by Will Durant
CHAPTER XV
1. Chand. Upan., i, 12; Radhakrishnan, 1. 149.
2. Ibid., 278.
3. In Hume, 65.
4. Davids, Dialogues of the Buddha, ii, 73-5; Radhakrishnan, i, 274.
5. Dutt, Ramayana, 60-1.
6. Müller, Six Systems, 17; Radhak., i, 278.
7. Eliot, i, xix; Müller, Six Systems, 23; Davids, Buddhist India, 141.
8. Radhak., i, 278.
9. Monier-Williams, 120-2.
10. Das Gupta, 78; Radhak., i, 279.
11. Ibid., 281.
12. Das Gupta, 79.
13. Monier-Williams, 120; Müller, Six Systems, 100.
14. Radhak., i, 280.
15. Ibid., 281-2.
16. Ibid., 287; Smith, Oxford History, 50.
17. Radhak., i, 301.
18. Ibid., 329; Eliot, i, 106.
19. Ibid.
20. Radhak, i, 331, 293.
21. Ibid., 327; Eliot, i, no, 113, 115; Smith, Oxford History, 53; Smith, Vincent, Akbar, 167; Dubois, 521.
22. Smith, Oxford History, 210.
23. Eliot., i, 112.
24. Ibid., 115.
25. Thomas, E. J., The Life of Buddha as Legend and History, 20.
26. Eliot, i, 244n.
27. Gour, introd.; Davids, Dialogues, ii, 117; Radhak., i, 347, 351; Eliot, i, 133, 173.
28. Thomas, E. J., 31-3.
29. Eliot, i, 131; Venkateswara, 169; Havell, History, 49.
30. Thomas, 50-1.
31. Ibid., 54.
32. Ibid., 55.
33. Ibid., 65.
34. Radhak., i, 343-5.
35. Eliot, i, 129.
36. Dialogues, ii, 5.
37. Gour, 405.
38. Dialogues, iii, 102.
39. Thomas, 87.
40. Radhak., i, 363.
41. Eliot, i, 203.
42. Ibid., 250.
43. Dutt, Civilization of India, 44.
44. Radhak., i, 475.
45. Dialogues, iii, 154.
46. Radhak., i, 421.
47. Dialogues, ii, 35.
48. Ibid., 186.
49. Ibid., 254.
50. Ibid., 280-2.
51. Ibid., 37.
52. Radhak., i, 356; Gour, 10.
53. Radhak., i, 438, 475; Dialogues, ii, 123; Eliot, i, xxii.
54. Radhak., i, 354.
55. Ibid., 424; Gour, 10; Eliot, i, 247.
56. Gour, 542; Radhak., i, 465.
57. Eliot, i, xcv.
58. Gour, 280-4.
59. Eliot, i, xxii.
60. Gour, 392-4; Radhak., i, 355.
61. Thomas, 208.
62. Radhak, i, 456.
63. Ibid., 375.
64. Ibid., 369, 385, 392; Buddhist India, 188, 257; Thomas, 88.
65. Das Gupta, 240; Gour, 335.
66. Eliot, i, 191; Dialogues, ii, 188.
67. Eliot, i, 210; Dialogues, ii, 71.
68. Eliot, i, 227; Radhak, i, 389.
69. Thomas, 189.
70. Macdonell, 48; Radhak., i, 444; Eliot, i, xxi.
71. Gour, 312-4, 333.
73. Dialogues, ii, 190.
74. Eliot, i, 224; Müller, Six Systems, 373; Thomas, 187.
75. Radhak., i, 446.
76. Eliot, i, 224.
77. Ibid., i, 227; Thomas, 145.
80. Dialogues, ii, 55, iii, 94; Watters, Thos. On Yuan Chwang’s Travels in India, i, 374.
81. Thomas, 134.
82. Buddhist India, 300; Radhak, i, 351.
83. Thomas, 100.
84. Ibid., 100-2.
85. Dialogues, ii, 1-26.
86. Eliot, i, 160.
87. Dialogues, iii, 87.
88. Ibid., 108.
89. Thomas, 153.
CHAPTER XVI
1. Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, V, 19, VI, 2.
2. Smith, Oxford History, 66.
3. Kohn, H., History of Natonalism in the East, 350.
4. Arrian, Indica, x.
5. In Dutt, Civilization of India, 50.
6. Arrian, Anabasis, VI, 2.
7. Ibid., V, 8; Strabo, XV, i, 28.
8. Enc. Brit., xii, 212.
9. Smith, Oxford History, 62.
10. Arrian, Indica, X.
11. Havell, 75.
12. Smith, Oxford History, 77.
13. Ibid., 114.
14. Ibid., 79.
15. Havell, History, 82-3.
16. It is of uncertain authenticity. Sarton (147) accepts it as Kautilya’s, but Macdonell (India’s Past, 170) considers it the work of a later writer.
17. In Smith, Oxford History, 84.
18. Smith, Akbar, 396.
19. Smith, Oxford History, 76, 87.
20. Ibid., 311.
21. Strabo, XV, i, 40.
22. Havell, 82.
23. Barnett, 99-100; Havell, 82.
24. Ibid., 69, 80.
25. Ibid., 74.
26. Ibid., 7if; Barnett, 107.
27. Davids, Buddhist India, 264; Havell, ibid.
28. Strabo, XV, i, 51.
28a. Havell, 78.
28b. Smith, Oxford History, 87.
29. Candide.
30. Havell, 88.
31. Ibid., 91-2; Smith, Oxford History, 101.
32. Smith, V., Asoka, 67; Davids, Buddhist India, 297.
33. Smith, Asoka, 92.
34. Ibid., 60.
35. Provincial Edict I; Havell, 93.
36. Havell, 100; Smith, Asoka, 67.
37. Watters, ii, 91.
38. Muthu, 35.
39. Rock Edict XIII.
40. Havell, 100; Smith, Oxford History, 135; Melamed, S. M., Spinoza and Buddha, 302-3, 308.
41. Rock Edict VI.
42. Pillar Edict V.
43. Watters, 99.
44. Davids, Buddhist India, 308; Smith, Oxford History, 126.
45. Ibid., 155.
46. Nag, Kalidas, Greater India, 27.
47. Besant, Annie, India, 15.
48. Smith, Ox. H., 154.
49. Tr. by James Legge, in Gowen, Indian Literature, 336.
50. Havell, 158.
51. Nag, 25.
52. Havell, E. B., The Ancient and Medieval Architecture of India, xxv.
53. Ibid., 207.
54. Watters, i, 344.
55. Havell, History, 204.
56. Watters, ii, 348-9; Havell, 203-4.
57. Fenollosa, E. F., Epochs of Chinese and Japanese Art, i, 85.
58. Arrian, Anabasis, V, 4.
59. Tod, Lt.-Col. James, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, ii, 115.
60. Tod, i, 209.
61. Keyserling, Travel Diary, i, 184.
62. Tod, i, 244L
63. Smith, Ox. H., 311.
64. Ibid., 304.
65. Ibid., 309.
66. Ibid., 308; Havell, History, 402.
67. Smith, Ox. H., 308-10.
68. Ibid., 312-13.
69. Ibid., 314.
70. Ibid., 309.
71. Sewell, Robert, A Forgotten Empire, Vijayanagar, in Smith, Ox. H., 306.
72. From an ancient Moslem chronicle, Tabakat-i-Nasiri, in Smith, Ox. H., 192.
73. Havell, History, 286.
74. Elphinstone, Mountstuart, History of India, 333, 337-8.
75. Tabakat-i-Nasiri, in Smith, Ox H., 222-3.
76. Smith, 226, 232, 245.
77. Ibn Batuta, in Smith, 240.
78. Smith, 303.
80. In Smith, 234.
81. Ibid.
82. Queen Mab.
83. Havell, History, 368.
84. Ibid.; Smith, 252.
85. Elphinstone, 415; Smith, Akbar, 10.
86. Smith, Ox. H., 321.
87. Firishtah, Muhammad Qasim, History of Hindustan, ii, 188.
88. Elphinstone, 430.
89. Babur, Memoirs, 1.
90. Smith, Akbar, 98, 148, 358; Havell, History, 479.
91. Smith, Akbar, 226, 379, 383; Besant, 23.
92. Smith, Ak
bar, 333.
93. Firishtah, 399.
94. Smith, Akbar, 333-6, 65, 77, 343, 115, 160, 108; Smith, Ox. H., 311; Besant, India, 23.
95. Havell, History, 478.
96. Smith, Akbar, 406.
97. Ibid., 424-5.
98. Ibid., 235-7.
99. In Frazer, History of Indian Literature, 358.
100. Havell, History, 499.
101. Brown, Percy, Indian Fainting, 49; Smith, Akbar, 421-2.
102. Ibid., 350; Havell, History, 493-4.
103. Ibid., 494.
104. Ibid., 493.
105. Frazer, 357.
106. Smith, Akbar, 133, 176, 181, 257, 350; Havell, History, 493, 510.
107. Smith, Akbar, 212.
108. Ibid., 216-21.
109. Smith, Akbar, 301, 323, 325.
110. Smith, Ox. H., 387.
111. Elphinstone, 540.
112. Lorenz, D. E., ’Round the World Traveler, 373.
113. Smith, Ox. H., 395.
114. Ibid., 393.
115. Elphinstone, 586.
116. Ibid., 577; Smith, Ox. H., 445-7.
117. Ibid., 439.
118. Fergusson, Jas., History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, ii, 88.
119. Tod, i, 349.
120. Smith, Ox. H., 448.
121. Ibid., 446.
CHAPTER XVII
1. Smith, Akbar, 401; Indian Year Book, Bombay, 1929, 563; Minney, R. J., Shiva: or The Future of India, 50.
2. Havell, History, 160; Eliot, ii, 171; Dubois, 190.
3. Parmelee, 148n.
4. Smith, Ox. H., 315.
5. Havell, 80, 261.
6. Strabo, XV, i, 40; Siddhanta, 180; Dubois, 57.
7. Barnett, 107; Havell, Ancient and Medieval Architecture, 208; Tod, i, 362.
8. Sarkar, B. K., Hindu Achievements in Exact Science, 68.
9. III, 102.
10. In Strabo, XV, i, 44.
11. Sarkar, 68; Lajpat Rai, L., England’s Debt to India; 176.
12. Havell, Architecture, 129; Fergusson, Indian Architecture, ii, 208.
13. Lajpat Rai, England’s Debt, ibid.
14. Moon, P. T., Imperialism and World Politics, 292.
15. Lajpat Rai, England’s Debt, 121.
16. III, 106.
17. Sarton, 535.
18. Lajpat Rai, England’s Debt, 123.
19. Ibid.
20. Polo, Travels, 307.
21. Muthu, 100.
22. Venkateswara, 11; Smith, Ox. H., 15.
23. Lajpat Rai, England’s Debt, 162-3.
24. Havell, History, 75, 130.
25. Ibid., 140.
26. Lajpat Rai, England’s Debt, 165.
27. Barnett, 211-15.
28. Macdonell, 265-70.
29. Smith, Akbar, 157.
30. Fragment XXVII B in McCrindle, J. W., Ancient India as Described by Megasthenes and Arrian, 73.
31. Monier-Williams, 263; Minney, 75.
32. Barnett, 130; Monier-Williams, 264.
33. Dubois, 657.
34. Sidhanta, 178; Havell, History, 234; Smith, Ox. H., 312.
35. Besant, 23; Dutt, Civilization of India, 121.
36. Dubois, 81-7.
37. Lajpat Rai, England’s Debt, 12.
38. Smith, Akbar, 389-91.
39. ibid., 393.
40. Ibid., 392.
41. Watters, i, 340.
42. Elphinstone, 329; cf. Smith, Ox. H., 257.
43. Elphinstone, 477.
44. Smith, Ox. H., 392.
45. Smith, Akbar, 395.
46. Ibid., 108.
47. Lajpat Rai, Unhappy India, 315.
48. Minney, 72.
49. Lajpat Rai, England’s Debt, 25.
50. Macaulay, T. B., Essay on Clive, in Critical and Historical Essays, i, 544.
51. Havell, History, 235; Havell, Architecture, xxvi. This liberty, of course, was at its minimum under Chandragupta Maurya.
52. Laws of Manu, vii, 15, 20-4, 218, in Monier-Williams, 256, 285.
53. Smith, Ox. H., 229.
54. Ibid., 266.
55. Barnett, 124; Dubois, 654; Smith, Ox. H., 109.
56. Dubois, 654.
57. Smith, Ox. H., 249.
58. Ibid., 249, 313; Barnett, 122.
59. Monier-Williams, 204-6.
60. Max Müller, India, 12.
62. Dubois, 722; cf. also 661 and 717.
63. Monier-Williams, 203, 233, 268.
64. Simon, Sir John, Chairman, Report of the Indian Statutory Commission, i, 35.
65. Davids, Buddhist India, 150.
66. Tod, i, 479; Hallam, Henry, View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, ch. vii, p. 263.
66a. Barnett, 106; Dubois, 177.
67. Manu xix, 313; Monier-Williams, 234.
68. Maine, Ancient Law, 165;, Monier-Williams, 266.
69. Barnett, 112.
70. Lubbock, Origin of Civilization, 379.
71. Winternitz, 147; Radhak., i, 356; Monier-Williams, 236.
72. Dubois, 590-2.
73. Barnett, 123; Davids, Dialogues, ii, 285.
75. Havell, History, 50.
76. Monier-Williams, 233.
77. Dubois, 98, 169.
78. Manu, i, 100; Monier-Williams, 237.
79. Dubois, 176.
80. Manu, iii, 100.
81. Barnett, 114.
82. Dubois, 593.
83. Manu, viii, 380-1.
85. Manu, xi, 206.
86. Barnett, 123.
87. Ibid., 121; Winternitz, 198.
88. Eliot, i, 37; Simon, i, 35.
89. Manu, iv, 147.
90. Ibid., ii, 87.
91. XI, 261.
92. IV, 27-8.
93. Dubois, 165, 237, 249.
94. Ibid., 187.
95. Manu, ii, 177-8.
96. VIII, 336-8.
97. II, 179.
98. Book xviii; Arnold, Sir Edwin, The Song Celestial, 107.
99. Tagore, R., Sadhana, 127.
100. Smith, Ox. H., 42.
101. Ibid., 34.
102. IX, 45.
103. Barnett, 117.
104. Sumner, Folkways, 315.
105. Tod, i, 602; Smith, Ox. H., 690.
106. Wood, Ernest, An Englishman Defends Mother India, 103.
107. Dubois, 205; Havell, E. B., The Ideals of Indian Art, 93.
108. Tagore in Keyserling, The Book of Marriage, 104, 108.
109. Hall, Josef (“Upton Close”), Eminent Asians, 505.
110. Lajpat Rai, Unhappy India, 186.
111. Dubois, 231; Census of India, 1921, i, 151; Mukerji, D. G., A Son of Mother India Answers, 19.
112. Barnett, 115.
113. Lajpat Rai, Unhappy India, 159.
114. Robie, W. F., The Art of Love, 18f; Macdonell, 174.
115. Robie, 36.
116. Ibid., 32.
117. Frazer, Adonis, 54-5; Curtis, W. E., Modern India, 284-5.
118. Dubois, 585.
119. Cf., e.g., the “Fifty Stanzas” of Bilhana, in Tietjens, 303-6.
120. Coomaraswamy, A. K., Dance of Shiva, 103, 108.
121. Monier-Williams, 244.
122. Dubois, 214.
123. Strabo, I, i, 62.
124. Manu, III, 12-15, ix, 45, 85, 101; Monier-Williams, 243.
125. Tod, i, 284n.
126. Nivedita, Sister (Margaret E. Noble), The Web of Indian Life, 40.
127. Barnett, 109.
128. XV, i, 62.
129. Havell, Ideals, 91.
130. In Bebel, Woman under Socialism, 52.
131. In Tod, i, 604.
132. Barnett, 109.
133. Dubois, 339-40.
134. Manu, iv, 43; Barnett, no.
135. Manu, V, 154-6.
136. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, ii, 650.
137. Dubois, 337.
138. Tagore, R., Chitra, 45.
139. Manu, ix, 18.
140. III, 33, 82; Sidhanta, 160.
1
41. Frazer, R. W., 179.
142. VIII, 416.
143. Monier-Williams, 267; Tod, i, 605.
144. Barnett, 116; Westermarck, ii, 650.
145. Manu, ix, 2, 12, iii, 57, 60-3.
146. Tod, i, 604.
147. II, 145; Wood, 27.
148. Tod, i, 590n; Zimand, S., Living India, 124-5.
149. Dubois, 313.
150. Herodotus, IV, 71, V, 5.
151. Enc. Brit., xxi, 624.
152. Rig-veda, x, 18; Sidhanta, 165n.
153. I, 125, xv, 33, xvi, 7, xii, 149; Sidhanta, 165.
154. Smith, Ox. H., 309.
155. XV, i, 30, 62.
156. Enc. Brit., xxi, 625.
157. Tod, i, 604; Smith, Ox. H., 233.
158. Coomaraswamy, Dance of Shiva, 93.
159. Smith, Ox. H., 309.
160. Manu, V, 162, ix, 47, 65; Parmelee, 114.
161. Lajpat Rai, Unhappy India, 198.
162. Ibid., 192, 196.
163. Tod, i, 575.
164. Dubois, 331.
165. Ibid., 78, 337, 355, 587; Sumner, Folkways 457.
166. Dubois, 340; Coomaraswamy, Dance, 94.
167. Bebel, 52; Sumner, 457.
168. IV, 203.
169. Wood, 292, 195.
170. Lajpat Rai, Unhappy India, 284.
171. Ibid., 280.
172. Watters, i, 152.
173. Dubois, 184, 248; Wood, 196.
174. Sumner, 457.
175. Dubois, 708-10.
176. The scatophilic student will find these matters piously detailed by the Abbè Dubois, 237f.
177. Sumner, 457; Wood, 343.
178. Wood, 286.
179. Dubois, 325.
180. Ibid., 78.
181. Ibid., 341; Coomaraswamy, History, 210.
182. Dubois, 324.
183. Loti, Pierre, India, 113; Parmelee, 138.
184. Loti, 210.
185. Dubois, 662.
186. Westermarck, i, 89.
187. Macaulay, Essays, i, 562.
188. Manu, viii, 103-4; Monier-Williams, 273.
189. Watters, i, 171.
190. Müller, India, 57.
191. Hardie, J. Keir, India, 60.
192. Mukerji, A Son, 43.
193. Smith, Ox. H., 666f.
194. Dubois, 120.
195. Examples of the latter quality will be found in Dubois, 660, or in almost any account of the recent revolts.
196. Frazer, R. W., 163; Dubois, 509.
197. Simon, i, 48.
198. Müller, India, 41.
199. Davids, Dialogues, ii, 9-11.
200. Skeat, s.v. check; Enc. Brit., art, “Chess.”
201. Dubois, 670.
202. Enc. Brit., viii, 175.
203. Havell, History, 477.
204. Nivedita, IIf.
205. Dubois, 595.
206. Briffault, iii, 198.
207. Gandhi, M. K., His Own Story, 45.
208. Davids, Buddhist India, 78.
209. Watters, i, 175.
210. Westermarck, i, 244-6.
CHAPTER XVIII
1. Davids, Dialogues, iii, 184.