Gauss–Ostrogradsky theorem. See divergence, theorem
GC. See gas chromatography (GC)
GCM. See general circulation models
GC-MS. See gas chromatography (GC)
general circulation definition, 42
in the middle atmosphere (>10 km), 49
in the planetary boundary layer, 47–49
in the troposphere, 41
general circulation models, 16history, 10
geocorona (aeronomy), 27
geometric altitude, 31–32
geometric optics, 218
geometric scattering, 82, 218
geometric standard deviation, 243
geopotential, 32, 39
geopotential height, 32
geostatistical inversion, 527
geostrophic approximation, 38
geostrophic balance, 35
GFCR. See remote sensing, passive
global biogeochemical models, 399
global energy budget and general circulation, 41
and global warming, 24
global heat budget. See global energy budget
Godunov’s theorem definition, 290
gravitational settling of particles, 416
gravity waves, 50parameterization, 388–389
green function, 93transition probability density, 93
greenhouse effect definition, 22–23
greenhouse gases, 225
grid computing. See computing
grid geometry cubed sphere grid, 147
dynamic adaptive grid, 148
icosahedral grid, 147
longitude–latitude grid, 145
mesh refinement, 148
Voronoi tessellation, 146
gross primary productivity (GPP), 403
group velocity. See numerical dispersion
H2. See hydrogen, molecular (H2)
Hadley cells, 42and anti-cyclones, 44
halogen radicals, 72–74
Hartley band, 55, 217
He. See helium (He)
heat of reaction, 215–231
helium (He) atmospheric abundance, 22
in the thermosphere, 25
Henry’s law, 236effective constant, 237, 384
Henry’s law constant, 236for air–sea exchange, 430
Herzberg continuum, 217
Hessian, 523definition, 569
heterogeneous chemistry, 235
heterosphere (aeronomy), 27
heterotrophic respiration, 402
high-NOx regime, 66
high-performance computing. See computing
HIRDLS. See remote sensing, passive
homosphere (aeronomy), 27
Huggins band, 55, 217
hydrodynamics, 26effective scale height, 32
equations of the atmosphere, 32
hydrogen, molecular (H2) atmospheric abundance, 22
hydrogen oxides radical family HOx family, 61HOx-catalyzed ozone loss, 61
production and loss, 61
HOy family, 61
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 61
hydroperoxyl radical (HO2), 61
hydrostatic approximation, 31–32
hydrostatic equilibrium, 31
hydrostatic law, 32
hydroxyl radical (OH) history, 12–13
chemistry, 57
hygroscopic growth factors, 243
ice nuclei (IN), 29
ideal gas law and atmospheric stability, 31
application to the atmosphere, 21, 27, 40
IID. See independent and identically distributed
IN. See ice nuclei (IN)
in-situ observations aerosols, 444
gases, 439–442
independent and identically distributed, 495
inertial impaction, of particles, 422
infrared (IR) radiation and effective temperature, 22
and the global energy budget, 23
and remote sensing, 444
terrestrial emission, 22–23
instrument error, 491–492covariance matrix, 499
vector, 498
interception, of particles, 422
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 10–11
interhemispheric mixing timescale, 43
interpolation, 184
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and interhemispheric mixing, 43
and precipitation, 44
definition, 42
seasonal migration, 44
inverse modeling, 15, 18, 370bias, 495–496
definition, 18, 487
and model error, 437
scalar example, 491
inverse solution evaluation, 515–516
positivity, 528–529
inversion adjoint-based, 520–523
analytical, 509–520
ionosphere, 27
ion drag, 111
IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IR. See infrared (IR) radiation
irradiance, 209
isentropic definition, 40
isobaric definition, 40
isoprene, 64biogenic emission, 404
isopycnic definition, 40
isothermal definition, 40
ITCZ. See intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)
Jacobian definition, 569
Jacobian matrix, 489, 501–502
jet stream, 41
Kalman filter, 530–533ensemble, 533
linear, 532
persistence model, 532
prior error covariance, 532
prior estimate, 532
suboptimal, 533
Karush–Kuhn–Tucker condition, 528
Kelvin waves, 50
Kelvin–Stokes’ theorem. See curl
Kirchhoff’s law, 212
Kinematic viscosity, 108
KKT. See Karush–Kuhn–Tucker condition
Knudsen number, 246
Kolmogorov scale, 342
Kr. See krypton (Kr)
Kriging, 192
krypton (Kr) atmospheric abundance, 22
Laminar flow, 344
La Niña. See El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
Lagrange function, 529
Lagrange multipliers method, 529
Lagrangian derivative. See total derivative
Lagrangian particle dispersion model, 162
Lagrangian stochastic model, 162
Lambertian surface, 223
Langevin equation, 163
Langmuir isotherm, 239
Laplace transform, 576
Laplacian definition, 572
lapse rate, 24
large eddy simulation (LES), 343, 368
large-scale precipitation, 383
LES. See large eddy simulation (LES)
laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), 442atmospheric components measured, 440–441
latent heat, 23, 25and clouds, 30
flux, 366
of sublimation, 30
of vaporization, 30
leaf area index (LAI), 404
LEO. See satellite measurements
LIF. See laser-induced fluorescence (LIF)
lifetime. See e-folding lifetime
lightning parameterization, 386–388
Lindemann–Hinshelwood rate, 232
line-by-line models, 225
linear regression error estimate, 466
Pearson correlation coefficient, 465, 473
liquid water content, 237
local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), 224
locality, 276
log law for the wind, 418
longwave radiation. 205. See infrared (IR) radiation
Lorenz–Mie theory. See Mie theory
low-NOx regime, 66
L-stable, 137
lumped species, 234
Lyman-α line, 217
Lyapunov exponent, 392
magnetohydrodynamics, 26
magnetosphere, 27
Markov chain Monte Carlo, 525–526
mass accommodation coefficient, 240
mass density of air, 27
mass extinction cross section, 207
mass spectrometry (MS), 439, See also aerosol observations: in-situdefinition, 439
mass transfer rate coefficient, 239
mathematical models definition, 4
history, 4–6
maximum likelihood estimator, 526
matrix manipulation, 566–570Gauss–Seidel iteration, 266
Jacobi iteration, 266
LU decomposition, 266
Max-DOAS. See remote sensing, passive
MCMC. See Markov chain Monte Carlo
mean age of air, 94
mean bias, 495, 500
mean free path, 240
meridional mixing timescale, 43
mesopause, 25, 50
mesophyll, of the leaf, 422
mesosphere, 25, 27
metastable equilibrium and cloud formation, 30
meteorological models ensembles, 6
history, 6–9
and the Navier–Stokes equation, 5, 7
meteorology definition, 26
methane (CH4), 21atmospheric abundance, 22
biogenic emission, 402
method of moments (MOM), 249
Metropolis–Hastings algorithm, 526
middle atmosphere (>10 km) dynamics, 49
Mie scattering, 82
Mie theory, 217
mineral dust emission processes, 412
mineralization, 405
mixed layer depth, 350
in the planetary boundary layer, 49
mixing length in a planetary boundary layer, 372
mixing ratio definition, 21
of water vapor, 28
mode, aerosol, 250
model definition, 2–3
history, 3–4
molar mass of air, 27
of dry air, 28
of moist air, 28
of water, 28
molar mixing ratio. See mixing ratio
molarity, 236
mole fraction. See mixing ratio
molecular diffusion, 88
molecular diffusion coefficient, 89
molecular extinction cross section, 207
molecular weight of dry air, 31
moment dynamics equations (MDEs), 249
momentum equation, 104
Monin–Obukhov length, 374
monochromatic value. See spectral density
monotonicity, 275, 311
monsoon circulation, 43
Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse, 527
MS. See mass spectrometry (MS)
multimedia models, 399
multiphase chemistry. See heterogeneous chemistry
N2. See nitrogen, molecular (N2)
N2O. See nitrous oxide (N2O)
NAO. See Arctic Oscillation (AO)
narrow-band model, 226
Navier–Stokes equation. See meteorological models
Ne. See neon (Ne)
neon (Ne) atmospheric abundance, 22
net biome production (NBP), 403
net ecosystem productivity (NEP), 403
net primary productivity (NPP), 403
neural network, 173
neutral atmospheric stability, 34
Newton–Raphson iteration, 270, 272
nitrification, 405
nitrogen oxides (NOx) and stratospheric ozone loss, 12, 62
and tropospheric ozone production, 14
fuel NOx, 62
source and sinks, 62–64
thermal NOx. See Zel’dovich mechanism
global inventory of anthropogenic emissions, 412
soil emission, 405
nitrogen, molecular (N2), 21atmospheric abundance, 22
nitrous oxide (N2O) atmospheric abundance, 22
oxidation by O(1D), 62
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). See Arctic Oscillation (AO)
NOx. See nitrogen oxides
NOx-limited regime. 70
NOx-saturated regime. See VOC-limited regime
NOy, 63–64
non-hydrostatic equation, 114
non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) biogenic emission, 184
non-transport theorem, 192
nucleation, 245bursts, 245
rate, 246
null cycle, 62
number density, 27
numerical dispersion definition, 283
numerical fixer, 336
numerical method in solving radiative transfer equation, 222–223
O2. See oxygen, molecular (O2)
O3. See ozone (O3), stratospheric; ozone (O3), tropospheric
observations, of surface fluxes, 448–450eddy accumulation method, 448
eddy correlation method, 448
flux-gradient method, 450
observation vector, 487, 496
observational error, 487, 492covariance matrix, 496, 498–499
covariance matrix in sate space, 512
in state space, 494
unbiased, 492
vector, 489, 496
observations, of the atmosphere in-situ, 439–444
remote, 440–441
observing platforms aircraft, 452
satellites, 444
surface, 451
observing system. See atmospheric observing system
observing system simulation experiments, 533definition, 18, 533
analysis run, 535
control run, 534
nature run, 534
true atmosphere, 534
observing systems definition, 17–18
ODE. See ordinary differential equations
offline approach, 15
OH. See hydroxyl radical
one-way deposition, 416
online approach, 15
open fires emission factors, 408
emission rate calculation, 408
and plume rise, 408
operator splitting, 174
operators chemistry, 253
splitting, 279, 303, 383
transport, 253, 275
optical depth formulation, 207
optical path. See slant optical depth
optical particle counter. See aerosol observations:in situ
optimal estimate, 459, 487, 492–493, 510–511error variance. See posterior error variance
nonlinear, 494
ordinary differential equations, 253–254definition, 574
organic nitrate (RONO2), 67
organic peroxides (ROOH), 66
organic peroxy radical (RO2), 66
OSSEs. See observing system simulation experiments
oxygen, molecular (O2), 21atmospheric abundance, 22
ground and excited states of O atoms, 55
odd oxygen family (Ox), 56
ozone (O3), stratospheric, 21, 55–60Antarctic ozone hole, 12, 73
atmospheric abundance, 22
Chapman mechanism, 11–12
distribution, 57–58
historic milestones, 58
photolysis, 55
production and loss, 14, 55–56
polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), 12
ozone (O3), tropospheric, 21, 69–71a simple production mechanism, 233
atmospheric abundance, 22
and climate, 14
global distribution, 71
isopleth diagram, 70
production and loss, 14, 69–70
dry deposition velocity, 425
ozonesondes, 439–441atmospheric components measured, 440–441
PAN, 63–64
parameter vector, 487
partial differential equations (PDEs), 574
particles. See aerosols
particulate matter. See aerosols
path length, 208
PBL. See planetary boundary layer (PBL)
PDF. See probability density function
Péclet number, 279numerical, 280
Pearson’s correlation coefficient, 497
phase diagram water, 30
phase speed. See
numerical dispersion
phenology, of plant, 404
photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), 404
photochemistry, photochemical mechanisms, 54
photolysis, 229definition, 227
in the Schumann–Runge bands, 228–229
reaction rate, 227
photolysis frequency, 227
photon flux density, 210
piston velocity. See exchange velocity
Planck constant, 205
Planck function, 212
Planck’s law, 211
planetary albedo, 22–23
planetary boundary layer (PBL), 47–49mixing timescale, 47
parameterization, 366–378
surface layer, 374–378, See surface layer
planetary waves, 25
planetary waves. See also Kelvin waves
plant functional types (PFTs), 404
plume model, 166
point sources, 412
polar stratospheric cloud (PSC), 73
polar vortex, 50and Arctic oscillation (AO), 51
and the Antarctic ozone hole, 52
as a dynamical barrier, 390
definition, 52
positive definite, 498
potential temperature, 32–33
potential vorticity unit, 112
posterior error covariance matrix, 511–512
covariance matrix in observation space, 518
variance, 494
posterior estimate. See optimal estimate
Prandtl number, 377
precipitation Bergeron process, 31
and riming, 31
pressure. See atmospheric pressure
pressure-dependent collisional broadening, 226
pressure-independent Doppler broadening, 226
primitive equation, 114
principal component analysis (PCA), 578
Modeling of Atmospheric Chemistry Page 73