prior error, 496covariance matrix, 498
variance, 491
prior estimate, 487, 491, 494, 496
prior information, 487
prior PDF, 492
probability density function, 489Gaussian PDFs for vectors, 501
prognostic, 114
proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS), 439atmospheric components measured, 440–441
PSCs. See ozone (O3), stratospheric: polar stratospheric clouds
pseudo-density, 123
PTR-MS. See proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS)
puff model, 170
PVU. See potential vorticity unit
pyroconvection, 408
QBO. See quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO)
quantum yield, 228
quasi steady-state, 232
quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), 51
quasi-geostrophic approximation, 110
quasi-laminar boundary layer, 418
radiance (intensity) definition, 206
radiation definition, 205
radiative source, 208
radiative transfer definition, 205
equation, 211–224source function, 250
radiative transfer model, 12, 488, 513and remote sensing, 445
radical-assisted reaction chains, 54
radicals, 54
RANS. See Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equation
rate coefficient. See rate constant
rate constant, 230
rate-limiting step, 62
Rayleigh scattering, 82, 217
Rayleigh theory, 217
reactive uptake probability, 242
receptor-oriented problem, 502
refraction index, 217
regridding. See remapping
regularization method, 490
relative error variance reduction, 494
relative humidity (RH), 29
remapping, 184
remote sensing, 487atmospheric components measured, 440–441
differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS), 445
and Max-DOAS, 445
Dobson spectrophotometers, 444
filter radiometers, 445gas-filter correlation radiometry (GFCR), 446
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 446
microwave spectroscopy, 447
Umkehr effect, 444
representation error, 491–492covariance matrix, 499
vector, 498
residual error method, 499–500
retrieval, See optimal estimate
residence lifetime. See e-folding lifetime
resistance aerodynamic, 420
quasi-laminar boundary resistance (boundary resistance), 421
surface, 422
total, to dry deposition, 420
resistance-in-series model. See big-leaf model
resonance fluorescence, 442atmospheric components measured, 440–441
retrieval, of satellite observations aerosol optical depth (AOD), 460
column concentrations, 459
vertical profiles (optimal estimate), 459
Reynolds decomposition, 343–349, 353
Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equation, 107
Reynolds number, 344–345
Reynolds stress, 107
RH. See relative humidity (RH)
Richardson number, 345critical, 372
riming, 384
RMA. See linear regression
RMSE. See root mean square error (RMSE)
root mean square error (RMSE), See also centered root mean square error (CRMSE)
roughness length, 375
Rossby waves, 50
RTM. See radiative transfer model
saltation, 413
SAO. See semi-annual oscillation (SAO)
satellite measurements geostationary orbit, 453
Lagrange L1 and L2 orbits, 453
low Earth orbit (LEO), 453
microwave instruments, 452
Molniya orbit, 453
solar backscatter instruments, 452
thermal infrared (IR) instruments, 452
saturation pressure, 29
saturation vapor pressure. See saturation pressure
scale height, 31
scatterplots, See evaluation, model
scattering of radiation, 217definition, 207
scattering efficiency, 217, 219
scattering phase function, 217
scattering regimes diagram, 218
Schmidt number, 421
Schumann–Runge bands, 217, 228
Schumann–Runge continuum, 217
Schwarzschild’s equation, 224
sea salt aerosol, 412
sectional model, 96
segregation ratio, 350
semi-annual oscillation (SAO), 51
semi-Lagrangian methods, 328–334
semi-Lagrangian model, 328
sensible heat, 23
sequential updating, 516
shallow atmosphere approximation, 103
Shapiro filter, 179
shape factor and satellite observations, 459
shortwave radiation, 205. See also solar radiation
Shuman filter, 179
similarity assumption, 352
similarity theory, 374
single-scattering albedo, 81, 208
slant optical depth, 207
slant column and satellite observations, 459
slip-correction factor, 427
smog, 14
smoothing, See filtering
smoothing error, 494, 512covariance matrix, 512
solar constant, 22, 213
solar energy. See solar radiation
solar radiation, 22absorption spectrum by O2 and O3, 215–231
flux, 22–23
and general circulation, 48–50
and the global energy budget, 23
in the mesosphere, 25
and remote sensing, 444
spectral density at top of the atmosphere, 213
spectral irradiance at sea level, 213
transfer of, in the atmosphere absorption and scattering, 217–218
numerical solution, 222–223
phase function, 220
scattering by aerosols and cloud droplets, 218–219
scattering by air molecules, 217
source function, 220
sondes. See ozonesondes
specific humidity, 28
spectral decomposition, 497, 501
spectral density definition, 206
formulation, 206
spectral filter, 183response function, 183
spectral methods fast Fourier transform (FFT), 152
Fourier decomposition, 151
Gaussian grid, 155
Gibbs phenomenon, 153
pseudo-spectral, 155
rhomboidal truncation, 154
spherical harmonics, 153
triangular truncation, 154
spectroscopy. See also remote sensingactive, 439
passive, 439
speed of light, 205
s-stage, 138
staggered grid, 143
statistical model, 171
stomata, of the leaf, 404, 422
storm tracks, 44
stability, 275amplification factor, 285–286, 288, 292, 360
atmospheric, 345
CFL. See CFL criterion
conditional, 35
convective, 366
numerical, 285
polar singularity, 336
unconditional, 290
unconditional instability, 285
von Neumann analysis, 285–287
standard gravity, 32
state vector, 487, 496
statistical metrics, of model skill correlation, 469, 471–473
grading, 474
other indices of agreement, 471
outliers, 469
statistical significance, 478–480
Target diagram, 477
Taylor diagram, 475–477
steepest-descent algorithm, 520
Stefan–Boltzmann constant, 22, 211
Stefan–Boltzmann law, 211
steric factor, 230
stiff system, 254
STILT model, 370
stochastic models, 4, 6, 8–9definition, 5
of turbulence, 355
Stokes–Einstein formula, 246
stratiform precipitation. See large-scale precipitation
stratopause, 25, 51
stratosphere, 25, 27
stratosphere–troposphere exchange, 25dynamical barriers, 351
streamfunction, 111
Student’s t-test, 473, 479, 586–588
subsaturated, 29
subsidence, 34, 378
subsidence inversion in the free troposphere, 48
successive order method, 222
sulfur species, 74–75oxidation states, 75
sulfur dioxide (SO2) aqueous-phase oxidation, 75
gas-phase oxidation, 75
supercomputer. See computing
supercooled, 29
supersaturated, 29
surface layer, 367
surface measurements. See observing platforms
surface uptake. See dry deposition
surrogate species, 234
synoptic scale definition, 38
systematic error. See mean bias
tangent linear model, 507
Target diagram. See statistical metrics, of model skill
Taylor diagram. See Statistical metrics, of model skill
Taylor expansion, 563
TDL. See tunable-diode laser (TDL) spectroscopy
temperature. See atmospheric temperature
temperature inversion and atmospheric stability, 33
definition, 25
in the stratosphere, 25, 49
in the troposphere, 34
ternary nucleation, 245
terminal settling velocity, 427
terrestrial IR. See terrestrial radiation
terrestrial radiation. See infrared (IR) radiation
terrestrial radiation absorption by molecules, 225
emission of, 224–225
numerical solutions of transfer equation, 225–227
spectrum, 205
thermolysis, 229
third body, 55, 231
three-body reaction, 231–232broadening factor, 232
high-pressure limit, 232
low-pressure limit, 232
reaction rate, 231
Tikhonov regularization, 491, 527matrix, 527
time smoothing Robert–Asselin, 184
TLM. See tangent linear model
top-down constraint, 488
total derivative, 561definition, 561
trajectory model, 160
troposphere. See also free troposphere
thermal wind, 40–41, 370
thermal wind equations, 39application to the stratosphere, 49
thermopause, 25
thermosphere, 25–26
thermosphere, 27
third body, 231
top-down constraint, 401
trace gas definition, 21, 277
trade winds, 42, 44and El Niño–Southern Oscillation, 47
transfer velocity. See exchange velocity
transition regime, 241
transmission function, 207
transportivity, 276, 289
Troe expression, 232
tropical pipe, 52, 390
tropopause, 25folding, 390
troposphere, 24–25, 27, See also free troposphere
tunable-diode laser (TDL) spectroscopy, 442
tuning, model. See calibration, model
turbulence, 8–9, 13, 15, 275cascade, 346
definition, 5–6
diffusion, 279
diffusion coefficient, 351
diffusion matrix, 351
eddy flux, 347
flow regime, 344
kinetic energy (TKE), 346
mechanical, 48
momentum equation, 353
similarity assumption, 352
stochastic models. See stochastic models
turbulent mixing, 105
two-film model, 401
two-stream method, 223
two-way surface exchange, 410
unimolecular reaction, 229reaction rate, 230
Van’t Hoff law, 236
variogram. See kriging
variational method, 520, 530
velocity of an air parcel, 36
of Earth’s rotation, 36
velocity potential, 111
ventilation of the planetary boundary layer, 48, 49
virtual temperature, 29, 353
VOC-limited regime, 71
VOCs. See volatile organic compounds
volatile organic compounds and tropospheric ozone production, 14
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 64–67generic oxidation scheme, 66–67
nomenclature, 65
semivolatile, 66
volatility basis set (VBS) approach, 238
volatility classes, of organic species, 238
volcanic explosivity index (VEI), 410
volume mixing ratio. See mixing ratio
Von Karmann constant, 374
Von Neumann analysis. See stability
Voronoi diagram, 189
vorticity. See curl
vorticity absolute, 110
Ertel potential, 112
potential, 112
relative, 112
warm pool, Pacific Ocean, 43
water vapor atmospheric abundance, 21, 28
greenhouse gas, 23
wavelength, 205
weather forecast model. See meteorological model
wet chemistry, 439
wet deposition below-cloud scavenging. See washout
convective scavenging, 382–384
in-cloud scavenging. See rainout
large scale scavenging, 383
rainout, 383, 385
retention efficiency, 384
washout, 383, 385–386
wet scavenging. See wet deposition
Wien’s displacement law, 212
wind shear dimensionless, 375
Zel’dovich mechanism, 62, 386
zenith angle, 571
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