratzel, F., History of Mankind, i, 90.

  15. Sutherland, G. A., 43, 45; Müller-Lyer, F., History of Social Development, 70.

  16. Ibid., 86.

  17. Sumner, Folkways, 329; Ratzel, 129; Renard, 40-2; Westermarck, E., Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, i, 553-62.

  18. Sumner and Keller, ii, 1234.

  19. Sumner, Folkways, 329.

  20. Renard, 40-2.

  21. Sumner and Keller, ii, 1230.

  22. Briffault, ii, 399.

  23. Sumner and Keller, ii, 1234.

  24. Cowan, A. R., Master Clues in World History, 10.

  25. Renard, 39.

  26. Mason, O. T., 23.

  27. Briffault, i, 461-5.

  28. Mason, O. T., 224L

  29. Müller-Lyer, Social Development, 102.

  30. Ibid., 144-6.

  30a. Ibid., 167; Ratzel, 87.

  31. Thomas, W. I., 113-7; Renard, 154-5; Müller-Lyer, 306; Sumner and Keller, i, 150-3.

  32. Sumner, Folkways, 142.

  33. Mason, O. T., 71.

  34. Müller-Lyer, Social Development, 238-9; Renard, 158.

  35. Sumner and Keller, i, 268-72, 300, 320; Lubbock, Sir J., Origin of Civilization, 373-5; Campbell, Bishop R., in New York Times, 1-11-33.

  36. Bücher, K., Industrial Evolution, 57.

  37. Kropotkin, Prince P., Mutual Aid, 90.

  38. Mason, O. T., 27.

  39. Sumner and Keller, i, 270-2.

  40. Briffault, ii, 494-7.

  41. Sumner and Keller, i, 328f.

  42. In Lippert, 39.

  43. A Naturalist’s Voyage Around the World, 242, in Briffault, ii, 494.

  43a. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 35-42.

  44. Hobhouse, L. T., Morals in Evolution, 244-5; Cowan, A. R., Guide to World History, 22; Sumner and Keller, i, 58.

  45. Hobhouse, 272.

  CHAPTER III

  1. Sumner and Keller, i, 16, 418, 461; Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 195-8.

  2. Sumner and Keller, i, 461.

  3. Rivers, W. H. R., Social Or
ganization, 166.

  4. Briffault, ii, 364, 494; Ratzel, 133; Sumner and Keller, 470-3.

  5. Ibid., 463, 473.

  6. Ibid., 370, 358.

  7. Renard, 149; Westmarck, Moral Ideas, ii, 836-9; Ratzel, 130; Hobhouse, 239; Sumner and Keller, i, 18, 372, 366, 392, 394, 713.

  8. Nietzsche, Genealogy of Morals, 103.

  9. American Journal of Sociology, March, 1905.

  10. Oppenheimer, Franz, The State, 16.

  11. In Ross, E. A., Social Control, 50.

  12. In Sumner and Keller, i, 704.

  13. Ibid., 709.

  14. Cowan, Guide to World History, 18f.

  15. Sumner and Keller, i, 486.

  16. Spencer, Sociology, iii, 316.

  17. Ibid, i, 66.

  18. Melville, Typce, 222, in Briffault, ii, 356

  19. Briffault, ibid.

  20. Sumner and Keller, i, 687.

  21. Lubbock, 330.

  22. Hobhouse, 73-101; Kropotkin, Mutual Aid, 131; Thomas, W. I., 301.

  23. Sumner and Keller, i, 682-7.

  24. For examples cf. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 14-5, 20.

  25. Lubbock, 363-7; Sumner and Keller, i, 454; Briffault, ii, 499; Maine, Sir H., Ancient Law, 109; Boas, Franz, Anthropology and Modern Life, 221.

  26. Sutherland, A., Origin and Growth of the Moral Instincts, i, 4-5.

  27. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1498; Lippert, 75, 659.

  28. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1501.

  29. Ibid., 1500; Renard, 198; Briffault, ii, 518, 434.

  30. Vinogradoff, Sir P., Outlines of Historical Jurisprudence, i, 212; Briffault, i, 503, 513.

  31. Sumner, Folkways, 364.

  32. Briffault, i, 508-9; Sumner and Keller, i, 540; iii, 1949; Rivers, Social Organization, 12.

  33. Moret and Davy, From Tribe to Empire, 40; Briffault, i, 308; Müller-Lyer, The Family, 1 24-7; Sumner and Keller, iii, 1939.

  34. White, E. M., Woman in World History, 35; Briffault, i, 309; Lippert, 223; Sumner and Keller, iii, 1990.

  35. Hobhouse, 170.

  36. Müller-Lyer, Family, 118.

  37. Ibid., 232.

  38. Sumner and Keller, iii, 1733.

  39. Lubbock, 5.

  40. Müller-Lyer, Evolution of Modern Marriage, 112.

  41. Briffault, i, 460; Renard, 101.

  42. Briffault, i, 466, 478, 484, 509.

  43. Ellis, H., Man and Woman, 316; Sumner and Keller, i, 128.

  44. Ibid., iii, 1763, 1843; Ratzel, 134; Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 235.