by Will Durant
Empedocles, Greek philosopher (fl. 500 B.C.), 533
Empire (Egypt), 151*, 154, 169, 170, 190, 191
Encyclopedia Britannica (14th edition), 703†
Engi (ěn-gē) Period (in Japan), 835
Engidu , 251–254
Engineering, in Sumeria, 124, 133
in Egypt, 159–160
in Babylonia, 224†, 225, 226
in Assyria, 274
in Persia, 358
in India, 478, 601
in China, 695, 696, 774, 778
England, 3, 24*, 247, 292, 293, 323, 393, 409, 554, 576, 606, 612, 613, 629, 804, 808, 810, 815*, 817, 830, 890, 891, 918, 928, 932
English (language), 406, 622
English (race), 500
Enlil , 127
Enlil-nadin-apli , King of Babylonia (1122–1116 B.C.), 223*
Enoch (ē’-nŭk), 313, 346
Enquiries into Religion and Culture, 222*
Entemenu , 134*
Eoanthropus, see Piltdown Man
Ephraim (kingdom), 315, 317, 329
Epicureanism, 195
Epicurus, Greek philosopher (340-270 B.C.), 56, 421
Erech , see Uruk
Ereshkigal , 238
Eridu , 118, 119, 128, 133
Esarhaddon , King of Assyria (681-699 B.C.), 268, 278, 281
Eschatology, Sumerian, 128–129
Egyptian, 148, 149, 150, 202–204
Babylonian, 240
Persian, 370–371
Indian, 413–414, 514–517
Chinese, 784, 785
Japanese, 864
Escorial, 604
Esdaile, James, British psychologist (1808-1859), 532
Eskimos, 6, 13, 17, 22, 32, 52, 53, 54, 57, 88
Essai sur le Pali, 391*
Essays, Chinese, 719–721
Japanese, 887–889
Esther, 303*, 333, 340
Eta , 851, 926
Ethiopia, 269, 318
Ethiopians, 24*, 146, 215
Euclid, Greek geometer (fl. 300 B.C.), 240
Euler, Leonard, Swiss mathematician (1707-1783), 528
Euphrates River, 118, 119, 123, 124, 136, 154–160, 218, 219*, 221, 226, 227, 228, 268, 299, 358, 394
Euripides, Greek dramatist (480-406 B.C.), 341*, 577
Eve, 330
Everyman, 889
Exodus, the, 214, 301*, 302
Exogamy, 41–42
Ezekiel (ē-zē’-kyěl), (ca. 580 B.C.), 312, 324–325
Ezra , Hebrew scribe and reformer (fl. 444 B.C.), 328, 329
F
Fables, Egyptian, 175
Babylonian, 250
Indian, 578
Fa-Hien , Chinese traveler (fl. 399-414), 451–452, 589
Fakir , 545*
Family, 29–35
in Sumeria, 130
in Egypt, 164–166
in Babylonia, 247
in Assyria, 275
in Judea, 303, 333–334, 335–337
in Persia, 374, 375
in India, 492
in China, 789, 791, 792, 793, 794, 819
in Japan, 860–861
Fardapur , 589*
Farghana , 464
Fars (färz), 356, 372
Farsistan , see Fars
Father, the, in primitive societies, 30–32, 34 Fathpur-Sikri , 467, 468, 471, 481, 607–608, 610
Faure, Élie, 217
Faust (Goethe), 574
Fayum , 94, 159
Fellatah , 85
Feng Tao (fŭng dou), Chinese statesman and patron of printing (ca. 932), 729, 730
Fenollosa, Ernest, 751, 831, 853*
Fergusson, James, Scotch architect and historian of architecture (1808-1886), 504†, 597, 598–599, 600, 601, 741
Fête des fous, 66
Fetishism, 67
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, German philosopher (1762-1810), 554
Fiction, Egyptian, 175
Hebrew, 340
Indian, 579–580
Chinese, 717–718
Japanese. 881-885, 926
Fielding, Henry, English novelist (1707–1754), 891
Fifth Dynasty (Egypt), 161, 189
Fiji, 34, 35, 77
Fijians, 10, 27, 60
Finance, in Sumeria, 125, 126
in Egypt, 160–161
in Babylonia, 228–229
in Assyria, 274
in Lydia, 289
in Phoenicia, 295
in Persia, 358
in India, 395, 400–401, 480
in China, 779–780
in Japan, 934
Fines, in primitive societies, 27–28
in Babylonia, 230–232
in India, 487
Finland, 103
Fire, in primitive societies, 10, 11–12
in prehistoric cultures, 95–96
Firishta, Muhammad Qasim , Moslem historian (ca. 1610), 467, 579
Firoz Shah , Sultan of Delhi (1351-1388), 458, 461, 483
Fishing, in primitive societies, 6–7
in Egypt, 156
in Babylonia, 226–227
in China, 647
FitzGerald, Edward, English poet (1809–1883), 883
Five Ching , 664–665
“Five Rulers,” 643-644
Flood, 330
in Sumerian legend, 119–120, 134
in the Bible, 330
Florence, 1, 3, 738
“Flower District,” Tokyo, 862
Flowers, see gardens
Font de Gaume, 97*
Foochow , 805, 929
Food, in primitive societies, 5–11
in Sumeria, 128
in Egypt, 156
in Babylonia, 226–227
in Assyria, 274*
in Judea, 330
in Persia, 357
in India, 497
in China, 774–775
in Japan, 855–856
“Forbidden City,” 742
Formosa , 804, 806, 918, 927*
Fort Sargon, see Khorsabad
Fouché, Joseph, Duke of Otranto, French statesman (1763–1820), 151
Four Shu , 665–666
Fourth Dynasty (Egypt), 135, 140, 147, 173, 181
France, 19*, 24, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99*, 613, 695, 805, 806, 808, 813, 890, 891, 917*, 918, 920, 928, 932
France, Anatole (Jacques Thibault) French author (1844-1924), 47, 497
Francis of Assisi, St., Italian mystic (1182–1230), 628
Franciscans, 788*
Frankfort, Henri, 395*
Franklin, Benjamin, American author and statesman (1706–1790), 12, 83
Frazer, Sir James George, 96, 330*
Frederick II the Great, King of Prussia (1712–1786), 219, 693
Freer Art Gallery, Washington, D. C., 747*, 750*
French Academy, 144, 581
French Revolution, 24
Freud, Sigmund, 62*, 88
Freya, 60
Fruit-Gathering, 620*
Fu Hsi , Chinese semi-mythical emperor (2852-2737 B.C.), 643, 650, 723
Fu Hsüan (foo shwăn), Chinese poet, 793-794
Fuegians, 10, 18, 21, 53, 86
Fuji-san (foo-jē-sän), 830‡ see Fuji-yama
Fujiwara family, 835, 882, 887
Fujiwara Seigwa (sīg-wä), Japanese philosopher (1560-1619), 866, 871
Fujiwara Takanobu , Japanese painter (1146-1205), 904
Fuji-yama , 830, 909, 910, 912
Fukien , 748, 929
Furniture, in Sumeria, 133
in Egypt, 184, 191
in Babylonia, 254
in Assyria, 278
in Persia, 378
in China, 736
in Japan, 859
Futuna, 37, 53
G
Gae (gā), Duke of Lu (loo) (fl. 480 B.C.), 660, 663–664
Gæa , 58
Gadarene swine, 80
Galilee, Sea of, 92, 300
Gallas, 62, 86
Galton, Sir Francis, English scientist (1822-1911)
, 38
Gama, Vasco da, Portuguese navigator 1469-1524), 293, 391*, 613
Games, in Egypt, 168
in Persia, 359
in India, 400, 444, 500–501
Gan Ying , Chinese statesman (ca. 500 B.C.), 662
Gandhara , 392, 593–594, 739
Gandhari (gän’-dä-rē), 562, 570
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand , Indian reformer (1869-), 391, 415, 421–422, 489*, 517, 519, 565, 581, 618, 624, 626–632
Ganesha , 509, 511
Ganges (găn’-jēz) River, 393, 397, 436, 453, 464, 501, 502, 521, 603
Garbe, Richard, 536
Gardener, The, 620*
Gardens, in Egypt, 184
in Babylonia, 225
in Persia, 378
in India, 481
in China, 641
in Japan, 857–858, 859
Gardner Collection, Boston, 739
Gargi , 401, 410, 533
Garrison, F. H., 531, 532
Garstang, John, 300, 302*
Gasur , 258*
“Gates of Paradise,” 738
Gaudapada , Indian religious commentator (ca. 780), 546
Gaugamela , 385
Gauls, 60, 152
Gautama , see Buddha
Gautama (clan), 422
Gautier, Théophile, French critic and man of letters (1810-1872), 85, 96, 192
Gaza , 154, 160
Gebel-el-Arak , 136, 146
Gedrosia , 440
Geisha , 490, 862
Genesis, 219*, 300*, 301, 328, 329, 339–340
Geneva, 323
Genghis Khan , Tartar conqueror (1164-1227), 463, 464, 465, 763
Genji (gěn-jē), Tale of, 862, 881–884, 891,-893
Genoa, 479, 760, 761
Genroku Period (in Japan), 843, 881
Geography, in Babylonia, 258*
in China, 781
Geometry, in Egypt, 179
in Babylonia, 256
in India, 528
in China, 781
Georg, Eugen, 85
George III, King of Great Britain (1760-1820), 769
George IV, King of Great Britain (1820–1830), 609*
Gerar , 104
Germans, 58
Germany, 24, 92, 397, 806, 808, 809, 813, 917, 918, 920, 928
Ghazni , 460
Ghiberti, Lorenzo, Italian sculptor (1378-1455), 738
Ghiyosu-d-din , Sultan of Delhi (murdered 1501), 483*
Ghost worship, 63
Ghuri , 460–461
Gibbon, Edward, English historian (1737–1794), 292*, 578, 719
Gibraltar, 293, 358
Gideon, Judge of Israel (died ca. 1236 B.C.), 302
Gil Bias, 718
Gileah , 304
Giles, H. A., English Sinologist (1846-1935), 640*, 653*
Gilgamesh , 120, 235, 250–254, 261
Gilgamesh, epic of, 120, 132, 250–254, 261
Giotto (nickname of Angiolotto di Bondone), Italian painter (1276-1336), 589, 611
Gippsland, 85
Gita-Govinda , 580, 591
Gitanjali , 620*
Gizeh , 140, 147
Gnosticism, 553
Go Daigo (gō dī-gō), Emperor of Japan (1318–1339), 838
Goa , 393, 469, 524
Gobi Desert, 641, 761
God the Father, 64
Gods, multiplicity of, 59–64
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, German poet (1749-1832), 141, 391*, 574, 577, 611, 669, 693, 868
Gold Coast, 43, 83, 925
Golden Calf, 309, 311
Golden Rule, 564, 670
Goliath (gō-lī’-ăth), 305
Golkonda , 458
Gomorrah , 311, 335
Good Hope, Cape of, 293, 919
“Good Mind,” 367
“Gordian knot,” 288*
Gordios, 288
Gorki, Maxim (pen name of Aleksei Maximovich Pyeshkov), Russian novelist (1868-) 310
Gothic architecture, 599
Goto Saijiro (gō-tō sī-jē-rō), Japanese potter (ca. 1664), 900–901
Göttingen, 249
Government, origins of, 21–23, 69
Sumeria, 126–127
in Egypt, 161–164
in Babylonia, 230
in Assyria, 270–274
in Judea, 306
in Persia, 359–364
in India, 443–445, 465–466
in China, 672–674, 684, 689, 695–697, 698–699, 700–701, 724/726, 795–802, 817
in Japan, 842, 846, 917–918, 935
Governor General of India, 487
Govinda , Indian religious commentator (ca. 800), 546
Gracchi, 19*
Grammar, 250, 556, 578
Granada, 606
Grand Canal (Tientsin-Hangchow), 765, 778
Granet, Marcel, 699*
Granicus (gră-nī’-cŭs), battle of the (334 B.C.), 373*, 383
Gray, Thomas, English poet (1716-1771), 223
Great Britain, 1, 391
Great Learning,, 665, 667–668, 732, 866
Great Learning for Women, 869–870
Great Mother, 60, 288
Great Reform (in Japan), 833, 885
Great Spirit, 54
Great Wall, 695, 697, 701, 760, 761, 767, 778
Greater Vehicle, see Mahayana Buddhism
Greco, El (Domenico Theotocopuli), Greek painter (1548-1625), 97, 903
Greco-Buddhist art, 593–594
Greece, 24*, 33, 61, 116, 117, 136, 137, 140, 141, 144, 152, 172, 185, 190, 197, 200, 215, 218, 226, 227, 264, 265, 288, 290, 293, 295, 299, 312, 329, 340, 349, 355, 362, 376, 379, 380, 383, 391*, 394, 400, 422, 449, 480, 532, 571, 647, 651, 739, 777, 892, 899
Greed, in primitive societies, 51–52
Greek (language), 406
Greeks, 47, 58, 60, 63, 64, 70, 85, 97, 106, 118*, 128, 159, 166, 179, 183, 193, 217, 218, 225, 240, 245*, 248, 256, 263, 269, 276, 279, 280, 287, 288, 293, 295, 358, 364, 365*, 366, 373, 380, 383, 384, 441, 450, 526, 527, 554, 561, 574
Greenland, 54, 85, 93
Gregorian calendar, 181
Gregory XIII (Ugo Buoncompagni), Pope (1572–1585), 181
Gresham’s law, 759
Grihastha , 522
Grimm’s Law, 406*
Grotefend, Georg Friedrich, German scholar (1775-1853), 249
Guaranis, 79
Guayaquil Indians, 66
Guaycurus, 50
Gubarrru , Babylonian hero, 262
Gudea , King of Lagash (ca. 2600 B.C.), 122. 128, 131, 134, 291
Guilds, in Assyria, 274
in Syria, 296
in Persia, 377
in China, 777, 816
in Japan, 854
Gujarat , 478–479
Gumplowicz, Ludwik, Polish sociologist (1838–1909), 23–24
Gunadhya , Indian poet (1st century), 579
Gunavarman , Indian scientist, 452
Gupta Dynasty, 450, 451, 452, 454, 481, 484, 487, 529, 575
Guru , 522, 557, 660
Gutenberg, Johann, German “inventor” of printing (1400?-1468), 730
Gwalior , 393, 599
Gyges (gī’-gēz), King of Lydia (ca. 652 B.C.), 289
H
Habiru , 300; also see Jews
Hachimaro (hä-chē-mä’-rō), youthful Japanese hero (ca 1615), 849
Hadrian (Hadrianus Publius Ælius), Roman emperor (117-138), 364
Haifa , 300
Hakai (hä-kī), 926
Hakuga , 794*
Hakuseki Arai , Japanese scholar and historian (1657-1725), 865, 886-887
Halebid (hä’-lā-bēd), 601
Halle, University of, 693
Hallstatt, 104
Halo, 59
Halys River, 286†
Hamadan (hä-mä-dän’), 350*
Hammer of Folly, 551
Hammurabi , King of Babylonia (2123-2081 B.C.), 27, 28, 104, 120, 127, 219, 220, 221, 227, 228, 230, 232, 233, 246, 258, 270, 291, 301
H
ammurabi, Code of, 27, 28, 127, 135, 219-221, 230-232, 246-247, 264, 272, 286, 331‡, 338, 377
Han (hän) (state), 695
Han Dynasty, 675, 698, 702, 728, 738, 739, 746, 755, 781, 786, 800
Han Fei (hän fā), Chinese critic and essayist (died 233 B.C.), 653*, 679
Han Kan (hän kän), Chinese artist (ca. 730), 753
Han Yü (hän yü), Chinese essayist (768-824), 719-721, 723, 747-748
Hananiah , Hebrew prophet ca. 600 B.C.), 323
Hangchow (hăng-chou’), 727, 761-762, 763, 765, 778, 815
Hanging Gardens, see Babylon
Hankampu , 886
Hanuman , 402
Han way, Jonas, English traveler (1712-1786), 857*
Hao Shih-chiu , Chinese ceramic artist (ca. 1600), 757
Haoma , 364
Hapuseneb , Egyptian architect (ca. 1500 B.C.), 192
Hara-kiri (hä-rä-kē-rē), 53, 502, 848-849
Harappa , 394
Hardie, James Keir, Scotch labor leader (1856-1915), 499
Harem, in Egypt, 164†
in Babylonia, 225
in Assyria, 275
in Judea, 300
in Persia, 374, 375
in India, 467, 472, 494
in China, 792
Har-Megiddo , 154, 321
Harmhab (härm’-häb), King of Egypt (1346-1322 B.C.), 213
Harmodius, Athenian patriot (ca. 525 B.C.), 646
Haroun-al-Rashid , Caliph of Bagdhad (786-809), 467, 532
Harpagus (här’-pa-gŭs), Median general (ca. 555 B.C.), 352
Harri (hä’-rē), 286*
Harris Papyrus, 177
Harsha-charita , 579
Harsha-Vardhana , Indian king (606-648), 452-453, 454, 503, 576
Hart, Sir Robert, Irish statesman in China (1835-1911), 802*
Harunobu Suzuki , Japanese engraver (1718-1770), 907, 908
Harvard Library Expedition, 317*
Harvest festivals, 65-66
Harvey, William, English anatomist (1578-1657), 182, 531
Hassan (häs-sän’), mosque of, Cairo, 607
Hastings, Warren, Governor General of India (1732-1818), 609*, 613, 614
Hathor (hăth’-ôr), 185, 198 199
Hatshepsut , Queen of Egypt (1501-1479 B.C.), 140, 141, 143, 153-154, 165, 185, 188,’ 189-190, 300, 302*
Havell, E. B., 415, 452
Hawaii, 37, 38, 809
Hayashi Razan , Japanese essayist (1583-1657), 866-867, 871, 877
Hearn, Lafcadio, Irish author and educator (1850-1904), 831, 840, 844, 845, 921, 923†
Hebrew language, 73
Hebrews, 300; see Jews
Hedin, Sven Anders, 506
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, German philosopher (1770-1831), 410
Heian (hā’yăn) Epoch (in Japan), 834, 855
Heidelberg, 92
Heine, Heinrich, German poet (1799-1856), 339, 516
Helen of Troy, 570
Heliopolis, 152, 162, 203*
Hellespont, 286, 358, 383
Henotheism, 312
Henry IV, 889