by Will Durant
in Assyria, 275
in Judea, 335-337
in Persia, 374-375
in India, 401, 489-490, 491-492
in China, 790-792, 819
in Japan, 924
Marseilles, 293
Marshall, Sir John, 394-395, 396, 442*, 508, 596
Marston, Sir Charles, 173*
Marston Expedition of the University of Liverpool, 302*
Maruyami Okyo , Japanese painter (1733-1795), 906
Marwar (mär-wär’), 454
Mary, mother of Jesus, 247, 511
Mary of Scotland, 889
Mas-d’Azil, 98
Maskarin Gosala , Indian sceptic, 417
Mason, William A., 76-77
Maspero, Gaston, French Egyptologist (1846-1916), 143, 145, 186-187, 188
Mass (ritual), 62
Massagetæ , 353, 355
Masuda , Japanese statesman (fl. 1596), 843*
Mathematics, in primitive societies, 78-79
in Sumeria, 124
in Egypt, 179-180
in Babylonia, 256
in India, 527-528
in China, 781
Mathura , 450, 460, 477, 593, 594
Matsura Basho , Japanese poet (1643-1694), 881
Maud, 891
Maurya Dynasty, 441, 454
May Day, 65, 66
May King and Queen, 65
Maya (mä’-yä), 540, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553
Maya, Buddha’s mother (died 563 B.C.), 423, 424, 425*
Mayas, 527*
Mazzoth , 332
Measurement, standards of, 80
Mecca, 471
Medes, 223, 283, 286*, 287, 350-352, 356, 363, 365, 397†
Media , 269, 270, 350-352, 353, 354, 355
Medici, 155, 751, 835
Medici, Lorenzo de’, Florentine statesman and poet (1448-1492), 216, 756
Medicine, origins of, 80-81
in Sumeria, 125
in Egypt, 182-184
in Babylonia, 258-259
in Assyria, 276
in Persia, 377
in India, 530-532
in China, 782
in Japan, 924
Medinet-Habu , 185
Mediterranean Signary, the, 105
Mediums of exchange, in primitive societies, 15-16
in Sumeria, 125
in Egypt, 160-161
in Babylonia, 228
in Assyria, 274
in Lydia, 289
in Judea, 306, 337
in Persia, 358
in India, 400, 480, 481
in China, 779-780
in Japan, 854, 920
Medum , 190
Megasthenes , Greek geographer (ca. 300 B.C.), 391*, 441, 443, 445, 478, 480, 493, 596
Mei Lan-fang (mā län-fäng’), Chinese actor (20th century), 723
Meiji (mā-jē), see Mutsuhito
Meiji Era (in Japan), 916
Meissen, 759
Melanesians, 11, 16, 31, 42, 81, 84
Melkarth (měl-kärth), 294
Melos, 293
Melville, Herman, American novelist (1819-1891), 26
Memnon, colossi of, 141, 188
Memphis, 2, 140, 147, 151, 216, 248, 268, 353
Menander, King of Bacteria (ca. 100 B.C.), 523
Mencius , Chinese philosopher (372-289 B.C.), 646, 674, 677, 681, 682-686, 687, 688, 693, 697, 789, 843
Mendes, 199
Menes (mē’-nēz), possibly Egypt’s first king (ca. 3500 B.C.), 140, 147
Menkaure (měn-kou’-rē), King of Egypt (3011-2988 B.C.), 150, 186
Menstruation, 70
Mephibosheth , Jewish pretender (ca. 900 B.C.), 305
Mercury, 179*, 277*
Mermaid Tavern, 880
Merneptah , King of Egypt 1233-1223 B.C.), 301
Mesha , King of Moab (ca. 840 B.C.), 295, 297
Mesopotamia, 103, 105, 108, 109, 118, 119, 121, 124, 131, 133, 135, 136, 138, 179, 218-264, 295, 298, 299, 380, 395, 400, 578†, 641, 744, 779
Messiah, 319, 320, 325-326
Messianism, 195
Metals, Age of, 102-104
Metal work, Sumerian, 133-134
Egyptian, 191, 192
Babylonian, 227, 254
Assyrian, 278
Lydian, 289
Indian, 585
Chinese, 737-739
Japanese, 896
Method of Architecture, 740-741
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 143*, 150*, 188, 190*, 479*, 716*, 738, 740†, 758*, 906
Mewar (mā-wär’), 454, 455, 465
Mexico, 9, 66, 93, 292*, 329, 737
Mi Fei (mē fā), Chinese painter (1051-1107), 751
Michelangelo (Buanarotti), Italian artist (1474-1564), 751
Micronesia, 32
Midas , 288
Middle Flowery Kingdom, 641
Middle Flowery People’s Kingdom, 641
Middle Kingdom (China), 643-644
Middle Kingdom (Egypt), 151*, 152, 169, 174*, 176, 178, 190, 191, 195
Mihiragula , Hunnish king (502-542), 452
Mikado , 834
Milan cathedral, 379
Milcom , god of the Ammonites, 312, 321 Miletus, 218
Milinda, 523
see Menander
Mill, James, British historian and political economist (1773-1836), 616
Mill, John Stuart, English philosopher and economist (1806-1873), 924
Millet, Jean-François, French painter (1815-1875), 912
Milton, John, English poet (1608-1684), 712
Minamoto (mé-nä-mô-tô) family, 835, 837, 838
Minamoto Sanetomo (sä-nä-tō-mō), Japanese shogun (1203-1219), 835
Ming Dynasty, 686, 724, 736, 738-739, 740. 742, 757, 758, 767, 782, 904, 912
Ming Huang , Chinese emperor (713-756), 703-704, 705, 707-708, 711, 713, 714-715, 721, 723, 749, 795, 835*
Mining, in primitive cultures, 100, 103-104
in Egypt, 157-158
in Babylonia, 227
in Assyria, 274
in the Hittite Empire, 286
in Armenia, 287
in India, 444, 478
in China, 647, 781
Minos, 90, 331‡
Mir Jafar , Nawab of Bengal (1757-1760; 1763-1765), 614
Miriam, sister of Moses, 333
Mirzapur , 589
Miserables, Les, 718
Mississippi River, 99
Mitanni , 266, 285-286†
Mithra , 285, 365, 370, 371-372
Mithridates , Persian soldier (ca. 400 B.C.), 362*
Mitra , Hindu deity, 397†, 403
Mitsubishi family, 920
Mitsui family, 920
Mitsu-kuni , Japanese scholar and historian (1622-1704), 886
Mo Ti (mō dē), philosopher of universal love (ca. 450 B.C.), 677-679, 681, 682, 873
Moab (mō’-äb), 295, 297, 311, 318, 324
Moabites, 285, 298, 299, 303, 312
Modesty, in primitive societies, 46-48
Moeris Lake, 159-160
Moguls (mō’-gŭlz), 391, 442, 464, 476, 480, 591, 611
Mohammed (mō-hăm’-ěd), Arabian religious leader (571-632), 39, 291
Mohamudgara , 551
Mohenjo-daro (mō-hān’-jō-dä’-rō), 90, 289*, 391, 394-396, 478, 508, 584, 593, 596
Mohism, 678-679
Molière (assumed name of Jean-Baptiste Poquelin), French dramatist (1622-1673), 873
Moloch , 66, 295, 312, 321
Molucca Islands, 60
Mommu , Emperor of Japan (697-707), 850, 877
Momoyama , 895
Mona Lisa, 186
Monaco, 400
Monet, Claude, French painter (1840-1926), 912
Money, see Mediums of exchange
Mongol Dynasty, 757, 764, 766
Mongolia, 94, 140, 449, 504, 602, 606, 641, 767.
Mongols, 60, 119, 152, 763, 764-766, 798, 831
Monier-Williams, Sir Monier, English Orientalist (1819-1899), 397*
>
Monitor and Merrimac, 839
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de, French essayist and philosopher (1533-1592), 11
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondät, Baron de, French man of letters (1689-1755), 299
Montmartre, 748
Moon worship, 59, 60
in Egypt, 198
Moors, 216
Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, 629
Moplah , 628
Morality, 935
defined, 47
in primitive societies, 44-56
in Sumeria, 129-130
in Egypt, 166-167
in Babylonia, 244-248
in Assyria, 275
in Judea, 331-339
in Persia, 374
in India, 401, 488-497
in China, 788-795
in Japan, 923, 924
Morbihan, 102
Morgan, John Pierpont, 479*
Morgan, Lewis Henry, American ethnologist (1818-1881), 73
Mori Zozen (môr-ē zō-zěn), Japanese painter (1747-1821), 906
Morocco, 140
Morris, William, English poet and artist (1834-1896), 906
Mosaic Code, 219, 220*, 330-339, 374
Moscow, 693, 817
Moses, 12, 28, 219, 300, 301, 302, 303, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 321, 340, 348, 374
Moslems, 392, 453, 455, 456, 458, 460, 463, 471, 508*, 584, 599-600, 603
Mosul, , 265, 478
Mother, the, in primitive societies, 30-32
Mother of God, 200, 201, 235
Moti Masjid , 608, 609
Moto-ori Norinaga , (1730-1801), Japanese historian of Shinto legends, 830*, 865, 874-875, 914
Mouhot, Henri, French Orientalist (ca. 1858), 604
Mound Builders, 99, 103, 104
Mount Abu , 598-599
Mousterian Culture, 93, 94, 300
Mridanga , 586
Mu-ch’i , Chinese painter (10th century), 751
Mudhera , 599
Muhammad bin Tughlak , Sultan of Delhi (1325-1351), 461
Mukden , 918
Müller, Friedrich Max, English philologist (1823-1900), 164, 312, 391*
Multan , 459, 465
Mummification, 150
Mumtaz Mahal , Shah Jehan’s wife (died 1631), 473, 474, 609
Münchausen, Hieronymus Karl Friedrich, Baron, German teller of tale tales (1720-1797), 294
Munro, Sir Thomas, British general and Colonial administrator (1761-1827), 614
Murasaki no-Shikibu , Lady, Japanese novelist (978-1031?), 882, 883, 884, 891
Murdoch, James, 703, 865*
Muro Kyuso , Japanese philosopher (fl. 1700), 867-868
Murray Islands, 45
Murray River tribes, 33
Murshidabad , 481
Musa, Ibn , Arabian mathematician (died ca. 850 B.C.), 527
Music, origins of, 88
in Egypt, 192
in Babylonia, 254
in Persia, 378
in India, 586-588
in China, 723
in Japan, 892-893
Mussolini, Benito, Italian statesman (1883-), 69
Mutsuhito , Emperor of Japan (1868-1912), 846, 916, 919, 923, 927
Muttu Virappa Nayyak , Prince of Madura (early 17th century), 602
My Reminiscences (Tagore), 620*
Mycerinus , see Menkaure
Mylitta , 37, 245*, 295; see Ishtar
Mysians, 285
Mysore (mī-sôr’) (city), 393, 456
Mysore (state), 396, 457, 510, 601
N
Nabonidus (năb-ō-nī’-dŭs), King of Babylon (556-539 B.C), 263
Nabopolassar (năb-ō-pō-lăs’ēr), King of Babylonia (ca. 625-605 B.C.), 223, 224, 283
Nabu , 256, 277
Nadir Shah (nä’-dēr shä), Persian conqueror and ruler (1734-1747), 473*
Naga (dragon god), 395,* 402, 604, 605
Nagaoka , 834
Nagarjuna , Indian scientist (2nd century B.C.), 450, 529
Nagas (tribe), 396, 398
Nagasaki , 840
Nagasena , Indian sage (ca. 100 B.C.), 523
Naharina , 164
Naiki (nī-kē), Japanese hero (ca. 1615), 849
Nakaye Toju , Japanese philosopher (1608-1648), 871
Naksh-i-Rustam , 356, 378
Nala , 491, 564
Nalanda , 454, 557-558
Nambudri Brahmans, 486*
Namikawa Tenjin , Japanese philosopher (ca. 1700), 873
Nana, 288†
Nanak , founder of the Sikhs (ca. 1468-1539), 583
Nanda (family), 441
Nanda, Magadhan prince (ca. 523 B.C.), 437
Nandi , 402
Nanking , 659, 722, 739, 742, 747, 764, 805
Nanking, Treaty of, 804-805
Nanking Government, 812*, 814
Nannar , 133, 234
Naomi , 312
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French (1804-1815), 69, 91, 139, 141, 144, 145, 154*, 163, 164, 246, 270, 353, 466, 467, 695
Nara , 738, 757, 834, 835, 851, 855, 865*, 876, 878, 879, 880, 892, 897-898
Narada , 588
Naram-sin , King of Sumeria and Akkad (2795-2739 B.C.), 122, 133, 255
Narbada River, 397‡
Nasik , 597
Nasiru-d-din , Sultan of Delhi (fl. 1510), 483*
Nastika , philodophies, 534
Nastiks, 416-417
Nationalists (Indian), 621, 626, 629-630, 632
Naucratis , 138
Nautch (nôch) girls, 490
Neanderthal Man, 92, 93, 94, 95, 300
Near East, 93, 105, 116, 118*, 120, 132, 134-135, 154-160, 174, 181, 212, 215, 223, 224, 226, 227, 255, 263, 265, 268, 270, 271, 273, 281, 284, 285, 288, 290, 292, 293, 295, 298, 303, 306, 326, 329, 335, 337, 339, 353, 356, 357, 362, 478, 728, 755†
Nebo (nē’-bō), 235
Nebraska, 94
Neb-sent (něb’-sěnt), Egyptian lady (ca. 3100 B.C.), 165
Nebuchadrezzar II, King of Babylon (605-562 B.C.), 223-224, 225, 227, 228, 229, 233, 241, 257, 262, 285, 298, 321, 322, 324, 327, 666
Necho (nē-kō), see Niku II
Negroes, American, 6
Neo-Confucianism, 675
Neolithic man, 98-102, 106, 117
Neo-Platonism, 553
Nepal (nê-pôl’), 451, 506
Nephthys , 201
Nergal , 240, 256
Nero, Lucius Domitius, Roman emperor 54-68), 269
Nestorianism, 702, 787-788
Netherlands, 753
Netsuke , 893, 898
New Britain, 10, 46, 49, 57, 84
New Caledonia, 35, 77, 84
New Georgia, 45
New Guinea, 15, 32, 34, 42, 43, 45, 84, 99*
New Hanover, 84
New Hebrides, 34
New Holland, 79
“New Life” movement, 818*
New Mexico, 94
New South Wales, 14
New Testament, 415, 416, 616
“New Tide” movement, 821-822
New York, 133*, 393, 703
New Zealand, 29, 84
Newton, Sir Isaac, English scientist (1642-1727), 529
Nichiren , founder of the Lotus Sect (1222-1282), 864
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, German philosopher (1844-1900), 23, 177, 376, 457*, 539*, 554, 657, 659, 723, 734, 819
Nigeria, 45, 75
Nihongi , 886
Nikko , 894
Nikon Bashi (Tokyo bridge), 847
Niku II, King of Egypt (609-593 B.C.), 321
Nile River, 94*, 109, 135, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 152, 156, 160, 161, 179, 180, 181, 183, 185, 190, 197, 200, 202, 214, 218, 299, 300, 358, 396
Nimrud , see Kalakh
Nina (ně’-na), 266
Nineveh , 1, 14, 117, 135, 218, 223, 237*, 256, 265, 266, 268, 269, 274, 276, 278, 279, 281-282, 283, 284, 290, 303, 306, 307, 317, 321, 351, 380
Ning Tsung , Emperor of China (ca. 1212), 763
Ningirsu 117
N
ingpo , 805
Ninigi , 830
Ninil , 256
Ninkarsag , 127
Ninlil , 127
Ninsei , Japanese potter (ca. 1655), 900
Nippon , 830†
see Japan
Nippur , 118, 120, 121, 123, 127, 132
Nirvana , 394, 428, 435-436, 504, 517, 518, 535, 541, 549, 564
Nishi-Hongwan Temple, 894, 895
Nisin , 118
Niyama (nē-yä-mä), 543
No plays, 841, 889-890
Noah, 290*, 330
Nobel prizes, 391, 619, 621
Nobunaga , Japanese shogun (1573-1582), 838, 839, 889, 900
Nofretete (nō-frā-tā’-tā), wife of Amenhotep IV (fl. 1380-1362 B.C.), 118, 212
Nofrit , wife of Rahotep, 187
Nogi, Count Maresuke , Japanese general (1849-1912), 846, 918
Noguchi, Hideyo , Japanese scientist (1876-1928), 924-925
Noguchi, Yone (yō-nā), Japanese poet, 881
Nomarchs, 146
Nomes, 146-147
North America, 99*, 103, 108, 391
North Star, 293
Nubia , 46, 140, 158, 213
Numa Pompilius, 647
Nur Jehan , Jehangir’s wife (ca. 1625), 472-473, 609
Nut , 198, 201
Nutmose , Egyptian artist (ca. 1370 B.C.), 211
Nyaya philosophy, 535-536
Nyaya Sutra , 533
O
Oannes (ō-ăn’-ās), 118*, 237
Ocean of Music, 529*
Oceania, 14, 87, 104; also see Melanesians, Polynesians
Ochus (ō’-kŭs), see Artaxerxes III Ochus
O’Connell, Daniel, Irish orator and politician (1775-1847), 673*
Odyssey, 561, 564, 567
Ogodai (ō-gō-dī), Grand Khan of the Mongols (1229-1241), 763
Ogyu Sorai , Japanese philosopher (1666-1728), 872, 873-874
Ojeda, Alonso de, Spanish explorer (ca. 1470-1508), 99*
Ojibwa Indians, 61
Oklahoma, 94
Old Kingdom (Egypt), 142, 150*, 169, 176, 178, 184, 187, 189, 190, 194
Old Persian, 249, 356-357
Old Testament, 313, 318, 328, 329, 334, 339, 341, 510, 616
Omaha Indians, 16, 22, 75
Omar (ō’-mär), mosque of, Jerusalem, 607
Omura , Lord of Nagasaki (16th century), 840
Onan (ō’-năn), biblical character, 39
Onna Daikaku , 869-870
Ono Goroyemon , Japanese sculptor (ca. 1252), 898
Onomatopoeia, 73
“Open Door,” 806, 929
Open Door to the Hidden Heathendom, 391*
Ophelia, 518
Ophir , 306
Opium War, first, 804, 805
Opium War, second, 805
Oppenheim, Baron von, 286†
Oppenheimer, Franz, 23
Oppert, Julius, German Orientalist (1825-1905), 118-119*
Orang Sakai, 38
Ordeal, in primitive societies, 28
Oriental Museum (University of Chicago) Expedition, 378†
Orinoco Indians, 42, 86