In the Shadow of Vesuvius
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Index
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Aesop’s Fables, 142
Agricola (Tacitus’ father-in-law), 91
agriculture, 5, 110–13, 161, 198–9, 212; Hesiod’s Works and Days, 111, 112, 200, 201, 203; Horace’s farm, 201; Pliny the Elder’s ideal plot size, 201–2; Pliny’s estate in Perugia, 29, 32, 159–60, 161–2, 176, 199–201, 202–8, 212
Agrippina the Elder, 21
Agrippina the Younger, 24–5
Alberti, Leon Battista, 168
de Alcubierre, Rocque Joaquin, 42
Alexander the Great, 66, 74, 86, 206
Apelles (artist from Kos), 167, 168–9
Apennines, 161, 201
Apollodorus of Damascus, 217–18
Apollonius (Pythagorean), 98–9
Archestratus (poet from Sicily), 65
Aristotle, 73–4, 166, 192
Armenia, 216
Arpocras (doctor), 188, 189–90
Arria (wife of Caecina Paetus), 147–8
art and sculpture, 119–20, 133–4, 133*; Aphrodite of Knidos, 167–8; in Como, 19, 127, 128, 214, 239–40, 241, 242; Corinthian bronze, 133–5; Francesco’s Studiolo in Florence, 165, 166–7; naturalism, 167–9; Pliny the Elder on, 134–5, 167–9; at Pliny’s Tuscan villa, 169–70, 185, 238; statues of the Plinys in Como, 19, 214, 239–40, 241, 242; Vasari’s Lives, 129
Artemidorus (Stoic), 99, 155, 179
Arulenus Rusticus (consul and writer), 96, 149–50, 151–2, 153, 154
Asclepiades (doctor from Bithynia), 189
Athenodorus (philosopher in ghost story), 80–2
Atilius Septicianus, Publius, 140–1
Attia Viriola, court case involving, 46–7
St Augustine, City of God, 54
Augustus, Emperor, 21, 53, 87, 213
Bacon, Francis (scientist and statesman), 38–40, 242
Baetica (modern Andalusia), 182, 204
Baiae (town), 67, 130, 211
ball games, 159*
Barbaro, Ermolao, 241–2
Bassus, Aufidius, 53
Bay of Naples, 3–11, 41–4, 67, 130, 219–20
Bede, Venerable, 241
bees, 73*, 120, 198
Bithynia, 28–9, 224–36, 237, 240–1
Borghini, Vincenzo, 165
Boudicca, revolt of, 68
Brindisi (Brundisium), 67
Britain, 23, 53, 68; Battle of Mons Graupius, 91
Britannicus (stepbrother of Nero), 25, 55
British Library in London, 166
Byron, Lord, 121, 122
Byzantium, 226, 237
Caecilius, Lucius Secundus, 127
Caecilius Cilo, Lucius, 127
Caecilius Iucundus, Lucius, 41
Caledonia (Scotland), 91
Caligula, Emperor, 21, 23, 233
Calpurnia (second wife of Pliny), 117–18, 170, 171; in Bithynia with Pliny, 224–5, 236; suffers miscarriage, 191, 192–3; travels to Campania, 193–5, 197
Calvus (poet), 47, 115, 116, 119
Campania: Calpurnia in, 193–5, 197; earthquake (ad 63), 8–9, 41; grapevines, 5, 205, 208; landscape and agriculture, 5; Lucrine Lake, 67; ‘Pliniana’ (cherry), 110; pre-eruption tremors, 8; sickness in survivors of eruption, 15–16; see also Vesuvius
Caninius Rufus, 128–9, 130, 140, 143–4, 217
Capitoline Games, 163
Carthage, sack of, 112
Carus, Mettius, 150–1, 154, 178–9
Castor, Antonius, 31, 145–6
Catius, Titus (Epicurean), 133*
Cato the Elder, 112, 161, 208
Cato the Younger, 149, 196
Catullus, 18, 19, 47, 115, 116, 117, 132, 226
Centum Cellae (Civitavecchia), 218–19, 228
Charles III, King of Spain, 41
Charlottenhof Castle in Potsdam, 203
Chatti (Germanic tribe), 23, 24, 55, 90–1, 164
Chauci (Germanic tribes), 22
cherry trees, 110
Chimaera, Mount, 4
Christianity, 26, 28–9, 54, 153–4, 230–6, 239–41; Nicene Creed, 237
cicadas, 198
Cicero, 28, 29*, 47, 52, 77, 96, 118–19, 214, 220, 223
Cisalpine Gaul, 115
Clairmont, Claire, 122
Claudius, Emperor, 23, 24–5, 53, 94, 230, 232
Clemens, Flavius, 153, 177, 230
Cleopatra, 166
Collenuccio, Pandolfo, 242
Columbus, Christopher, 165
Como (ancient Comum): art and sculpture in, 19, 127, 128, 214, 239–40, 241, 242; Bellagio near, 130–2; as birthplace of both Plinys, 20, 31, 32, 121, 126–9, 138–9, 239–41; Bishop of Vercelli visits (1578), 239–40; Caninius Rufus’ house, 128–9, 130; cathedral, 239–40, 242; dispute over birthplace of the Plinys, 18–20, 115, 129, 130–2, 240; education in, 138–9, 140–1, 241; founding of (59 bc), 126–7; Giovio’s Plinian museum, 129, 130, 132; Lake Como (Larius), 121–4, 126, 127, 128, 130–2, 145, 155; Museo Civico, 132, 134; Pliny’s gifts and generosity to, 133–4, 138–41, 240, 241; Pliny’s houses in, 32, 130–2; public buildings, 127–8, 132, 141, 241; spring/fountain at Torno, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 131, 218; statues of the Plinys in, 19, 214, 239–40, 241, 242; town of Lenno near, 131–2
concrete, 219–20
Constantine, Emperor, 226, 237
Cophantus, Mount, 4
Corbulo, Gna
eus Domitius, 22–3, 94
Corellius Rufus, 36, 180, 196–7
Cornelia (chief Vestal), 92–3, 95
cosmology, 14–15, 96
Cowper, William, 63
Crates (Cynic philosopher), 97
Cynic philosophers, 97
Dacia (modern Romania), 91, 215, 217–18
Danube, river, 91, 182, 215, 217–18
Darwin, Charles, 137
death and mortality: ghosts, 79–82; Pliny and posterity, 221–2, 238; Pliny the Elder dismisses life-after-death notion, 78–9; Sleep and Death as brothers, 58–9, 80, 101; Stoic view of, 101–2, 104; suicide, 54, 101–3, 104, 145, 146–8, 196–7
Decebalus (Dacian king), 91, 217
Decius, Emperor, 235
Demosthenes, 47
Dendy, W.C., 81
Dickens, Charles, A Christmas Carol, 72, 75, 81
Dio, Cassius, 87
Diocletian, Emperor, 226, 237
Dolce, Lodovico, 168
dolphins, 143–4
Domitia Longina, 94, 178
Domitian, Emperor, 93; assassination of (ad 96), 177–8, 181–2, 186; background of, 89; Dacian expedition, 91, 215; damnatio memoriae process, 186–8, 237–8; and death of Titus, 87–9; expulsion of philosophers from Italy, 150, 153, 154, 155, 181, 231; and German Wars, 90–1; and legal system, 95, 150–4; and Pliny, 27, 28, 89–92, 104–5, 150–5, 178–9, 186–8, 216, 237–8; rule of, 89, 90–5, 104–5, 149–55, 163, 178–80, 186, 206–7; sexual behaviour of, 94–5, 179–81; treatment of Christians, 153–4, 230, 231; and trial of Stoics, 151, 152, 178, 179, 181; Vestal Virgin buried alive by, 91–3, 95
dreams, 69–71, 80, 178–9
drunkenness, 206
Drusus (son of Livia), 21, 23, 55, 80
du Prey, Pierre de la Ruffinière, 203
earthquakes, 8–10, 41; during ad 79 eruption, 9–10, 11, 13
Eco, Umberto, 38
education, 138–41, 241
Egypt, 15, 55, 164, 213–14
Elephantis (author), 191
elephants, 73–4
Epicureanism, 79, 96, 133*
equestrian class, 20*, 27, 28, 30, 67–8, 84, 128, 163, 193, 200–1
Etna, Mount, 4, 5
Etrurians of central Italy, 199
Euphrates (Stoic philosopher), 98–9, 102, 103, 155, 183
Euripides, Hecuba, 92
Eusebius (Christian historian), 234, 236
evolutionary science, 137
Fabatus, Calpurnius (grandfather of Calpurnia), 193, 194, 236
Fannia (Arria’s granddaughter), 148–51, 152–3, 154, 180–1, 183
fig trees, 111, 112–13
Fiorelli, Giuseppe, 42–3, 82
fire-fighting equipment, 229
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, The Great Gatsby, 134
Flavia Domitilla (Domitian’s niece), 153, 177
fleet, Roman imperial, 3–4, 6–7, 24
Florence, 165, 166–7
flowers and trees, 20–1, 75, 110–13, 120, 162–3, 174, 198–9, 203–4
food: first fruits of spring, 111–14; fish sauces, 204; Musonius Rufus on, 100; olives, 203–4; at Pliny’s occasional dinners, 62–3; seafood, 30, 65, 66–7; see also agriculture
Francesco I de’Medici, 165, 166–7
Franklin, Benjamin, On Luxury, Idleness, and Industry (1784), 35
Freud, Sigmund, Interpretation of Dreams (1899), 70
Galba, Emperor, 55
Gauls, 112, 199
Germania, 20, 21–4, 53, 55–6, 90–1, 164
Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 168
ghosts, 79–82
Giovio, Benedetto, 19–20, 129, 130–1; Historiae Patriae, 132, 240
Giovio, Paolo, 19, 129, 130, 132
grain imports, 213
Granius Marcellus, Marcus, 185–6
grapes, 204–7
gynaecological health, 191–2
Hadrian, Emperor, 68, 237
Hamilton, Sir William, 40–1, 42
Hannibal, 112
Heaney, Seamus, ‘The Barn’, 198
Helvidius Priscus, 96, 148, 149–51
Herculaneum, 11–12, 42, 79
Herennius Senecio, 95–6, 150, 151–2, 153, 154
Herod Agrippa, King, 53
Herodotus, 15*, 221
Hesiod, Works and Days, 111, 112, 200, 201, 203
hetaeriae (political clubs), 229, 232
Homer, 47–8, 58–9, 70, 71
homes and estates of Pliny: in Como, 32, 130–2; garden at Laurentum, 109, 111; home on Esquiline Hill, 32, 60, 146–7, 201; Pliny’s inheritance, 29, 185–6; villa at Laurentum, 72–3, 74–7, 78, 109, 111, 120, 155, 159, 172, 200; see also Tuscan villa and estate (near Perugia)
Horace, 109, 201
horse-racing, 163
Hortensius (orator), 73
Housman, A.E., 110, 116
hunting, 74, 128, 173, 202
Icaria (Aegean island), 117
inheritability, notion of, 137, 138
Jerusalem, 53, 56, 147, 230, 233, 234
Jews: and Caligula, 233; and Claudius, 230, 232; destruction of Temple of Jerusalem (ad 70), 56, 234; Masada siege (ad 73-4), 56, 57; Romans conflate Judaism with Christianity, 153, 177, 230; Tiberius expels from Rome (ad 19), 230; uprising in Judaea (ad 66-74), 53–4, 55, 56–7, 87, 146–7, 182
John the Apostle, 153
Josephus, 54, 56–7
Jotapata (Yodfat), siege of, 54
Joyce, James, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916), 133
Judaea, 53–4, 55, 56–7, 87, 146–7, 182, 230, 233, 234
Julius Caesar, 80, 115, 126–7, 149, 196
Juvenal, 85, 153
Lais (doctor and/or sex worker), 192
Lang, Andrew, 81
Larius (Como’s lake), 121–4, 126, 127, 128, 130–2, 145, 155
Laurentum, 72–3, 74–7, 78, 109, 120, 155, 172
legacy hunting (captatio), 50
legal system: board of ‘Ten Men’, 45; Centumviral Court, 45–7, 48–9, 50–1, 70, 95, 104, 139, 174; and Domitian, 95, 150–4; juries, 45, 46–7; Pliny as lawyer, 45–7, 48–9, 50–1, 69, 70, 83–5, 103, 104, 139, 174; senatorial trials, 83–5, 150–2, 180–1; trial of Stoics under Domitian, 150–2, 178, 179, 181
Leonardo da Vinci, 121, 165, 175, 242
Leoniceno, Niccolò, 241, 242
letters of Pliny: account of ad 79 eruption, 18, 37–8, 40, 43, 104; to Calpurnia, 117, 118, 194–5; and Como, 129, 130, 241; on the courtrooms, 45; discovery of manuscript (c.1500), 18; dolphin story in, 143–4; on Domitian, 28; first printed edition (1471), 18, 19; as form of history, 222; as great chronicle, 27–8, 238; ideas on life he wishes to lead, 31–2; on occasional dinners, 62–3; as pagan source on Christianity, 28–9, 230; poetry in, 118–19; published by himself, 32; on Stoicism, 99; Suetonius in, 68–9; to Tacitus, 3, 35–6, 37–8, 40, 43, 49, 76, 172–4; to Trajan, 28, 36, 227–8, 231–2, 234, 235, 236
Leviticus, Book of, 224
Licinianus, Valerius, 95
Licinius Sura (senator), 123–4
Livy, Ab urbe condita, 10, 86
Lucan, 27
Lucretius (poet), 79–80
Lucullus (Roman general), 110
Macer, Aemilius, 19
malarial infection, 160, 161
Mantegna, Andrea, 168–9
Manutius, Aldus, 18
Marcus Aurelius, Emperor, 96
Mark Antony, 28, 80, 166, 206
Martial, 60–1, 124, 137–8, 225
Masada, siege of (ad 73-4), 56, 57
Matociis, Giovanni de, 18
Matrone, Gennaro, 135–7
Mauricus, 151–2
medicine: distrust of doctors, 188–90; foreign, 31, 189; gynaecological health, 191–2; iced baths, 87–8; natural remedies, 31, 145–6, 189, 196
menstruation, 192
Messalina (third wife of Claudius), 94
Milan (Mediolanum), 36, 127
Misenum, cape of, 3–4, 6, 10, 11, 12–14, 15, 16, 37
Mithridates VI Eupato
r, 102*
Mona (Anglesey), 91
Montaigne, Michel de, 64
Montanus, Senator, 49–50
Morandini, Francesco, 166
Mount St Helens, Washington State, 20
Musonius Rufus (Stoic), 97–8, 99–100, 102, 155
mythology: Bacchus, 5; bones of Orestes, 15; earthquakes and volcanoes, 15; fall of Troy, 13–14, 58–9; Odysseus, 47–8, 71; Prometheus, 167; Sarpedon’s death, 58–9, 101; Sleep and Death as brothers, 58–9, 80, 101; Virgil’s Aeneas, 4, 13–14, 15, 47, 54, 70–1, 75
Natural History (Pliny the Elder): aim of, 96–7; composition of, 17; dedicated to Titus, 59, 115; frontispiece, 19; humanist reactions to, 241–2; ‘in a nutshell’ phrase, 29*; influence on Darwin, 137; and Montaigne’s roof beams, 64; Pliny the Elder’s description of, 222; Renaissance printed editions, 18, 165–6, 167–9; as seminal achievement, 29–30, 60; and Percy Shelley, 122; structure of, 30; survival of, 238; work started on, 53
Natural History (subjects): agriculture, 201–2; antidotes to poison, 102*; art collectors, 134; bees, 120; Campania, 5, 205; Cicero, 214; Cleopatra’s pearls, 166; contraceptive advice, 31; Curio’s theatre in Rome, 174–5; danger from shrews, 161; dangers and ubiquity of seafood, 65–7; dangers of materiality, 30–1, 100–1, 112; dangers of mushrooms, 25, 113; death of Claudius, 24–5; distrust of doctors, 188–9; dolphins, 143; drunkenness, 206; earthquakes, 9; elephants, 73–4; end of the world fears, 14–15; eyes and light, 77–8; fabulous creatures, 144; figs, 112–13; finger rings, 164–5, 167; flowers and trees, 20–1, 110, 112–13; fortune following disaster, 110; gigantic ancient corpses, 15; gout, 196; gynaecology, 191–2; hot springs, 23–4; Judaea, 57; loss of faces from history, 187–8; moles, 77; natural remedies, 31, 145–6, 189, 196; nightingales, 143; notion of life after death, 78–9; olives, 204; oysters, 30, 65, 66–7; paper manufacture, 17; perfume, 85–7; plunder of the earth, 30, 100–1; preordained fate, 80; Romans as conquerors conquered, 86–7; sculpture and art, 134–5, 167–9; sexuality, 94–5, 191–2; snow, 63–4, 65; suicide, 101–2; summer solstice, 198, 199; the Tiber, 211; volcanoes, 4–5; wine, 206, 207
natural world: and Aristotle, 73–4; ‘Dal male nasce il bene’, 109; flowers and trees, 20–1, 75, 110–13, 120, 162–3, 174, 198–9, 203–4; ‘lucky Campania’, 5; Pliny the Elder as naturalist, 4, 20–1, 30–1, 100–1, 105, 109, 110, 113, 238; Pliny the Elder condemns plunder of, 30–1, 100–1; Pliny’s view of, 48–9, 101, 105, 113–14, 142–4, 238; spring, 109–12, 113–14, 120; Stoic view of, 96–7, 99–101, 105; see also earthquakes; volcanoes