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Our Oriental Heritage Page 133

by Will Durant


  Empedocles, Greek philosopher (fl. 500 B.C.), 533

  Empire (Egypt), 151*, 154, 169, 170, 190, 191

  Encyclopedia Britannica (14th edition), 703†

  Engi (ěn-gē) Period (in Japan), 835

  Engidu , 251–254

  Engineering, in Sumeria, 124, 133

  in Egypt, 159–160

  in Babylonia, 224†, 225, 226

  in Assyria, 274

  in Persia, 358

  in India, 478, 601

  in China, 695, 696, 774, 778

  England, 3, 24*, 247, 292, 293, 323, 393, 409, 554, 576, 606, 612, 613, 629, 804, 808, 810, 815*, 817, 830, 890, 891, 918, 928, 932

  English (language), 406, 622

  English (race), 500

  Enlil , 127

  Enlil-nadin-apli , King of Babylonia (1122–1116 B.C.), 223*

  Enoch (ē’-nŭk), 313, 346

  Enquiries into Religion and Culture, 222*

  Entemenu , 134*

  Eoanthropus, see Piltdown Man

  Ephraim (kingdom), 315, 317, 329

  Epicureanism, 195

  Epicurus, Greek philosopher (340-270 B.C.), 56, 421

  Erech , see Uruk

  Ereshkigal , 238

  Eridu , 118, 119, 128, 133

  Esarhaddon , King of Assyria (681-699 B.C.), 268, 278, 281

  Eschatology, Sumerian, 128–129

  Egyptian, 148, 149, 150, 202–204

  Babylonian, 240

  Persian, 370–371

  Indian, 413–414, 514–517

  Chinese, 784, 785

  Japanese, 864

  Escorial, 604

  Esdaile, James, British psychologist (1808-1859), 532

  Eskimos, 6, 13, 17, 22, 32, 52, 53, 54, 57, 88

  Essai sur le Pali, 391*

  Essays, Chinese, 719–721

  Japanese, 887–889

  Esther, 303*, 333, 340

  Eta , 851, 926

  Ethiopia, 269, 318

  Ethiopians, 24*, 146, 215

  Euclid, Greek geometer (fl. 300 B.C.), 240

  Euler, Leonard, Swiss mathematician (1707-1783), 528

  Euphrates River, 118, 119, 123, 124, 136, 154–160, 218, 219*, 221, 226, 227, 228, 268, 299, 358, 394

  Euripides, Greek dramatist (480-406 B.C.), 341*, 577

  Eve, 330

  Everyman, 889

  Exodus, the, 214, 301*, 302

  Exogamy, 41–42

  Ezekiel (ē-zē’-kyěl), (ca. 580 B.C.), 312, 324–325

  Ezra , Hebrew scribe and reformer (fl. 444 B.C.), 328, 329

  F

  Fables, Egyptian, 175

  Babylonian, 250

  Indian, 578

  Fa-Hien , Chinese traveler (fl. 399-414), 451–452, 589

  Fakir , 545*

  Family, 29–35

  in Sumeria, 130

  in Egypt, 164–166

  in Babylonia, 247

  in Assyria, 275

  in Judea, 303, 333–334, 335–337

  in Persia, 374, 375

  in India, 492

  in China, 789, 791, 792, 793, 794, 819

  in Japan, 860–861

  Fardapur , 589*

  Farghana , 464

  Fars (färz), 356, 372

  Farsistan , see Fars

  Father, the, in primitive societies, 30–32, 34 Fathpur-Sikri , 467, 468, 471, 481, 607–608, 610

  Faure, Élie, 217

  Faust (Goethe), 574

  Fayum , 94, 159

  Fellatah , 85

  Feng Tao (fŭng dou), Chinese statesman and patron of printing (ca. 932), 729, 730

  Fenollosa, Ernest, 751, 831, 853*

  Fergusson, James, Scotch architect and historian of architecture (1808-1886), 504†, 597, 598–599, 600, 601, 741

  Fête des fous, 66

  Fetishism, 67

  Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, German philosopher (1762-1810), 554

  Fiction, Egyptian, 175

  Hebrew, 340

  Indian, 579–580

  Chinese, 717–718

  Japanese. 881-885, 926

  Fielding, Henry, English novelist (1707–1754), 891

  Fifth Dynasty (Egypt), 161, 189

  Fiji, 34, 35, 77

  Fijians, 10, 27, 60

  Finance, in Sumeria, 125, 126

  in Egypt, 160–161

  in Babylonia, 228–229

  in Assyria, 274

  in Lydia, 289

  in Phoenicia, 295

  in Persia, 358

  in India, 395, 400–401, 480

  in China, 779–780

  in Japan, 934

  Fines, in primitive societies, 27–28

  in Babylonia, 230–232

  in India, 487

  Finland, 103

  Fire, in primitive societies, 10, 11–12

  in prehistoric cultures, 95–96

  Firishta, Muhammad Qasim , Moslem historian (ca. 1610), 467, 579

  Firoz Shah , Sultan of Delhi (1351-1388), 458, 461, 483

  Fishing, in primitive societies, 6–7

  in Egypt, 156

  in Babylonia, 226–227

  in China, 647

  FitzGerald, Edward, English poet (1809–1883), 883

  Five Ching , 664–665

  “Five Rulers,” 643-644

  Flood, 330

  in Sumerian legend, 119–120, 134

  in the Bible, 330

  Florence, 1, 3, 738

  “Flower District,” Tokyo, 862

  Flowers, see gardens

  Font de Gaume, 97*

  Foochow , 805, 929

  Food, in primitive societies, 5–11

  in Sumeria, 128

  in Egypt, 156

  in Babylonia, 226–227

  in Assyria, 274*

  in Judea, 330

  in Persia, 357

  in India, 497

  in China, 774–775

  in Japan, 855–856

  “Forbidden City,” 742

  Formosa , 804, 806, 918, 927*

  Fort Sargon, see Khorsabad

  Fouché, Joseph, Duke of Otranto, French statesman (1763–1820), 151

  Four Shu , 665–666

  Fourth Dynasty (Egypt), 135, 140, 147, 173, 181

  France, 19*, 24, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99*, 613, 695, 805, 806, 808, 813, 890, 891, 917*, 918, 920, 928, 932

  France, Anatole (Jacques Thibault) French author (1844-1924), 47, 497

  Francis of Assisi, St., Italian mystic (1182–1230), 628

  Franciscans, 788*

  Frankfort, Henri, 395*

  Franklin, Benjamin, American author and statesman (1706–1790), 12, 83

  Frazer, Sir James George, 96, 330*

  Frederick II the Great, King of Prussia (1712–1786), 219, 693

  Freer Art Gallery, Washington, D. C., 747*, 750*

  French Academy, 144, 581

  French Revolution, 24

  Freud, Sigmund, 62*, 88

  Freya, 60

  Fruit-Gathering, 620*

  Fu Hsi , Chinese semi-mythical emperor (2852-2737 B.C.), 643, 650, 723

  Fu Hsüan (foo shwăn), Chinese poet, 793-794

  Fuegians, 10, 18, 21, 53, 86

  Fuji-san (foo-jē-sän), 830‡ see Fuji-yama

  Fujiwara family, 835, 882, 887

  Fujiwara Seigwa (sīg-wä), Japanese philosopher (1560-1619), 866, 871

  Fujiwara Takanobu , Japanese painter (1146-1205), 904

  Fuji-yama , 830, 909, 910, 912

  Fukien , 748, 929

  Furniture, in Sumeria, 133

  in Egypt, 184, 191

  in Babylonia, 254

  in Assyria, 278

  in Persia, 378

  in China, 736

  in Japan, 859

  Futuna, 37, 53

  G

  Gae (gā), Duke of Lu (loo) (fl. 480 B.C.), 660, 663–664

  Gæa , 58

  Gadarene swine, 80

  Galilee, Sea of, 92, 300

  Gallas, 62, 86

  Galton, Sir Francis, English scientist (1822-1911)
, 38

  Gama, Vasco da, Portuguese navigator 1469-1524), 293, 391*, 613

  Games, in Egypt, 168

  in Persia, 359

  in India, 400, 444, 500–501

  Gan Ying , Chinese statesman (ca. 500 B.C.), 662

  Gandhara , 392, 593–594, 739

  Gandhari (gän’-dä-rē), 562, 570

  Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand , Indian reformer (1869-), 391, 415, 421–422, 489*, 517, 519, 565, 581, 618, 624, 626–632

  Ganesha , 509, 511

  Ganges (găn’-jēz) River, 393, 397, 436, 453, 464, 501, 502, 521, 603

  Garbe, Richard, 536

  Gardener, The, 620*

  Gardens, in Egypt, 184

  in Babylonia, 225

  in Persia, 378

  in India, 481

  in China, 641

  in Japan, 857–858, 859

  Gardner Collection, Boston, 739

  Gargi , 401, 410, 533

  Garrison, F. H., 531, 532

  Garstang, John, 300, 302*

  Gasur , 258*

  “Gates of Paradise,” 738

  Gaudapada , Indian religious commentator (ca. 780), 546

  Gaugamela , 385

  Gauls, 60, 152

  Gautama , see Buddha

  Gautama (clan), 422

  Gautier, Théophile, French critic and man of letters (1810-1872), 85, 96, 192

  Gaza , 154, 160

  Gebel-el-Arak , 136, 146

  Gedrosia , 440

  Geisha , 490, 862

  Genesis, 219*, 300*, 301, 328, 329, 339–340

  Geneva, 323

  Genghis Khan , Tartar conqueror (1164-1227), 463, 464, 465, 763

  Genji (gěn-jē), Tale of, 862, 881–884, 891,-893

  Genoa, 479, 760, 761

  Genroku Period (in Japan), 843, 881

  Geography, in Babylonia, 258*

  in China, 781

  Geometry, in Egypt, 179

  in Babylonia, 256

  in India, 528

  in China, 781

  Georg, Eugen, 85

  George III, King of Great Britain (1760-1820), 769

  George IV, King of Great Britain (1820–1830), 609*

  Gerar , 104

  Germans, 58

  Germany, 24, 92, 397, 806, 808, 809, 813, 917, 918, 920, 928

  Ghazni , 460

  Ghiberti, Lorenzo, Italian sculptor (1378-1455), 738

  Ghiyosu-d-din , Sultan of Delhi (murdered 1501), 483*

  Ghost worship, 63

  Ghuri , 460–461

  Gibbon, Edward, English historian (1737–1794), 292*, 578, 719

  Gibraltar, 293, 358

  Gideon, Judge of Israel (died ca. 1236 B.C.), 302

  Gil Bias, 718

  Gileah , 304

  Giles, H. A., English Sinologist (1846-1935), 640*, 653*

  Gilgamesh , 120, 235, 250–254, 261

  Gilgamesh, epic of, 120, 132, 250–254, 261

  Giotto (nickname of Angiolotto di Bondone), Italian painter (1276-1336), 589, 611

  Gippsland, 85

  Gita-Govinda , 580, 591

  Gitanjali , 620*

  Gizeh , 140, 147

  Gnosticism, 553

  Go Daigo (gō dī-gō), Emperor of Japan (1318–1339), 838

  Goa , 393, 469, 524

  Gobi Desert, 641, 761

  God the Father, 64

  Gods, multiplicity of, 59–64

  Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, German poet (1749-1832), 141, 391*, 574, 577, 611, 669, 693, 868

  Gold Coast, 43, 83, 925

  Golden Calf, 309, 311

  Golden Rule, 564, 670

  Goliath (gō-lī’-ăth), 305

  Golkonda , 458

  Gomorrah , 311, 335

  Good Hope, Cape of, 293, 919

  “Good Mind,” 367

  “Gordian knot,” 288*

  Gordios, 288

  Gorki, Maxim (pen name of Aleksei Maximovich Pyeshkov), Russian novelist (1868-) 310

  Gothic architecture, 599

  Goto Saijiro (gō-tō sī-jē-rō), Japanese potter (ca. 1664), 900–901

  Göttingen, 249

  Government, origins of, 21–23, 69

  Sumeria, 126–127

  in Egypt, 161–164

  in Babylonia, 230

  in Assyria, 270–274

  in Judea, 306

  in Persia, 359–364

  in India, 443–445, 465–466

  in China, 672–674, 684, 689, 695–697, 698–699, 700–701, 724/726, 795–802, 817

  in Japan, 842, 846, 917–918, 935

  Governor General of India, 487

  Govinda , Indian religious commentator (ca. 800), 546

  Gracchi, 19*

  Grammar, 250, 556, 578

  Granada, 606

  Grand Canal (Tientsin-Hangchow), 765, 778

  Granet, Marcel, 699*

  Granicus (gră-nī’-cŭs), battle of the (334 B.C.), 373*, 383

  Gray, Thomas, English poet (1716-1771), 223

  Great Britain, 1, 391

  Great Learning,, 665, 667–668, 732, 866

  Great Learning for Women, 869–870

  Great Mother, 60, 288

  Great Reform (in Japan), 833, 885

  Great Spirit, 54

  Great Wall, 695, 697, 701, 760, 761, 767, 778

  Greater Vehicle, see Mahayana Buddhism

  Greco, El (Domenico Theotocopuli), Greek painter (1548-1625), 97, 903

  Greco-Buddhist art, 593–594

  Greece, 24*, 33, 61, 116, 117, 136, 137, 140, 141, 144, 152, 172, 185, 190, 197, 200, 215, 218, 226, 227, 264, 265, 288, 290, 293, 295, 299, 312, 329, 340, 349, 355, 362, 376, 379, 380, 383, 391*, 394, 400, 422, 449, 480, 532, 571, 647, 651, 739, 777, 892, 899

  Greed, in primitive societies, 51–52

  Greek (language), 406

  Greeks, 47, 58, 60, 63, 64, 70, 85, 97, 106, 118*, 128, 159, 166, 179, 183, 193, 217, 218, 225, 240, 245*, 248, 256, 263, 269, 276, 279, 280, 287, 288, 293, 295, 358, 364, 365*, 366, 373, 380, 383, 384, 441, 450, 526, 527, 554, 561, 574

  Greenland, 54, 85, 93

  Gregorian calendar, 181

  Gregory XIII (Ugo Buoncompagni), Pope (1572–1585), 181

  Gresham’s law, 759

  Grihastha , 522

  Grimm’s Law, 406*

  Grotefend, Georg Friedrich, German scholar (1775-1853), 249

  Guaranis, 79

  Guayaquil Indians, 66

  Guaycurus, 50

  Gubarrru , Babylonian hero, 262

  Gudea , King of Lagash (ca. 2600 B.C.), 122. 128, 131, 134, 291

  Guilds, in Assyria, 274

  in Syria, 296

  in Persia, 377

  in China, 777, 816

  in Japan, 854

  Gujarat , 478–479

  Gumplowicz, Ludwik, Polish sociologist (1838–1909), 23–24

  Gunadhya , Indian poet (1st century), 579

  Gunavarman , Indian scientist, 452

  Gupta Dynasty, 450, 451, 452, 454, 481, 484, 487, 529, 575

  Guru , 522, 557, 660

  Gutenberg, Johann, German “inventor” of printing (1400?-1468), 730

  Gwalior , 393, 599

  Gyges (gī’-gēz), King of Lydia (ca. 652 B.C.), 289

  H

  Habiru , 300; also see Jews

  Hachimaro (hä-chē-mä’-rō), youthful Japanese hero (ca 1615), 849

  Hadrian (Hadrianus Publius Ælius), Roman emperor (117-138), 364

  Haifa , 300

  Hakai (hä-kī), 926

  Hakuga , 794*

  Hakuseki Arai , Japanese scholar and historian (1657-1725), 865, 886-887

  Halebid (hä’-lā-bēd), 601

  Halle, University of, 693

  Hallstatt, 104

  Halo, 59

  Halys River, 286†

  Hamadan (hä-mä-dän’), 350*

  Hammer of Folly, 551

  Hammurabi , King of Babylonia (2123-2081 B.C.), 27, 28, 104, 120, 127, 219, 220, 221, 227, 228, 230, 232, 233, 246, 258, 270, 291, 301

  H
ammurabi, Code of, 27, 28, 127, 135, 219-221, 230-232, 246-247, 264, 272, 286, 331‡, 338, 377

  Han (hän) (state), 695

  Han Dynasty, 675, 698, 702, 728, 738, 739, 746, 755, 781, 786, 800

  Han Fei (hän fā), Chinese critic and essayist (died 233 B.C.), 653*, 679

  Han Kan (hän kän), Chinese artist (ca. 730), 753

  Han Yü (hän yü), Chinese essayist (768-824), 719-721, 723, 747-748

  Hananiah , Hebrew prophet ca. 600 B.C.), 323

  Hangchow (hăng-chou’), 727, 761-762, 763, 765, 778, 815

  Hanging Gardens, see Babylon

  Hankampu , 886

  Hanuman , 402

  Han way, Jonas, English traveler (1712-1786), 857*

  Hao Shih-chiu , Chinese ceramic artist (ca. 1600), 757

  Haoma , 364

  Hapuseneb , Egyptian architect (ca. 1500 B.C.), 192

  Hara-kiri (hä-rä-kē-rē), 53, 502, 848-849

  Harappa , 394

  Hardie, James Keir, Scotch labor leader (1856-1915), 499

  Harem, in Egypt, 164†

  in Babylonia, 225

  in Assyria, 275

  in Judea, 300

  in Persia, 374, 375

  in India, 467, 472, 494

  in China, 792

  Har-Megiddo , 154, 321

  Harmhab (härm’-häb), King of Egypt (1346-1322 B.C.), 213

  Harmodius, Athenian patriot (ca. 525 B.C.), 646

  Haroun-al-Rashid , Caliph of Bagdhad (786-809), 467, 532

  Harpagus (här’-pa-gŭs), Median general (ca. 555 B.C.), 352

  Harri (hä’-rē), 286*

  Harris Papyrus, 177

  Harsha-charita , 579

  Harsha-Vardhana , Indian king (606-648), 452-453, 454, 503, 576

  Hart, Sir Robert, Irish statesman in China (1835-1911), 802*

  Harunobu Suzuki , Japanese engraver (1718-1770), 907, 908

  Harvard Library Expedition, 317*

  Harvest festivals, 65-66

  Harvey, William, English anatomist (1578-1657), 182, 531

  Hassan (häs-sän’), mosque of, Cairo, 607

  Hastings, Warren, Governor General of India (1732-1818), 609*, 613, 614

  Hathor (hăth’-ôr), 185, 198 199

  Hatshepsut , Queen of Egypt (1501-1479 B.C.), 140, 141, 143, 153-154, 165, 185, 188,’ 189-190, 300, 302*

  Havell, E. B., 415, 452

  Hawaii, 37, 38, 809

  Hayashi Razan , Japanese essayist (1583-1657), 866-867, 871, 877

  Hearn, Lafcadio, Irish author and educator (1850-1904), 831, 840, 844, 845, 921, 923†

  Hebrew language, 73

  Hebrews, 300; see Jews

  Hedin, Sven Anders, 506

  Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, German philosopher (1770-1831), 410

  Heian (hā’yăn) Epoch (in Japan), 834, 855

  Heidelberg, 92

  Heine, Heinrich, German poet (1799-1856), 339, 516

  Helen of Troy, 570

  Heliopolis, 152, 162, 203*

  Hellespont, 286, 358, 383

  Henotheism, 312

  Henry IV, 889

 

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