by Will Durant
Orion, 198
Orissa , 599
Orphism, 553
Osaka (ō-sä-kä), 841, 890, 895, 919-920, 921
Osiris , 178, 199, 200, 202
Oudh (oud), 567, 614
Ouranos, 58
Outcastes, 399, 477, 489, 520, 623, 624
Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso), Roman poet (43 B.C.-A.D. 18), 62
Oxford, 211, 595
Oxford Field Expedition, 125
Oyomei (ō-yō-mā), 871; see Wang Yang-ming
Oyomei philosophy, 871-872
P
Pactolus (păc-tō’-lŭs) River, 285
Padmapani , 594
Paes, Domingos, Portuguese missionary (fl. 1522), 457
Pahlavi , 357
Painting, origins of, 87, 94, 96–97
Sumerian, 132
Egyptian, 190–191
Babylonian, 255
Assyrian, 278
Persian, 380
Indian, 589–593
Chinese, 745–754
Japanese, 901–906
Paleolithic man, 90–98
Palestine, 94, 104, 109, 137, 152, 173, 224, 227, 248, 270, 298, 299, 300, 301, 305*, 307, 321, 333, 355, 363, 371
Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da, Italian composer (1524-1594), 723
Pali (pa’-lē), 555
Pallavas , 456
Pamirs (pä-mērz’), 392, 393
Pamphylians , 285
Pan, 58
P’an Chao (pän jō), Chinese female scholar (ca. 100), 792
Pan Ho-pan (pän hō-pän), Lady, Chinese bluestocking, 793
P’an Ku , the Chinese Adam, 642
P’an Ku, Chinese historian (ca. 100), 792
Panchagavia , 521
Panchatantra , 578
Pandavas , 561–562, 565
Pandora, 330
Pandyas , 456
Panini , Indian grammarian (7th century B.C.), 556
Panipat , 464
Paper, 171
Paphos (Cyprus), 293
Papuans, 32, 43, 45, 48, 49, 50
Paraguay, 50
Parchesi, 501
Parganait (caste of peasants), 501
Pariahs , see Outcastes
Paribbajaka , 417
Paris, 442, 604, 817, 835
Parjanya, 402
Park, Mungo, Scotch explorer (1771-1805), 83
Parmenides, Greek philosopher (5th century B.C.), 533, 551*, 553
Parmenio, Macedonian general (400-330 B.C.), 384
Parsees, 372, 508*, 629
Parshwanath , 598
Parthenon, 307, 912
Parthia, 479
Parvati (an aspect of Kali), 509, 590
Parysatis , mother of Artaxerxes II (ca. 400 B.C.), 375*
Pasargadœ , 362, 378
Pascal, Blaise, French mathematician and philosopher (1623-1662), 678
Paschal Lamb, 333*
Pasenada or Pasenadi , 589
Pasteur, Louis, French scientist (1822-1895), 782
Patanjali , Indian Yoga teacher (ca. 150 B.C.), 504, 508†, 543, 544, 556
Patesis , 126, 233, 266
Pataliputra , 422, 441, 442, 444, 445, 449, 451, 593*
Patna , 441* see Pataliputra
Pattadakal , 602
Paul, St., Apostle of the Gentiles (martyred A.D. 67), 20, 342, 731
Paulists, 469
Pawnee Indians, 66
Peacock Throne, 473, 608
“Pear Tree Garden,” 704
Peary, Robert Edwin, American arctic explorer (1856-1920), 6
Pechili , Gulf of, 641
Pei (bā), Chinese general (ca. 700), 749
Pei, W. C, 92
Peiping , 2, 92, 94, 152, 812†; also see Peking
Peking , 741, 742, 763, 767, 775, 779, 804, 805, 806, 812, 931
Peking Man, 92, 102, 641, 765
Pelew Islands, 32
Pelliot, P., 506, 739
Pelusium , 227, 267*
Penelope, 570
Penguin Island, 47
Pennsylvania, University of, 119*
Penology, see Punishment
Pentateuch, 299, 301, 310, 328, 340
Pentecost, 332
Pepi II, King of Egypt (2738-2644 B.C.), 151
Pericles, Athenian statesman (499-429 B.C.),
123, 139, 141, 751, 781
Persephone, 238
Persepolis , 90, 128, 362, 365*, 378, 379–380, 381, 384, 385, 596, 744
Persia, 24*, 60, 108, 109, 117, 182, 189, 215, 222*, 226, 248, 249, 263, 270, 272, 278, 280, 284, 285, 286, 287, 290, 294, 299, 313, 326, 328, 329, 349, 350–385, 392, 397, 405, 422*, 440, 450, 464, 473*, 478, 480, 501, 529, 596, 607, 640, 651, 703, 729, 766, 779
Persian Gulf, 117, 118, 119, 121, 221, 224, 228, 267, 290, 292, 356, 479, 703, 761
Peru, 2, 16, 292*
Perur , 594
Peruvian Indians, 65, 77, 81
Pesach , 332–333
Peschel, Oskar Ferdinand, German geographer (1826-1875), 159
Peshawar , 392, 450
Peter the Great, Czar of Russia (1682-1725), 314, 640, 693
Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca), Italian poet (1304-1374), 555, 611
Petrie, Sir William Flinders, 104, 105, 143, 145, 166, 211, 212*, 296, 300*, 301, 701*
Petronius Arbiter, Roman author (died A.D. 66), 155
Peyn (pān), 38
Phallic worship, 61
in Egypt, 199
in Judea, 309
in India, 501, 518–520
Pharaohs, 41, 142, 148, 151, 156, 160, 162, 163–164, 178, 192, 201, 228
Pharos , at Alexandria, 137
Pheidias, Greek sculptor (ca. 490-432 B.C.), 895
Philae , 185
Philistines , 267, 285, 298, 299, 300, 304, 315
Philippine Islands, 45, 46, 53, 804, 806, 928, 931
Philo Judaeus , Greek Jewish philosopher (20 B.C.-A.D. 50), 367*
Philosophy, 936
Egyptian, 193–197
Babylonian, 259–263
Hebrew, 339, 343–349
Indian, 410–415, 416–419, 513–517, 533–554
Chinese, 650–651, 653–658, 659–660, 661, 666–674, 675, 676, 677–682, 684–693, 731–735, 783–788, 821
Japanese, 866–876
Phoenicia , 66, 105, 106, 160, 172, 245, 250, 265, 270, 291–296, 298, 303, 306, 308, 355, 363
Phoenician Star, 293
Phoenicians, 215, 217
Phrygia , 245, 286†, 288–289, 296, 355
Physics, in India, 528–529
in China, 781
Physiocrats, 693
Physiology, in Egypt, 181–182
in India, 529–530
in China, 782
Pi Kan (bē gän), Chinese official (ca. 1140 B.C.), 645
Pi Sheng (bē shŭng), Chinese printer (fl. 1041), 729–730
Pickwick Papers, 885, 891
Picts, 10
Pien Liang (byăn lē-äng’), 727
Pien-tsai (byăn-dzī), Chinese connoisseur (ca. 640), 745*
Pillow Sketches, 854, 862, 887–888
Piltdown Man, 92
Pisidians, 285
Pitakas , 428*
Pittsburgh, 895
Plassey , 584, 612
Plataea, 360, 381, 751
Plate River, 932
Plato, Greek philosopher (427-347 B.C.), 107, 167, 329, 428*, 533, 553, 799
Playboy of the Western World, 53*
Pleistocene Epochs, 92, 93
Pliny the Elder (Caius Plinius Secundus), Roman naturalist and encyclopedist (23-79), 183, 462, 479
Plutarch, Greek historian (46?-120?), 199, 362*, 373, 384*, 578
Po Chü-i (bō jü-ē), Chinese poet and statesman (722-846), 714, 717
Poe, Edgar Allan, American man of letters (1809-1849), 749
Poems Ancient and Modern, 878
Poetry, in primitive societies, 77–78
in Sumeria, 121–132
in Egypt, 176–178
i
n Babylonia, 120, 132, 235–236, 241–243, 250–254
in Judea, 340–342
in Persia, 377
in India, 408–409, 561–571, 579–583, 619–621
in China, 648–649, 705–717
in Japan, 878–881, 926–927
Poetry Bureau (Japanese), 880, 927
Poland, 94
Polo, 501
Polo, Marco, Venetian traveler (1254-1324), 38, 391*, 478–479, 543, 729, 742, 760, 761, 763, 765, 766, 777, 779, 790
Polybius, Greek historian (ca. 206-128 B.C.), 379
Polygamy, in primitive societies, 39–41
in Judea, 336
in Persia, 374
in India, 492
in China, 791, 819
Polygyny, 39
Polynesians, 6, 10, 16, 45, 69, 77, 79–80, 103, 107, 329
Pompey the Great (Cneius Pompeius Magnus), Roman general (106-48 B.C.), 137
Pondicherry , 393
Poo See , 330
Poona , 393, 597
Popes, 331, 535
Population, of Egypt, 214
of India, 391
of China, 769
of Japan, 851, 920*, 927
Porcelain, see Ceramics
Port Arthur, 918, 920†, 928
Portugal, 98, 599, 613, 803, 804
Porus (pôr’-ŭs), Indian king (ca. 325 B.C.), 440, 529
Poseidon, 58
Postal service, in Egypt, 160
Postglacial Stage, 91*
Post-Office, 620*
Potala , 507
Potter’s wheel, 117
Pottery, see ceramics
Prajapati , 403, 404, 416, 513
Prakrit , 555, 574
Prakriti , 537, 539, 541
Pranayama , 543
Prambanam , 603
Pratyahara , 543
Praxiteles, Greek sculptor (fl. 360 B.C.), 186
Precepts of Jesus, 616
Premarital relations, in primitive societies, 44–45
Prexaspes (prex-ăs’-pēz), son of Cambyses (ca. 525 B.C.), 354
Priam, 90
Priests, 68
in Sumeria, 126, 128, 129
in Egypt, 201, 202, 214–215
in Babylonia, 230, 232–234
in Assyria, 271–272
in Judea, 313–314, 338
in Persia, 361, 377
in India, 399, 484–488 (also see Brahmans); in Japan, 864–865
Prince, 443
Printing, in India, 468, 556†, 585†
in China, 728–730
in Japan, 877*
Prints, 907–910
Prithivi , 402
Prometheus, 95
Property, private, in primitive societies, 18–20
in Egypt, 161
in Babylonia, 232
in Judea, 337–338
in India, 483, 484
Prophets, 314–328, 340
Prostitution, in primitive societies, 45
in Sumeria, 129
in Egypt, 166
in Babylonia, 37, 244–246
in Assyria, 275
in Lydia, 289
in Judea, 335
in India, 444, 458, 490–491, 496
in China, 790
in Japan, 862
Protagoras, Greek philosopher (fl. 440 B.C.), 422
Proverbs, 167, 334, 342–343, 349
Provins, Guyot de, medieval poet (ca. 1190), 780
Psalms, 210*, 242, 340–341, 343, 408, 581
Psamtik I, King of Egypt, Prince of Saïs (663-609 B.C.), 215
Ptah (ptä), 143, 201
Ptah-hotep (ptä-hō’-těp), Egyptian official (ca. 2880 B.C.), 165, 193, 194
Ptolemies, 41, 137, 142, 160, 166, 190, 216*
P’u Yi , now Kang Teh (käng dā), Emperor of Manchukuo, last Chinese emperor (born 1906), 810, 811, 813, 931
Pudmini , Rajput princess (ca. 1303), 455–456
Pueblo Indians, 87
Puget Sound, 1
Pulakeshin II, Chalukyan king (608-642), 456
Pumpelly, Raphael, American geologist (1837-1923), 108, 117*
Punishment, in primitive societies, 28–29
Egypt, 162
in Babylonia, 231
in Assyria, 272
in Judea, 338
in Persia, 361–362
in India, 483, 486
in China, 797
in Japan, 850
Punjab , 392, 393, 394, 450, 459, 495
Punt , 153, 189–190
Purana Kashyapa , Indian sceptic, 417
Puranas, 504*, 511–513, 516, 541
Purbach, Georg, German astronomer (1423-1461), 528
Purdah , 46, 286, 287, 375, 401, 494, 625
Pure Land, Sect of the, 864
Puritans, 242, 313
Purusha , 411, 538, 539, 541, 566
Puruvaras , 511
Purva-Mimansa philosophy, 545–546
Pushtimargiya Brahmans, 486*
Puymre , Egyptian architect (ca. 1500 B.C.), 192
Pygmies, 21, 37, 56
“Pyramid Texts,” 174
Pyramids, 138, 139, 140, 144, 147, 148–149, 150, 151, 177, 179, 180, 181, 185, 191, 203*, 216, 308, 395
Pyrenees, 91
Pythagoras, Greek philosopher (6th century B.C.), 533, 536*, 553, 648
“Pythagorean Law,” 529
Q
Questions of King Milinda, 523
Quintus Curtius Rufus, Roman historian (fl. 41-54), 248, 383, 384*
R
Ra or Re (rä or rā), 198, 199, 201
Rabindranath Tagore : Poet and Dramatist (E. J. Thompson), 620*
Rachel, Jacob’s favorite wife, 41, 303*, 333, 334, 336, 340
Radha , 580
Ragas , 588
Rahotep (rä-hō’-těp), Egyptian prince (ca. 3100 B.C.?), 149, 187
Rahula , Buddha’s son (ca. 523 B.C.), 425, 437
Rai, Lajpat , Indian reformer, 497, 616*
Raj Sing , Rana of Mewar (fl. 1661), 478
Rajaraja, Chola king (fl. 1000), 490
Rajarani Temple, 599
Rajasthan , 495
see Rajputana
Rajatarangini , 579
Rajmahal Hills, 501
Rajputana , 454, 579
Rajputs , 393, 454, 456, 467, 487, 492†, 498, 502, 591
Ram Mohun Roy (räm mō’-hŭn roi), Indian reformer and scholar (1772-1833), 614, 616, 617
Rama , 417, 451, 511, 552, 561, 567–570, 581, 617*, 625
Rama Raja, Regent of Vijayanagar (fl. 1542-1565), 459
Rama-charita-manasa , 581
Ramadan , 471
Ramakrishna , Indian religious leader (1836-1886), 617
Ramakrishna Mission, 618
Raman, Chandrasekhara , Indian physicist (1888-), 391, 619
Ramananda , Indian preacher (ca. 1460), 582
Ramanuja , Indian saint and sage (ca. 1050), 552
Ramayana , 398, 402, 417, 517, 524, 567–571, 605
Rameses II, King of Egypt (1300-1233 B.C.), 104, 141, 142, 178, 185, 188, 189, 213–214, 286, 306
Rameses III, King of Egypt (1204-1172 B.C.), 159, 214
Rameses IV, King of Egypt (1172-1166 B.C.), 178
Rameshvaram , 393, 519, 602
Ramesseum , 170, 185, 214
Rangoon , 393, 606
Ranofer , Egyptian high priest (ca. 3040 B.C.), 169
Raphael Sanzio, Italian painter (1483-1520), 751, 759
Ratzenhofer, 23
Ravan(a) , 569
Ravenna, 2
Rawalpindi , 440, 441–442
Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke, English Orientalist and official (1810-1895), 119*, 249
Rayas , 458
Re, see Ra
Rebecca, wife of Isaac, 303*, 337
Record of Nippon, 886
Record of Ten Feet Square, 889
Records of Ancient Events, 874-875, 885
Red Oleanders (Tagore), 620*
Red Sea, 135, 152, 160, 190, 214, 306, 358<
br />
Reichard, 83
Reinach, Salomon, French scholar (1858-1932), 96, 390*
Rekh-mara , Egyptian official (ca. 1500 B.C.), 103
Religion, as an agent of morality, 55–56, 69–71;
sources of, 59
its objects of worship, 59–64
its methods, 64–68
in primitive societies, 56–71
in Sumeria, 127–129, 135
in Egypt, 197–205, 206, 210
in Babylonia, 135, 232–244
in Assyria, 275
in Phrygia, 288
in Phoenicia, 294–295
in Syria, 296–297
in Judea, 308–314, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 325, 326, 327
in Persia, 364–372
in India, 402–405, 420–422, 428–439, 469–472, 503–525
in China, 783–788, 818
in Japan, 832–833, 840–841, 842–843, 863–865, 898
Re’mery-Ptah , Egyptian singer, 192
Renan, Joseph Ernest, French scholar (1823-1892), 73, 303, 330, 345*
Reni, Guido, Italian painter (1575-1642), 759
Reszke, Edouard de, Polish operatic tenor (1856-1917), 192
Revelation, 376
Revenge, in primitive societies, 27
Revolutions of Civilization, 701*
Rhodes, 293
Rhodesia, 66, 94, 104
Richtofen, Ferdinand, Baron von, German geologist and Asiatic traveler (1833-1905), 822
Rig-veda , 366, 401, 407, 408–409, 413*, 436, 495, 508†, 530
Rikyu , tea master (ca. 1590), 841, 857–858, 900
Risampei , Korean ceramic artist (fl. 1605), 900
Rishis , 545
Rita , 404
Rivers, W. H. R., 16
Robenhausen, 102
Robinson Crusoe, 174
Rock Edicts, 447–448, 527
Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 820*
Rockefeller Foundation for Medical Research, 820*, 925
Roger, Abraham, Dutch missionary (fl. 1650, 391*
Roman Catholic Church, 242, 469, 504–505
Romance of the Three Kingdoms, 718, 846
Romans, 16, 118*, 159, 179, 183, 217, 288, 377, 397, 478
Rome, 3, 19*, 24*, 61, 76, 116, 117, 136, 140, 152, 172, 185, 200, 216, 218, 226, 227, 247, 265, 272, 275, 284, 299, 315, 340, 354, 362, 363, 381–382, 451, 479, 529, 554, 640, 647, 695, 701, 744, 777, 778, 847, 899, 925
Rome (city). 155, 294, 457
Romeo and Juliet, 891
Ronin , Forty-seven, 848–849, 908
Roosevelt, Theodore, President of the United States (1858-1919), 918, 929–930
Rosetta Stone, the, 145
Rosh-ha-shanah , 332
Ross, Sir Donald, 773
Rossbach, 613
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, French philosopher (1712-1778), 655, 657, 688, 693, 754, 858, 873, 874
Rowland Acts, 629
Rowley, H., 65
Roxana , wife and sister of Cambyses (ca. 525 B.C.), 354
Royal Asiatic Society, 249
Rubruquis, Guillaume de, medieval traveler and missionary (fl. 1253), 780