Ike's Spies: Eisenhower and the Espionage Establishment
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10. Ambrose, Supreme Commander, p. 123.
11. Arthur Funk, The Politics of Torch, p. 255.
12. Eisenhower Papers, p. 711.
13. Funk, Politics of Torch, p. 252.
14. Eisenhower Papers, p. 707.
15. For a typical text, see RG 226, Records of the OSS, #28564, November 11, 1942, Modern Military Records, National Archives.
16. Ambrose, Supreme Commander, pp. 130–32.
17. Interview with Milton Stover Eisenhower.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Robert Murphy, Diplomat Among Warriors, pp. 150–51.
21. Ambrose, Supreme Commander, p. 134.
22. Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,048.
23. Harold Macmillan, The Blast of War, p. 174.
24. Murphy, Diplomat Among Warriors, p. 143.
25. Richard Harris Smith, OSS: The Secret History of America’s First Central Intelligence Agency, p. 64.
26. Ibid., pp. 62–65.
27. Rosfelder’s remarkable story is in an obscure memo publication called Today in France (No. 99, January 1972), the newsletter of the Society of French-American Affairs in New York City. I want to thank Dr. Arthur Funk for bringing this document to my attention.
28. New York Times, December 26, 27, and 28, 1942.
29. Butcher’s diary, December 26, 1942.
30. Ibid.
31. M. R. D. Foot to author, February 26, 1979; author’s possession.
32. Ambrose, Supreme Commander, p. 148; Newsweek, January 4, 1943.
33. Today in France, No. 99, January-February 1972.
34. Newsweek, January 4, 1943.
35. New York Times, December 26, 1942.
36. Smith, OSS, p. 64.
37. Eisenhower Papers, p. 869; Arthur Funk, Charles de Gaulle—The Crucial Years, pp. 61–62.
38. Eisenhower Papers, p. 870.
39. Smith, OSS, p. 65.
40. London Times, December 30 and 31, 1942, and January 1, 1943; evidently the Times did not have a man in Algiers, for it took its stories from Charles Collingwood’s radio broadcasts.
41. See document XL 6203, Record Group 226, Records of the OSS, Modern Military Branch, National Archives.
42. Smith, OSS, pp. 65–66.
43. Letter, Collingwood to author, September 13, 1978, author’s possession.
44. Peter Tompkins, The Murder of Admiral Darlan: A Study in Conspiracy, pp. 270–71.
45. Ibid.
46. The full message is in U. S. Dept. of State, Foreign Relations of the U.S., Diplomatic Papers, 1943, 6 vols., Washington, 1963–65, vol. II, Europe, pp. 23–24.
47. XL 923, Record Group 226, Records of the OSS, June 19, 1944, in Modern Military Branch, National Archives.
48. Ibid.
49. Tompkins, Murder of Darlan, pp. 270–71.
50. Murphy, Diplomat Among Warriors, p. 143.
51. Tompkins, Murder of Darlan, p. 272.
52. Clark, Calculated Risk, p. 130.
53. Butcher’s diary, January 4, 1943.
CHAPTER FIVE
1. Martin Blumenson, Kasserine Pass, pp. 1–71; Stephen E. Ambrose, The Supreme Commander: The War Years of Dwight D. Eisenhower, pp. 167–69.
2. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, pp. 141–47.
3. Blumenson, Kasserine, pp. 94–95; Eisenhower, Crusade, p. 142.
4. Ambrose, Supreme Commander, p. 170.
5. Blumenson, Kasserine, p. 163.
6. Ambrose, Supreme Commander, p. 171.
7. Eisenhower Papers, p. 969. After this book had gone to the galley proof stage, Michael Foot informed me that it was all a cover. Mockler-Ferryman had correctly picked up from Ultra the impending attack, but the American corps commander would not listen. Ike fired the American general. To give balance for the sake of Anglo-American relations, he also “fired” the Mock, sending the message to Marshall, quoted above in a low-level cipher in the hope the Germans would pick it up. According to the cover story, the Mock returned to London in disgrace, where he took up work with the Boy Scouts. In fact, he became head of the Special Operations Executive (SOE) that ran the French Resistance.
8. Eisenhower Papers, p. 971.
9. Harry Butcher’s diary, February 20, 1943; see also Ronald Lewin, Ultra Goes to War: The Secret Story, pp. 273–74.
10. Harold Deutsch, “The Influence of Ultra on World War II,” in Parameters: Journal of the U. S. Army War College, Vol. VIII (December 1978), p. 6.
11. Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,034.
12. Butcher’s diary, February 20, 1943.
13. Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,014.
14. Ronald Lewin, Ultra Goes to War, pp. 311, 370.
15. Ibid., p. 280.
16. F. W. Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret, p. 158.
17. Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,249.
18. Eisenhower Papers, pp. 1,253–54.
19. Lewin, Ultra Goes to War, p. 281; letter, Gavin to author, March 26, 1979. Gavin admitted that only British six-pounders would have done the job, and they were not readily available.
20. Lewin, Ultra Goes to War, pp. 248–49.
21. Marshall’s letter to Eisenhower of March 15, 1944, is in Modern Military Records, National Archives.
22. Lewin, Ultra Goes to War, p. 250.
23. Adolph G. Rosengarten, Jr., “With Ultra from Omaha Beach to Weimar, Germany—A Personal View,” in Military Affairs, vol. XLII (October 1978), p. 131.
24. “Synthesis of Experiences in the Use of Ultra Intelligence by U. S. Army Field Commands in the European Theater of Operations,” Record Group 457, Modern Military Records, National Archives.
25. Ibid.
26. Lewin, Ultra Goes to War, p. 262.
27. Anthony Cave Brown, ed., The Secret War Report of the OSS, pp. 189–90.
28. Ibid., pp. 190–91; Richard Harris Smith, OSS: The Secret History of America’s First Central Intelligence Agency, p. 86.
29. Smith, OSS, p. 105.
30. Ibid., p. 86; Brown, ed., Secret War Report of OSS, p. 191.
31. Brown, ed., Secret War Report of OSS, pp. 192–93.
32. Smith, OSS, pp. 88–89.
33. Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret, pp. 164–65; Lewin, Ultra Goes to War, p. 281.
34. Ambrose, Supreme Commander, pp. 270–71.
35. Lewin, Ultra Goes to War, p. 283.
36. Ibid., pp. 285–86; Deutsch, “The Influence of Ultra …,” p. 9.
CHAPTER SIX
1. Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,673.
2. Anthony Cave Brown, Bodyguard of Lies, p. 426.
3. Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,656; Dwight D. Eisenhower, At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends, p. 269.
4. Brown, Bodyguard of Lies, p. 409.
5. J. C. Masterman, The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939–1945, p. xiv.
6. Ibid., p. 145.
7. Earl Ziemke, “Operation Kreml: Deception, Strategy, and the Fortunes of War,” Parameters; Journal of the U. S. Army War College, Vol. IX (March 1979), pp. 72–81.
8. Harry Butcher’s diary, May 12, 1944; Eisenhower to Swede Hazlett, January 23, 1956, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Papers as President, 1953–1961 (Whitman File), Diary Series, “1956, Misc. (2),” Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas. (Hereafter cited as Dwight D. Eisenhower Library).
9. Brown, Bodyguard of Lies, p. 436.
10. David Kahn, Hitler’s Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II, pp. 488–89.
11. Brown, Bodyguard of Lies, p. 464.
12. Ibid., p. 465.
13. Ibid., pp. 466–67; Masterman, Double-Cross, pp. 150–56.
14. Brown, Bodyguard of Lies, p. 472; Ronald Lewin, Ultra Goes to War, p. 333.
15. Masterman, Double-Cross, p. 146.
16. Eisenhower to Marshall, September 20, 1943, Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,439.
17. Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,840; Stephen E. Ambrose, The Supreme Commander: The War Years of Dwight D. Eisenhower, pp. 343–45.
18. Butcher’s diary, June 12, 1943.
19. Eisenhow
er Papers, p. 1,853; Forrest C. Pogue, The Supreme Command, Appendix A, “SHAEF and the Press.”
20. Sir Kenneth Strong, Intelligence at the Top: The Recollections of an Intelligence Officer, p. 118.
21. Ibid., p. 182.
22. Masterman, Double-Cross, p. 156.
23. Kahn, Hitler’s Spies, p. 496.
24. G-2 Estimate of the Enemy Build Up Against OVERLORD, May 5, 1944, SHAEF SGS 350.09/3, Record Group 331, Modern Military Records, National Archives.
25. Ibid. See also German Appreciation of Allied Intentions Regarding OVERLORD, May 29, 1944, SHAEF SGS 350.09/2, Record Group 331, Modern Military Records, National Archives.
26. Ibid.
27. Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,746.
28. Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,761–62; Ambrose, Supreme Commander, p. 402.
29. Eisenhower Papers, p. 1,814; Ambrose, Supreme Commander, pp. 401–2; Kahn, Hitler’s Spies, p. 507.
30. Ambrose, Supreme Commander, p. 403.
31. Ibid., p. 404; Brown, Bodyguard of Lies, pp. 532–33.
32. Ambrose, Supreme Commander, p. 403.
33. Brown, Bodyguard of Lies, pp. 540–41.
34. Leslie Groves, Now It Can Be Told—The Story of the Manhattan Project, pp. 199–206; Eisenhower Papers, pp. 1,859–60.
35. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 249.
36. Kahn, Hitler’s Spies, p. 615.
37. Eisenhower Papers, pp. 1,894–95.
CHAPTER SEVEN
1. J. M. Stagg, Forecast for Overlord, p. 67.
2. David Kahn, Hitler’s Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War 11, p. 514; J. C. Masterman, The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939–1945, pp. 156–57.
3. Walter Warlimont, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters, p. 422; Anthony Cave Brown, Bodyguard of Lies, p. 639.
4. Masterman, Double-Cross, pp. 156–57; Kahn, Hitler’s Spies, pp. 515–16.
5. Ronald Lewin, Ultra Goes to War, p. 317; Masterman, Double-Cross, p. 157; Kahn, Hitler’s Spies, p. 515.
6. Masterman, Double-Cross, pp. 160–61.
7. These summaries are all in SHAEF SGS 350.09/2, Record Group 331, Modern Military Records, National Archives.
8. Masterman, Double-Cross, pp. 158–59.
9. Ibid., p. 163.
10. Richard Harris Smith, OSS: The Secret History of America’s First Central Intelligence Agency, p. 163.
11. Anthony Cave Brown, ed., The Secret War Report of the OSS, p. 399.
12. Eisenhower Papers, pp. 1,927, 1,932.
13. Brown, ed., Secret War Report of OSS, p. 403; Smith, 055, p. 175.
14. Smith, OSS, p. 179.
15. Eisenhower Papers, pp. 1,771, 1,852, 1,857.
16. M. R. D. Foot, SOE in France: An Account of the Work of the British Special Operations in France, p. 350.
17. Brown, Bodyguard, p. 567; Brown, ed., Secret War Report of OSS, p. 391.
18. “AFHQ History of Special Operations,” MTO 1942–45, in Modern Military Records, National Archives.
19. Foot, SOE, p. 389.
20. Ibid., p. 398.
21. Brown, ed., Secret War Report of OSS, p. 459.
22. Foot, SOE, p. 399.
23. Brown, ed., Secret War Report of OSS, p. 453.
24. Report by the Supreme Commander to the CCS on Operations in Europe of the Allied Expeditionary Force (London, 1946), pp. 52–53.
25. Eisenhower Papers, pp. 1,926, 1,932.
26. Forrest C. Pogue, The Supreme Command, pp. 236–37.
27. Quoted in Foot, SOE, pp. 441–42. Foot adds, “It is impossible to overlook the contrast [with Montgomery]. Resistance is barely mentioned in either of the volumes in which Montgomery recounts the triumphs that, but for resistance, would not have been so easily won.”
28. Wainwright interview.
29. Ibid.
CHAPTER EIGHT
1. Stephen E. Ambrose, The Supreme Commander: The War Years of Dwight D. Eisenhower, pp. 459–60.
2. F. W. Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret, p. 200.
3. Ibid., p. 199.
4. Ambrose, Supreme Commander, p. 466.
5. Interview with Eisenhower.
6. Martin Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, p. 460.
7. Ronald Lewin, Ultra Goes to War, p. 337.
8. Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret, p. 215.
9. Arthur W. Tedder, With Prejudice: The War Memoirs of Marshall of the Air Force, Lord Tedder, p. 575; Omar N. Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, pp. 369–72; Eisenhower Papers, pp. 2,059–60.
10. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, p. 461.
11. Ibid., pp. 462–63.
12. Lewin, Ultra Goes to War, p. 339.
13. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, p. 464.
14. Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret, p. 220.
15. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, p. 464.
16. Ibid., p. 465.
17. Ibid., p. 474; Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret, p. 227, writes, “It had been an epic story. The ULTRA signals between Hitler and von Kluge which led up to the Battle of Falaise and the destruction of a large part of the German Army in the West were probably ULTRA’S greatest triumph.”
18. Harry Butcher’s diary, August 5, 1944.
19. Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret, p. 221; Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, p. 481. In Montgomery’s defense, it should be noted that a heavy air bombardment preceded the Canadian attack and it would have been difficult to reschedule the participation of the bombers. Difficult, but not impossible.
20. Ambrose, Supreme Commander, pp. 473–75.
21. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, p. 491.
22. Eisenhower Papers, p. 2,060.
23. Butcher’s diary, August 16, 1944; Ambrose, Supreme Commander, p. 477.
24. Ambrose, Supreme Commander, pp. 476–77.
25. Lewin, Ultra Goes to War, p. 345.
26. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, p. 558.
27. U. S. Military Academy, Department of Military Art and Engineering, West Point Atlas of American Wars, vol. II, map 55.
28. Adolph G. Rosengarten, Jr., “With Ultra from Omaha Beach to Weimar, Germany—A Personal View,” in Military Affairs, vol. XLII (October 1978), p. 129.
CHAPTER NINE
1. Sir Kenneth Strong, Intelligence at the Top: The Recollections of an Intelligence Officer, p. 112.
2. Stephen E. Ambrose, The Supreme Commander: The War Years of Dwight D, Eisenhower, p. 339.
3. Strong, Intelligence, p. 176.
4. Ibid., p. 116.
5. Eisenhower Papers, p. 944; interview with Eisenhower.
6. Strong, Intelligence, p. 117.
7. Strong, Intelligence, p. 176.
8. Ibid., p. 114.
9. Interview with Eisenhower.
10. Strong, Intelligence, p. 135.
11. Ibid., p. 230.
12. Omar N. Bradley, A Soldier’s Story, p. 416.
13. Ambrose, Supreme Commander, p. 518.
14. Ronald Lewin, Ultra Goes to War, p. 347.
15. Ibid., p. 348.
16. Interview with Strong; Cornelius Ryan, A Bridge Too Far, p. 104.
17. Ryan, Bridge Too Far, p. 105.
18. Ibid., p. 131.
19. Ibid., p. 130; Strong, Intelligence, p. 202.
20. Interview with Eisenhower.
21. Ryan, Bridge Too Far, p. 130.
22. Ibid., pp. 130–31.
23. Ibid., p. 517.
24. Strong to author, March 19, 1979.
25. Strong, Intelligence, p. 202.
CHAPTER TEN
1. This account of German preparations for the Bulge is based on Peter Elstob, Hitler’s Last Offensive, pp. 46–50, and John S. D. Eisenhower, The Bitter Woods, and Ronald Lewin, Ultra Goes to War, pp. 355–57.
2. Harry Butcher’s diary, December 16, 1944.
3. Eisenhower Papers, p. 2,350.
4. Adolph G. Rosengarten, Jr., “With Ultra …,” Military Affairs vol. XLII (October 1978), p. 130.
5. Ibid., p. 129.
6. Strong to au
thor, March 19, 1979.
7. Eisenhower Papers, p. 2,329.
8. Eisenhower Papers, p. 2,335.
9. Rosengarten, “With Ultra,” p. 132.
10. Stephen E. Ambrose, The Supreme Commander: The War Years of Dwight D. Eisenhower, p. 554; Forrest C. Pogue, The Supreme Command, pp. 361–65.
11. Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 361–65.
12. Rosengarten, “With Ultra,” p. 130.
13. Patrick Beesly, Very Special Intelligence: The Story of the Admiralty’s Intelligence Centre, 1939–1945, pp. 242–43.
14. Rosengarten, “With Ultra,” p. 130.
15. Richard Harris Smith, OSS: The Secret History of America’s First Central Intelligence Agency, p. 225.
16. Eisenhower Papers, p. 2,117.
17. Butcher’s diary, December 23, 1944.
18. Strong to author, March 19, 1979.
19. Ambrose, Supreme Commander, p. 558.
20. Butcher’s diary, December 23, 1944.
21. Sir Kenneth Strong, Intelligence at the Top: The Recollections of an Intelligence Officer, p. 233.
22. Rosengarten, “With Ultra,” p. 131.
23. Strong, Intelligence, p. 245.
24. Rosengarten’s report is part of a series, “Reports by U. S. Army ULTRA Representatives with Army Field Commands in the European Theater of Operations,” Record Group 457, N.S.A., SH H-023 Part 1, Modern Military Records, National Archives.
25. Ibid.
26. Buck’s report is in ibid.
27. Rood’s report is in ibid.
28. Fellers’ report is in ibid.
29. Talbert’s report is in ibid.
30. Cornelius Ryan, The Last Battle, p. 210.
31. Ibid., p. 212.
32. Quoted in ibid., p. 213.
33. Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower and Berlin: The Decision to Halt at the Elbe, pp. 75–76.
34. Quoted in ibid., p. 75; see also, Rodney G. Minott, The Fortress That Never Was.
35. Sir Kenneth Strong, Men of Intelligence, p. 124.
36. Quoted by Rosengarten in his report to Taylor.
CHAPTER ELEVEN
1. Stephen E. Ambrose, The Supreme Commander: The War Years of Dwight D. Eisenhower, p. 325.
2. Eisenhower diary, Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.
3. Ibid.
4. Herbert F. York, The Advisers: Oppenheimer, Teller, and The Super-bomb, pp. 31–37.