by Will Durant
Chang Yen-yüan (jäng yăn-ü-wän’), Chinese historian of art (9th century), 747
Ch’ang-an (chäng-än), 453, 454, 698*, 701, 702, 703, 704, 707, 708, 714, 747, 779, 835
Changchun , 920†
Chanson de Roland, 455
Chao (jou) (state), 695
Chapei (jä-pā), 814
Charaka , Indian physician, (fl. 120), 450, 530, 531, 532
Charlemagne, see Charles I
Charles I, King of France and Emperor of, the West (742-814), 151, 391*, 455
Charon, 202
Chartres, 307
Charvakas , 418–419, 522, 534
Chastity, in primitive society, 45–46
Chateaubriand, François Auguste, Viscount de, Frenchman of letters (1768–1848), 754
Chatterjee, Bankim Chandra , Indian novelist (1838–1894), 555
Chaucer, Geoffrey, English poet (1328–1400); 178
Chauna Buddha’s charioteer, 426
Chauri Chaura , 630
Chehil Minar , 379–380
Chellean Culture, 93
Chelmsford, Frederick John Napier The-siger, Viscount (1863–1933), 621
Chemistry, 529
Chemosh , national god of the Moabites, 312, 321
Cheng (jŭng) (duchy), 646
Ch’eng Wang (chŭng wäng), Chinese emperor (1115–078 B.C.), 780
Cheops see Khufu
Chephren (kě’-frěn), see Khafre
Cherokee Indians, 49
Chess, 500
Cheyenne Indians, 49
Chi (jē), Duke of (ca. 480 B.C.), 664
Ch’i (chē) (state), 645, 646, 662, 663, 680, 683, 685, 790
Ch’i, Duke of (ca. 520 B.C.), 662, 663
Chia Ch’ing , Chinese emperor (1796–1821), 798
Chia-ling River, 749
Chiang Kai-shek (jē-äng’ kī-shěk’), Chinese dictator (1888-), 812, 816, 818
Chibchas, 15
Chicago, 618
Chicago, University of, īraq Expedition, 274*
Chieh Kuei (jē’-ŭ gwā), Chinese emperor (1818–1766 B.C.), 644, 680–681, 686
Ch’ien Lung , Chinese emperor (1736–1796), 722, 736, 758, 768–769
Chikamatsu Monzayemon , Japanese dramatist (1653-1724), 891
Childe, V. Gordon, 395†
Childhood, in primitive societies, 50–51
Ch’in (province), 645–6, 685, 694
Ch’in Dynasty, 779
Ch’in, Queen of, mother of Shih Huang-ti (ca. 250 B.C.), 694
China, 13, 42, 60, 93, 94, 108, 144, 162, 191, 222*, 312*, 422, 449, 451, 453, 464, 479, 501, 504, 506, 527, 594, 595, 596, 602, 606, 622, 626, 628, 633, 639–823, 829, 833, 835, 839, 846, 853, 857, 859, 860, 861, 866, 872, 874, 875, 876, 877*, 891, 892, 903, 912, 918, 919, 920, 924, 925, 928–929, 930, 931, 932
China Medical Board, 820*
Chinese Eastern Railroad, 931
Chinese Revolution, 641, 642, 686, 810–811, 818, 819
Ching , Five, 664–665
Ching Ti , Chinese emperor (1450-1457), 757
Ch’ing Dynasty, 767
also see Manchu Dynasty
Ching-te-chen , 757, 758, 805
Chinkiang , 804
Chippewa Indians, 33
Chita , 931
Chitaldrug , 396*
Chitor , 393, 455–456, 461, 475
Chitra , 620*
Chittagong Hill tribes, 16
Choctaw Indians, 74
Cholas , 456, 490
Choshu , 905
Chota Nagpur , 501
Chou (jō) (state), 645, 652, 658, 662, 680
Chou, Duke of, 646, 780
Chou Dynasty, 645, 650, 696, 721, 736, 738, 782
Chou Hsin , Chinese Nero (1154–1123 B.C.), 645, 680, 681, 686
Chou Kou Tien (jō gō tē-ăn’), 90, 92
Chou-kung , Chinese statesman and legislator (1115–1079 B.C.), 646, 680
Chou-li (jō-lē), 646
Christ, 305, 310, 317, 318, 319, 320, 323, 325, 333†, 337, 349, 428, 429, 431, 449, 565, 590, 614, 617, 656, 657, 669, 670
Christianity, 62, 201, 202, 240, 319, 367, 368, 469, 470, 471, 504, 505, 508*, 524, 613, 615, 676, 746, 787–788, 840, 842–843, 861
Christians, Early, 242
Christian Science, 544*
Christmas, 372
Chrysostom, St. John, Greek Christian Father (347?-407), 17
Ch’u (kingdom), 678, 695
Chu Hsi , Confucian philosopher (1130-1200), 665, 686, 731–732, 735, 748, 787, 866, 871
Ch’u Ping , Chinese poet (died ca. 350 B.C.), 694
Chuang-tze (jwäng-dzŭ), Chinese philosopher (born 370 B.C.), 653*, 677, 688–692, 693, 785
Chü-fu , 658, 747
Chung-hwa-min-kuo , China’s name for China, 641
Chung-kung , Confucian disciple (ca. 500 B.C.), 670
Chung-kuo, or Middle Kingdom, 643–644
Chung-tu , 662
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Roman orator and man of letters (106-43 B.C.), 27*
Cilicia, 355
Cilicians, 285
Cimbri, 86
Cimmerians, 267, 273, 285
Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius, Roman dictator (ca. 520-440 B.C.), 568
Cinderella, 175
Circumcision, 313, 331
Circus Maximus, 275
City of the Dead, 141
Civil service examinations, 800–802
Civilization, a young word, 2*
defined, 1, 5* Clan, 21–22, 29
Classes, see caste system
Classic of Filial Piety, 861
Clay Cart, 572-574, 576
Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt (51-30 B.C.), 140, 144, 165, 216
Clive, Robert, Baron, English general and statesman (1725-1774), 481–482, 612, 613, 614
Clothing, in primitive societies, 47, 85–86
Code Napoléon, 917
“Coffin Texts,” 174
Colebrooke, Henry Thomas, English Orientalist (1765-1837), 391*
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, English poet and critic (1772-1834), 761*
Colombia, 15
Colonisation, 293
Colosseum, 479
Columbus, Christopher, Italian explorer (1451–1506), 104, 391*, 479, 803
Combarelles, 97*
Compass, 780
Complete System of Natural Astrology 526
Concubinage, 41
Confucius , Chinese philosopher (551-479 B.C.), 193, 325, 422, 643, 646, 648, 649, 651, 657, 658–677, 678, 679, 680, 681, 682, 684, 686, 689, 690, 693, 694, 697, 702, 705, 718, 721, 722, 723, 731, 732, 737, 747*, 784–785, 786, 789, 793, 800, 817, 818, 820, 821, 839, 866, 867, 868–869, 870, 872, 873, 924
Congo, 10, 65, 75
Congo River, 86
Conquistadores, 9
Constantine the Great, Roman emperor (306-337), 246
Constantinople, 776*, 834
Constitution of the United States, 625
Conti, Niccolò, Italian traveler (fl. 1419-1444), 457, 481, 495
Cook, Captain James, English circumnavigator (1728-1779), 84, 86, 104
Cooking, in primitive societies, 9–10
in prehistoric cultures, 95
Babylonian, 226
Indian, 477
Chinese, 775
Japanese, 836, 856
Coomaraswamy , Ananda K., 625*
Copenhagen, Glyptothek at, 595
Copper, 102–103, 136
Copts, 772
Cordova, 834
Corsica, 293
Cosmetics, in primitive societies, 84–85
in Sumeria, 130
in Egypt, 168–169
in Babylonia, 248
in Judea, 303
in Persia, 356
in India, 499
in China, 770
in Japan, 854–855
Cosmos (Von Humboldt), 462
Costume, Sumerian, 119
Egyptian, 169
Babylonian, 222
in Judea, 303
Persian, 356
Indian, 498
Chinese, 770–771
Japanese, 836, 855, 922
Counting, 78–79
Coup-de-poing, 93, 95
Courts, in primitive societies, 28
Cousin, Victor, French philosopher (1792–1867), 53
Cram, Ralph Adams, 895
Creation, in Sumerian legend, 134
in Babylonian legend, 236, 237*
in the Old Testament, 329–330
in the Vedas, 409
Crespigny, C. de, 37
Cretans, 217
Crete, 97, 106, 107, 116, 141, 160, 215, 218, 254, 286–287, 293, 295, 331‡, 397, 578†
Crime, in primitive societies, 52–53
Critique of Pure Reason, 547
Croce, Benedetto, 749†
Croesus , King of Lydia (570-546 B.C.), 289-290, 353, 354
Cro-Magnons, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97
Croo, 42
Crusaders, 120
Crusades, 479, 756
Crux ansata, 199
Ctesias, Greek historian and physician (fl.400 B.C.), 283
Culture, defined, 5*
Cultures, primitive, see under Acheulean Culture, Aurignacian Culture, etc.
Cunaxa , 362*, 382
Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, Viceroy of India (1859-1925), 626
Custom, 26–27
Cyaxares , King of the Medes (640-584 B.C.), 225, 283, 351
Cybele , 60, 200, 288, 296
Cyprus, 245, 292, 293, 295
Cyril, St., Archbishop of Alexandria (376?-444), 216
Cyropædia, 352
Cyrus the Great, King of the Medes and the Persians (555-529 B.C.), 120, 182, 227, 263, 287, 290, 325*, 326, 327, 352–353, 357, 359, 378, 380, 381
Cyrus the Younger, Persian prince (424?-401 B.C.), 362*
Czechoslovakia, 94, 97
D
Daevas, 367
Daibutsu , 840, 897–898
Daigo (dī-gō), Emperor of Japan (898-930), 835, 878
Daimyo (dī-myō), 846, 850, 886, 893
Dairen (dī-rěn’), 920†
Dalai Lama (dä-lī lä-mä), 507
Damaras, 38, 79
Damascus, 267, 296, 303, 317, 337, 756, 896
“Damascus” steel, 529
Damayanti , 491, 564
Dan, 299
Dananu , Elamite general (ca. 650 B.C.), 269
Dance, origins of, 88
in Egypt, 166
in India, 586–587
in China, 721, 723
in Japan, 893
Danes, 10
Daniel, 223, 263, 340, 346, 351
Daniyal , son of Akbar (ca. 1600), 495
Dante, see Alighieri
Danube River, 355
Doric, 358*
Darius I Hystaspes, King of Persia (521-485 B.C.), 31, 249, 291, 327, 354–355, 356, 358, 359–360, 362, 364, 365, 371, 373, 375, 378–379, 381
Darius II Ochus, King of Persia (423-404 B.C.), 382
Darius III Codomannus, King of Persia (338-330 B.C.), 363, 382–385
Darmesteter, James, French critic (1849-1894), 367*
Darwin, Charles Robert, English naturalist (1809–1882), 17, 84, 86, 95, 617, 657, 691
Dasa-ratha , 567, 568, 570
Daulatabad , 461
David, King of the Jews (1010-974 B.C.), 241, 259, 304–305, 306, 310, 312, 332, 339, 340, 374, 581
Davids, T. W. Rhys, English Orientalist (1843–1922), 391*, 428*
Dawn Man, see Piltdown Man
Dawson, Charles, 92
Dawson, Christopher, 222*
De Intellectus Emendatione, 867*
Deborah , Hebrew prophetess (13th century B.C.), 333, 340
Deccan (děk’-kän), 394, 396, 456, 473, 475, 555, 581
Decimal system, 180, 527, 781
Declaration of Independence, 625
Declaration of the Rights of Man, 625
Degas, Edgar, French painter (1834-1917), 912
Deioces (dī’-ō-sēz), King of the Medes (fl. 709 B.C.), 340
Delaware Indians, 22
Delft, 900
Delhi , 2, 393, 394, 460–461, 463, 464, 465, 468, 469, 478, 484, 591, 592, 607, 608, 610
Delhi Sultanate, 460–464
Delilah , 340
Delphic oracle, 77
Delta of the Nile, 137–138, 287
Demeter, 60, 127, 200, 235, 238, 595
Democritus, Greek philosopher (400?-357? B.C.), 529, 536, 552
De Morgan, Jacques, French archeologist (1857-1924), 94, 117*, 122
Denderah (děn’-dēr-ä), 185
Dengyo Daishi (děn-gyō dī-shē), Japanese painter (10th century), 903
Denmark, 98
Der-el-Bahri (dār-ěl-bä’-rē), 154, 185, 188, 189
Description de l’ Égypte, 144
Desmoulins, Camille, French revolutionary (1762-1794), 24
Detroit Museum of Fine Arts, 591
Deuteronomy, 321–329
Devadasis , 490–491, 496, 586
Devadatta , 436
Dewey, John, 535, 821
Dhanamjaya , Indian dramatic theorist (ca. 1000), 574*
Dhanwantari , Indian physician (ca. 525 B.C.), 530, 532
Dharana , 544
Dharma , 484, 487, 488
Dharma-shastras , 483–484
Dhrita-rashtra , 562, 570
Dhyana , 544
Dialogue of a Misanthrope, 195-196
“Diamond Sutra,” 729
Dickens, Charles, English novelist (1812–1870), 885
Dicta, Mt., 391‡
Diderot, Denis, French encyclopedist (1713-1784), 639
Dingiraddamu , Sumerian poet (ca. 2800 B.C.), 121
Din Ilahi , 470–471
Dinkard, 365
Dinkas, 60, 86
Diodorus Siculus, Greek historian (1st century B.C.), 69, 139*, 147, 158, 159*, 165, 166, 183, 224*, 267, 269, 283*, 331‡ 384*
Diogenes, Greek cynic philosopher (ca. 413-323 B.C.), 542
Diomedes, 16
Dionysus, 331‡, 403
Diophantus, Greek mathematician (fl. 360), 528*
Discourse on the Progress of the Sciences and Arts, 693*
Discourses and Dialogues, 665
Dishonesty, in primitive societies, 52
Divorce, in primitive societies, 49
in Sumeria, 130
in Egypt, 166
in Babylonia, 247
in Judea, 336
in India, 494
in China, 792
in Japan, 924
Doctrine of the Mean, 666, 672
Dog Island, 104
“Dogs of Fo,” 759
Domestication of animals, 135
in primitive societies, 8
in prehistoric cultures, 99–100
in Sumeria, 125, 135
in Egypt, 135
in China, 774
Dominicans, 788*
Dordogne, 92
Dorians, 215, 397
“Double standard,” origins of, 34–35
Doukhobors, 498
Dowager Empress, see T’zu Hsi
Drama, in India, 571–577
in China, 721–723
in Japan, 889–891
Draupadi , 401, 561, 570
Dravidians, 61–62, 396, 397, 398, 406, 479, 485*, 593, 600
Dream of the Red Chamber, 718
Dreams, 57–58
Druids, 60
Dryden, John, English poet and dramatist (1631–1700), 391*
Dubois, Jean Antoine, French missionary (1765-1848), 199*, 480, 484*, 486*, 491, 496, 499, 515*, 521*, 522*, 545*, 615
Duel, in primitive societies, 28
Dumas, Alexandre, père, French novelist (1803–1870), 885
Dungi , King of Ur (ca. 2400 B.C.), 123, 127, 135
Duodecimal system, 79
Durga , 509; also see Kali
Durga-Puja , 501
Durkheim, Emile, 62*
Duryodhan, i.e., Duryodhana , 562
Dushyanti , 575, 576
Düsseldorf, 94
Dutch, 603, 613, 804
Dutch East India Company, 857*
Dutt, Narendranath , see Vivekananda
Dyaks (dī’-ăkz), 15, 22, 53, 54, 64
Dyananda, Sarasvaty , Indian reformer (1824-1883), 616†
Dyaus pitar , 60, 401
E
Ea , 128, 237, 238
Eannatum , King of Lagash (ca. 2800 B.C.), 133
Earth worship, 60–61
East India Company, 479, 613–614
Easter, 79
Easter Island, 77, 78, 107
Eastern Archipelago, 77, 78, 87
Eastern Han Dynasty, 698*
Ebers Papyrus, 182, 183
Ecbatana , 227, 350, 352, 362, 379, 442
Ecclesiastes, 259, 261, 262*. 329, 345, 346–349, 523
École de l’ extrème Orient, 604
Eden, 61, 219
Edifying Story Book, 884
Edmunds, J. A., 504†
Edomites, 285, 298, 299
Education in primitive societies, 74–75
in Sumeria, 129
in Egypt, 170–171
in Persia, 376
in India, 485, 556–560
in China, 661–662, 799–800, 819–820
in Japan, 877, 926
Egypt, 24*, 47, 61, 68, 94, 97, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 116, 117, 119, 125, 133, 135, 136, 137–217, 218, 222, 223–224, 226, 227, 228, 247, 248, 254, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 285, 288, 289, 293, 295, 296, 298, 300, 301, 306, 307, 310, 313, 318, 321, 324, 329, 331‡, 353, 354, 362, 363, 370, 379, 384, 393, 395, 400, 449, 479, 532, 578†, 633* 641, 728, 755†, 892
Egypt and Israel, 300*
“Eight Immortals of the Wine Cup,” 708
Eighteenth Dynasty, 152, 160, 170
Eightfold Way, 430, 447
Ekken, Kaibara , Japanese philosopher (1630-1714), 861, 868–870, 871
Ekron (ěk-rôn), 312
El (ěl), 294, 297
Elam (ē-lăm), 102, 105, 106, 108, 117, 121, 123, 126, 133, 219, 252, 265, 268, 270, 362
Elamites, 117, 123
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, 223
Elephanta , 594, 599
Elephantine , 185
Eleventh Dynasty (Egypt), 183
Elihu , 345
Elijah , the Tishbite, Hebrew prophet translated to heaven (ca. 895 B.C.), 313, 314, 315
Eliot, Sir Charles, 428*, 434*, 544†, 561, 615
Elisha , Hebrew prophet (ca. 890-840 B.C.), 312*, 314
Elizabeth, Queen of England (1558-1603), 469, 838
Elliotson, John, English physician (1791-1868), 532
Elohim , 297, 329
Elphinstone, Mountstuart, British Colonial administrator (1779–1859), 474, 481, 614
Elura , 598, 601
Elysian Fields, 202
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, American philosopher and poet (1803-1882), 352, 415, 631
Eminent Painters of All Ages, 747