by Will Durant
156. Ibid.
157. Briffault, iii, 331.
158. Renan, i, 105.
159. Diodorus Siculus I, xciv, 1-2; Doane, 59-61.
160. Diodorus, ibid.
161. Lev. xxiv, 11-16; Deut. vii, xiii, xvii, 2-5.
163. Petrie, Egypt and Israel, 60-1; CAH, iii, 427-8.
164. Ezra i, 7-11.
165. 2 Chron. v, 13.
166. 2 Sam. vi, 6.
167. Enc. Brit., nth ed., xv, 311; Jew. Encyc., vii, 88.
168. Briffault, ii, 433; Sumner and Keller, ii, 1113.
168a. Reinach (1930), 195; Jew. Encyc., v. 377.
169. Gen. xxiv, 58; Judges i, 12.
170. Howard, 58.
172. Judges iv, 4.
173. 2 Kings xxii, 14.
174. Briffault, iii, 362; Howard, 49; Dubois, 212; Sumner, Folkways, 316, 321.
175. Gen. xxx, 1.
176. Cf. Maspero, Struggle, 733, 776;CAH, ii, 373-
177. Maspero, ibid.
178. Cf. 2 Kings iii, 18-19; Joshua vi, 21, 24.
179. I Kings xx, 29.
180. Deut. vii, 6; xiv, 2; 2 Sam. vii, 23, etc.
181. Sanger, History of Prostitution, 36.
182. Ibid., 35; Gen. xix, 24-5.
183. Sanger, 37-9.
184. Gen. xxix, 20.
185. Deut. xxi, 10-14.
186. Judges xxi, 20-1.
187. Gen. xxxi, 15; Ruth iv, 10; Hobhouse, Morals in Evolution, 197f Briffault, ii, 212; Lippert, 310.
187a. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, ii, 609; White, E. M., Woman in World History, 169f.
188. Gen. xxx.
189. Deut. xxv, 5.
190. Lev. xx, 10; Deut. xxii, 22.
191. Westermarck, i, 427.
193. Deut. xxiv, I; Westermarck, ii, 649; Hobhouse, 197f.
194. Gen. xxiv, 67.
195. Lev. xxv, 23.
196. Renard, 160; CAH, i, 201.
197. Deut. xv, 6; xxviii, 12.
198. Sumner, Folkways, 276.
199. 2 Kings iv, 1; Matt, xviii, 25.
200. Lev. xxv, 14, 17.
201. Exod. xxi, 2; Deut. xv, 12-14.
202. Lev. xxv, 10.
203. Deut. xv, 7-8; Lev. xxv, 36.
204. Exod. xxi, 10; Deut. xxiv, 19-20.
205. Gen. xxiv, 2-3.
206. Graetz, i, 173.
207. Deut. xvii, 8-12.
208. Numb, v, 27-9.
209. Ibid., 6-8.
210. Exod. xxi, 15-21; xxii, 19.
211. Exod. xxii, 18.
212. Numb. XXXV, 19.
213. Deut. xix.
214. Exod. xxi, 23-5; Lev. xxiv, 9-20.
215. Exod. xx, 17.
216. Renan, ii, 307.
217. Jew Encyc., vii, 381; Graetz, i, 224.
218. Enc. Brit., iii, 504. The Psalms seem to have been collected in their present form ca. 150 B.C.—Ibid., xxii, 539.
219. In the poem entitled “Walt Whitman,” sect. 44; Leaves of Grass, 84-5.
219a. The Jew Encyc., xi, 467, assigns its composition to 200-100 B.C.
220. Song of Solomon i, 13-16; ii, 1, 5, 7, 16, 17; vii, 11, 12.
221. Prov. vii, 26; vi, 32; xxx, 18-19.
222. Ibid., v, 18-19; xv, 17.
223. Ibid., vi, 6, 9.
224. XXII, 29.
225. I, 32; xxviii, 20.
226. XIV, 23; xxviii, II, xvii, 28.
227. XVI, 22; iii., 13-17.
228. Enc. Brit., iii, 504.
229. Jastrow, M., Book of Job, 121.
230. Kallen, H., Book of Job as a Greek Tragedy, Introduction.
230a. Carlyle, Thos., Complete Works, Vol. i, Heroes and Hero-Worship, p. 280, Lect. II.
231. Job vii, 9-10; xiv, 12.
232. Psalm LXXIII, 12.
233. Psalms XLII, XLIII, 23; LXXIV, 22; LXXXIX, 46; CXV, 2.
234. Job xii, 2-3, 6; xiii, i, 4-5.
235. XXXI, 35.
236. Renan, V, 148; Jastrow, Job, 180.
237. Job xxxviii, I—xl, 2. It has been argued that these chapters are an independent “nature-poem,” artificially attached to the Book of Job.
238. Job xlii, 7-8.
239. Sarton, 180.
240. Eccles, i, I.
241. Ibid., vii, 15; iv, I; V, 8.
242. IX, II.
243. V, 10, 12.
244. V, ii.
245. VII, 10.
246. I, 9-10.
247. I, II.
248. I, 2-7; iv, 2-3; vii, I.
250. VIII, 15; ii, 24; V, 18; ii, I.
251. VII, 28, 26.
252. IX, 8.
253. XII, 12.
254. VII, II, 16.
255. Exod. xxxiii, 20.
256. Eccles, i, 13-18.
257. III, 19, 22; viii, 10. For the Talmudic interpretation of the final chapter of Ecclesiastes, cf. Jastrow, M., A Gentle Cynic, 189f.
258. Josephus, Antiquities, XI, 8; Works, i, 417. The account is questioned by some critics—cf. Jew. Encyc., i, 342.
CHAPTER XIII
1. Huart, C., Ancient Persian and Iranian Civilization, 25-6.
2. Maspero, Passing, 452.
3. Herodotus, I, 99.
4. Ibid., i, 74.
5. Rawlinson, ii, 370.
6. Daniel, vi, 8.
7. Rawlinson, ii, 316-7.
8. Huart, 27.
9. Herodotus, I, 119.
10. Encyc. Brit., xvii, 571.
11. Rawlinson, iii, 389.
12. Maspero, 668-71.
13. Rawlinson, iii, 398.
14. Herodotus, III, 134.
15. Sykes, Sir P., Persia, 6.
16. XV, iii, 10.
17. The population estimates are those of Rawlinson, iii, 422, 241.
18. Strabo, XV, ii, 8; Rawlinson, ii, 306; iii, 164; Maspero, 452.
19. Dhalla, M. N., Zoroastrian Civilization, 211, 222, 259; Rawlinson, iii, 202-4; Köhler, Carl, History of Costume, 75-6
20. Rawlinson, iii, 211, 243.
21. Adapted from Rawlinson, iii, 250-1.
22. Huart, 22.
23. Schneider, i, 350.
24. Mason, W. A., 264.
25. Dhalla, 141-2.
26. Herodotus, I, 126.
27. Strabo, XV, iii, 20; Herodotus, I, 133.
28. Dhalla, 187-8.
29. Herodotus, V, 52.
30. CAH, iv, 200.
31. Dhalla, 218.
32. Ibid., 144, 257; Müller, Max, India: What Can It Teach Us?, 19.
33. Rawlinson, iii, 427.
34. CAH, iv, 185-6.
35. Rawlinson, iii, 245.
36. Ibid., 171-2.
37. Ibid., 228; Plutarch, Life of Artaxerxes, chs. 5-17.
38. Rawlinson, iii, 221.
39. Dhalla, 237.
40. Ibid., 89.
41. Rawlinson, iii, 241.
42. Herodotus, VII, 39. But perhaps Herodotus had been listening to old wives’ tales.
43. Dhalla, 95-9.
44. Ibid., 106.
45. Herodotus, V, 25.
46. Darmesteter, J., The Zend-Avesta, i, p. lxxxiiif.
47. Ibid.
48. Huart, 78; Darmesteter, lxxxvii; Rawlinson, iii, 246.
49. Ibid.; Sumner, Folkways, 236.
50. Plutarch, Artaxerxes, in Lives, iii, 464.
51. Rawlinson, iii, 427; Herodotus, III, 95; Maspero, Passing, 690f; CAH, iv, 198f.
53. Maspero, 572f.
54. Vendidad, XIX, vi, 45.
55. Darmesteter, i, xxxvii; Encyc. Brit., xxiii, 987.
56. Dawson, M. M., Ethical Religion of Zoroaster, xiv.
57. Rawlinson, ii, 323.
58. Edouard Meyer dates Zarathustra about 1000 B.C.; so also Duncker and Hummel (Encyc. Brit., xxiii, 987; Dawson, xv); A. V. W. Jackson places him about 660-583 B.C. (Sarton, 61).
59. Briffault, iii, 191.
60. Dhalla, 72.
61. Schneider, i, 333; CAH, iv, 21 of; Rawlinson, ii, 323.
62. Encyc. Brit., xxiii, 942-3; Rawlinson, ii, 322; Dhall
a, 38f.
63. Ibid., 40-2; Encyc. Brit., xxiii, 942-3; Maspero, Passing, 575-6; Huart, xviii; CAH, iv, 207.
64. Encyc. Brit., I.e.
65. Darmesteter, xxvii, Gour, Sir Hari Singh, Spirit of Buddhism, 12.
66. Vend. II, 4, 29, 41.
67. Ibid., 22-43.
68. Darmesteter, lxiii-iv.
69. Yasna, xliv, 4.
70. Darmesteter, lv, lxv.
71. Dawson, 52f.
72. Encyc. Brit., xxiii, 988.
73. Dawson, 46.
74. Maspero, Passing, 583-4; Schneider, i, 336; Rawlinson, ii, 340.
75. Dawson, 125.
76. Shayast-la-Shayast, XX, 6, in Dawson, 131.
77. Vend. IV, I.
78. Ibid., XVI, iii, 18.
79. Herdotous, I, 134.
80. Shayast-la-Shayast, VII, 6, 7, 1, in Dawson, 36-7.
81. Westermarck, Morals, ii, 434; Herodotus, VII, 114; Rawlinson, iii, 350n.
82. Strabo, XV, iii, 13; Maspero, 592-4.
83. Reinach (1930), 73; Rawlinson, ii, 338.
84. The “Ormuzd” Yast, in Darmesteter, ii, 21.
85. Nask VIII, 58-73, in Darmesteter, i, 380-1.
86. Vend., XIX, v, 27-34; Yast 22; Yasna LI, 15; Maspero, 590.
87. Yasna XLV, 7.
88. Dawson, 246-7.
89. Ibid., 256L
90. Ibid., 250-3.
91. CAH, iv, 211.
92. Cf., e.g., Darmesteter, i, pp. lxxii-iii.
93. CAH, iv, 209.
94. Dhalla, 201, 218; Maspero, 595.
95. Harper, Literature, 181.
96. Dhalla, 250-1.
97. Herodotus, IX, 109; Rawlinson, iii, 170.
98. Ibid., iii, 518, 524.
99. Ibid., 170.
100. Strabo, XV, iii, 20.
101. Dhalla, 221.
102. Herodotus, I, 80; Xenophon, Cyropaedia, I, ii, 8; VIII, viii, 9; Strabo, XV, iii, 18; Rawlinson, iii, 236.
103. Dhalla, 155; Dawson, 36-7.
104. Dhalla, 119, 190-1.
105. E.g., Vend. IX.
106. Darmesteter, i, p. lxxviii.
107. Vend. VIII, 61-5.
108. I, 4.
109. I, 135.
110. Vend. VIII, v, 32; vi, 27.
111. Strabo, XV, iii, 17; Vend. IV, iii, 47.
112. Ibid., iii, I.
113. XV, ii, 2of.
114. XX, i, 4; XV, iv, 50-1.
115. XXI, i, I.
116. Maspero, 588. These cases were apparently confined to the Magi.
117. Herodotus, VII, 83; IX, 76; Rawlinson, iii, 238.
118. Esther, ii, 14; Rawlinson, iii, 219.
119. Dhalla, 74-6, 219; Rawlinson, iii, 222, 237.
119a. Plutarch, Artaxerxes, Lives, iii, 463-6.
120. Dhalla, 70-1.
121. Herodotus, I, 139; Dhalla, 210
122. Vend. XV, 9-12; XVI, 1-2.
123. Bundahis, XVI, 1, 2, in Dawson, 156.
124. Venkateswara, 177; Dhalla, 225.
125. Ibid., 83-5; Dawson, 151.
126. Herodotus, I, 136.
127. Strabo, XV, iii, 18.
128. Darmesteter, i, p. lxxx.
129. Vend. VII, vii, 4if.
130. Ibid., 36-40.
131. Rawlinson, iii, 235.
132. N. Y. Times, Jan. 6, 1931.
133. Dhalla, 176, 195, 256; Rawlinson, iii, 234.
134. N. Y. Times, Jan. 23, 1933.
135. Dhalla, 253-4.
136. Rawlinson, iii, 278.
137. N. Y. Times, July 28, 1932.
138. Fergusson, History of Architecture, i, 198-9; Rawlinson, iii, 298.
139. Breasted in N. Y. Times, March 9, 1932.
140. CAH, iv, 204.
140a. Dhalla, 260-1.
140b. Rawlinson, iii, 244, 400.
141. Maspero, 715.
142. Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, I, 15.
143. Josephus, Antiquities, XI, viii, 3.
144. Arrian, I, 16.
145. Quintus Curtius, III, 17.
146. Arrian, II, 11, 13; Plutarch, Life of Alexander, ch. 20.
147. Quintus Curtius, X, 17; CAH, vi, 369.
148. Plutarch, Alexander, ch. 31; Arrian, III, 8.
CHAPTER XIV
1. In Rolland, R., Prophets of the New India, 395, 449-5.
1a. Winternitz, M., A History of Indian Literature, i, 8.
2. Ibid., 18-21.
3. Keyserling, Count H., Travel Diary of a Philosopher, 265.
4. Chirol, Sir Valentine, India, 4.
5. Dubois, Abbé J. A., Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies, 95, 321.
6. Smith, Vincent, Oxford History of India, 2; Childe, V. G., The Most Ancient East, 202; Pittard, Race and History, 388; Coomaraswamy, History of Indian and Indonesian Art, 6; Parmelee, M., Oriental and Occidental Culture, 23-4.
7. Marshall, Sir John, The Prehistoric Civilization of the Indus, Illustrated London News, Jan. 7, 1928, 1.
8. Childe, 209.
9. In Muthu, D. C., The Antiquity of Hindu Medicine, 2.
10. Sir John Marshall in The Modern Review, Calcutta, April 1932, 367.
11. Coomaraswamy in Encyclopedia Britannica, xii, 211-12.
12. New York Times, Aug. 2, 1932.
13. Macdonell, A. A., India’s Past, 9.
14. Ibid.
15. Childe, 211.
16. Woolley, 8.
17. Childe, 202.
18. Ibid, 220, 211.
19. New York Times, April 8, 1932.
20. Gour, Spirit of Buddhism, 524; Radhakrishnan, S., Indian Philosophy, 75.
21. Smith, Oxford History, 14.
22. Davids, T. W. Rhys, Dialogues of the Buddha, being vols, ii-iv of Sacred Books of the Buddhists, ii, 97; Venkateswara, 10.
23. Monier-Williams, Sir M., Indian Wisdom, 227.
24. Winternitz, 304.
25. Jastrow, 85.
26. Winternitz, 64.
27. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, i, 216, 222; Havell, E. B., History of Aryan Rule in India, 35; Davids, Buddhist India, 51; Dialogues of the Buddha, iii, 79.
28. Buxton, The Peoples of Asia, 121.
29. Davids, Buddhist India, 56, 62; Smith, Oxford History, 37.
30. Sidhanta, N. K., The Heroic Age of India, 206; Mahabharata, IX, v, 30.
31. Havell, 33.
32. Dutt, R. C., tr., The Ramayana and Mahabharata, Everyman Library, 189.
33. Davids, Buddhist India, 60.
34. Davids, Dialogues, ii, 114, 128.
35. Dutt, R. C., The Civilization of India, 21; Davids, Buddhist India, 55.
36. Macdonell, India’s Past, 39.
37. Gray, R. M. and Parekh, M. C., Mahatma Gandhi, 37.
38. Buddhist India, 46, 51, 101-2; Winternitz, 64.
39. Buddhist India, 90, 96, 70, 101.
40. Ibid., 70, 98; Winternitz, 65; Havell, History, 129; Muthu, 11.
41. Winternitz, 212.
42. Buddhist India, 100-1.
43. Ibid., 72.
44. Dutt, Ramayana, 231.
45. Arrian, quoted in Sunderland, Jabez T., India in Bondage, 178; Strabo, XV, i, 53.
46. Winternitz, 66-7.
47. Venkateswara, 140.
48. Sidhanta, 149; Tagore in Keyserling, The Book of Marriage, 108.
49. Sidhanta, 153.
50. Dutt, Ramayana, 192.
51. Smith, Oxford History, 7; Barnett, L. D., Antiquities of India, 116.
52. Havell, History, 14; Barnett, 109.
53. Monier-Williams, 439; Winternitz, 66.
54. Lajpat Rai, L., Unhappy India, 151, 176.
55. Mahabharata, III, xxxiii, 82; Sidhanta, 160.
56. Sidhanta, 165, 168; Barnett, 119; Briffault, i, 346.
57. Radhakrishnan, i, 119; Eliot, Sir Charles, Hinduism and Buddhism, i, 6; Buddhist India, 226; Smith, 70; Das Gupta, Surendranath, A History of Indian Philosophy, 25.
58. Buddhist India, 220-4; Radhakrishnan, i, 483.
59. Ibid., 117.
60. Winte
rnitz, 140.
61. Hume, R. E., The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, 169.
62. Das Gupta, 6.
63. Radhakrishnan, i, 76.
64. Eliot, i, 58; Macdonell, 32-3.
65. Eliot, i, 62; Winternitz, 76.
66. Eliot, i, 59.
67. Radhakrishnan, i, 105.
68. Ibid., 78.
69. Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, i, 4; Hume 81.
70. Radhakrishnan, i, 114-5.
71. Katha Upanishad, i, 8; Radhakrishnan, i, 250; Müller, Max, Six Systems of Hindu Philosophy, 131.
72. Eliot, i, xv; Buddhist India, 241; Radhakrishnan, i, 108.
73. Ibid., 107; Winternitz, 215; Gour, 5.
74. Frazer, R. W., A Literary History of India, 243.
75. Dutt, Ramayana, 318; Briffault, i, 346, iii, 188.
76. Ibid.
77. Macdonell, 24.
78. Winternitz, 208; Das Gupta 21.
79. Buddhist India, 241.
80. Winternitz, 207.
81. Dutt, Civilization of India, 33.
82. Müller, Max, Lectures on the Science of Language, ii, 234-7, 276; Skeat, W. W., Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, 729f
83. In Elphinstone, M., History of India, 161.
84. Buddhist India, 153; Winternitz 41-4.
85. Ibid., 31-2; Macdonell, 7; Buddhist India, 114.
86. Ibid, 120.
87. Müller, Max, India: What Can It Teach Us?, London, 1919, 206; Wintnitz, 32.
89. Dubois, 425.
90. Radhakrishnan, i, 67; Eliot, i, 51.
91. Ibid., i, 53.
92. Winternitz, 69, 79; Müller, India, 97; Macdonell, 35.
93. Tr. by Macdonell in Tietjens, Eunice, Poetry of the Orient, 248.
94. Tr. by Max Müller in Smith, Oxford History, 20.
95. In Müller, India, 254.
96. Winternitz, 243; Radhakrishnan, i, 137; Deussen, Paul, The Philosophy of the Upanishads, 13.
97. Eliot, i, 51; Radhakrishnan, i, 141.
98. Cf., e.g., a passage in Chatterji, J. C., India’s Outlook on Life, 42.
99. E.g., Chandogya Upanishad, v, 2; Hume 229.
100. They are listed in Radhakrishnan, 143.
101. Eliot, i, 93.
102. Hume, 144.
103. Shvetashvatara Upanishad, i, 1; Radhakrishnan, i, 150.
104. Hume, 4:2.
105. Katha Upanishad; ii, 23; Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, iii, 5, iv, 4; Radhakrishnan, i, 177.
106. Katha Upan., iv, 1; Radhakrishnan, i, 145.
107. Katha Upan., ii, 24.
108. Chandogya Upan., vi, 7.
109. Radhakrishnan, i, 151.
110. Brih. Upan., ii, 2, iv, 4.
111. Ibid., iii, 9.
112. Chand. Upan., vi, 12.
113. Radhakrishnan, i, 94, 96.
117. Radhakrishnan, i, 249-51; Macdonell, 48.
118. Brih. Upan., iv, 4.
119. Radhakrishnan, i, 239.
120. Mundaka Upan., iii, 2; Radhakrishnan, i, 236.