The Emotional Foundations of Personality
Page 40
The following are simple hand scoring formulas for the six primary-process ANPS 2.4 scales, which use a 3 for the highest response and a 0 for the lowest response for each item.
SEEKING score = +(anps1) +(anps17) +(anps33) +(anps49) +(anps65) +(anps81) +(anps97)
+(3 -anps9) +(3 -anps25) +(3 -anps41) +(3 -anps57) +(3 -anps73) +(3 -anps89) +(3 -anps105).
FEAR score = +(anps2) +(anps18) +(anps34) +(anps50) +(anps66) +(anps82) +(anps98)
+(3 -anps10) +(3 -anps26) +(3 -anps42) +(3 -anps58) +(3 -anps74) +(3 -anps90) +(3 -anps106).
CARE score = +(anps3) +(anps19) +(anps35) +(anps51) +(anps67) +(anps83) +(anps99)
+(3 -anps11) +(3 -anps27) +(3 -anps43) +(3 -anps59) +(3 -anps75) +(3 -anps91) +(3 -anps107).
ANGER score = +(anps4) +(anps20) +(anps36) +(anps52) +(anps68) +(anps84) +(anps100)
+(3 -anps12) +(3 -anps28) +(3 -anps44) +(3 -anps60) +(3 -anps76) +(3 -anps92) +(3 -anps108).
PLAY score = +(anps5) +(anps21) +(anps37) +(anps53) +(anps69) +(anps85) +(anps101)
+(3 -anps13) +(3 -anps29) +(3 -anps45) +(3 -anps61) +(3 -anps77) +(3 -anps93) +(3 -anps109).
SADNESS score = +(anps6) +(anps22) +(anps38) +(anps54) +(anps70) +(anps86) +(anps102)
+(3 -anps14) +(3 -anps30) +(3 -anps46) +(3 -anps62) +(3 -anps78) +(3 -anps94) +(3 -anps110).
Please note that women tend to obtain higher CARE scores than men. Also, individual scores tend to reflect a degree of “social desirability” such that scores for the FEAR, ANGER, and SADNESS scales tend to be lower than the scores for the SEEKING, CARE, and PLAY scales depending on how concerned the individual is about the ANPS results making a good impression.
References
Adler, A. (1930). Individual psychology. In C. Murchisan (Ed.), Psychologies of 1930 (pp. 395–405). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.
Adolphs, R. (2002). Neural systems for recognizing emotions. Current Opinions in Neurobiology, 12, 169–177.
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1969). Object relations, dependency and attachment: A theoretical review of the infant-mother relationship. Child Development, 40, 969–1025.
Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Bell, S. M. (1970). Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. Child Development, 41, 49–67.
Albert, D. J., & Walsh, M. L. (1984). The inhibitory modulation of agonistic behavior in the rat brain: A review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 6, 125–143.
Allport, G. (1937). Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York, NY: Holt.
Allport, G. W., & Odbert, H. S. (1936). Trait names: A psycho-lexical study [Special issue]. Psychological Monographs, 47(1).
Almagor, M., Tellegen, A., & Waller, N. (1995). The Big Seven model: A cross-cultural replication and further exploration of the basic dimensions of natural language of trait descriptions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 300–307.
Altman, E., Hedeker, D., Peterson, J. L., & Davis, J. M. (1997). The Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale. Biological Psychiatry, 42, 948–955.
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Amir, R., Van den Veyver, I., Wan, M., Tran, C., Francke, U., & Zoghbi, H. (1999). Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2. Nature Genetics, 23, 185–188.
Anacker, C., O’Donnell, K., & Meaney, M. (2014). Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 16, 321–333.
Andersen, S., Arvanitogiannis, A., Pliakas, A., LeBlanc, C., & Carlezon, W., Jr. (2002). Altered responsiveness to cocaine in rats exposed to methylphenidate during development. Nature Neuroscience, 5, 13–14.
Ando, J., Suzuki, A., Yamagata, S., Kijima, N., Maekawa, H., Ono, Y., & Jang, K. (2004). Genetic and environmental structure of Cloninger’s temperament and character dimensions. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 379–393.
Andrus, B. M., Blizinsky, K., Vedell, P. T., Dennis, K., Shukla, P. K., Schaffer, D. J., . . . Redei, E. E. (2012). Gene expression patterns in the hippocampus and amygdala of endogenous depression and chronic stress models. Molecular Psychiatry, 17, 49–61.
Armel, K. C., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2003). Projecting sensations to external objects: Evidence from skin conductance response. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270, 1499–1506.
Arnedo, J., Svrakic, D. M., Del Val, C., Romero-Zaliz, R., Hernández-Cuervo, H., Molecular Genetics of Schizophrenia Consortium, . . . Zwir, I. (2015). Uncovering the hidden risk architecture of the schizophrenias: confirmation in three independent genome-wide association studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 139–153.
Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., Perugini, M., Szarota, P., De Vries, R. E., Di Blas, L., . . . De Raad, B. (2004). A six-factor structure of personality-descriptive adjectives: Solutions from psycholexical studies in seven languages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 356–366.
Avery, O. T., MacLeod, C. M., & McCarty, M. (1944). Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformations of pneumococcal types: Induction of transformation by a desoxyribonucleic acid fraction isolated from pneumococcus type III. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 79, 137–158.
Bachevalier, J. (1990). Ontogenetic development of habit and memory formation in primates. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 608, 457–477.
Bailey, P., & Davis, E. W. (1942). Effects of lesions of the periaqueductal gray matter in the cat. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 51, 305–306.
Bailey, P., & Davis, E. W. (1943). Effects of lesions of the periaqueductal gray matter on the Macaca mulatta. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 3, 69–72.
Bakker, T. C. M. (1994). Genetic correlations and the control of behavior, exemplified by aggressiveness in sticklebacks. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 23, 135–171.
Balshine, S., & Sloman, K. A. (2011). Parental care in fishes. In A. P. Farrell (Ed.), Encyclopedia of fish physiology: From genome to environment (Vol. 1, pp. 670–677). San Diego: Academic.
Bandler, R., & Shipley, M. T. (1994). Columnar organization in the midbrain periaqueductal gray: Modules for emotional expression? Trends in Neurosciences, 17, 379–389.
Bard, P. (1928). A diencephalic mechanism for the expression of rage with special reference to the sympathetic nervous system. American Journal of Physiology, 84, 490–516.
Barr, C. S., Newman, T. K., Becker, M. L., Parker, C. C., Champoux, M., Lesch, K. P., . . . Higley, J. D. (2003). The utility of the non-human primate model for studying gene by environment interactions in behavioral research. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 2, 336–340.
Beach, F. A. (1955). The descent of instinct. Psychological Review, 62, 401–410.
Beatty, W. W., & Costello, K. B. (1982). Naloxone and play fighting in juvenile rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 17, 905–907.
Beatty, W. W., Dodge, A. M., Dodge, L. J., Whike, K., & Panksepp, J. (1982). Psychomotor stimulants, social deprivation and play in juvenile rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 16, 417–422.
Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1993). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Bekoff, M. (2007). The emotional lives of animals. Novato, CA: New World Library.
Benet, V., & Waller, N. G. (1995). The Big Seven factor model of personality description: Evidence for its cross-cultural generality in a Spanish sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 701–718.
Berridge, K. C. (2004). Pleasures, unfelt affect, and irrational desire. In A. S. R. Manstead, N. Frijda, & A. Fischer (Eds.), Feelings and emotions: The Amsterdam Symposium (pp. 243–262). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
/> Bewernick, B. H., Hurlemann, R., Matusch, A., Kayser, S., Grubert, C., Hadrysiewicz, B., . . . Schlaepfer, T. E. (2010). Nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation decreases ratings of depression and anxiety in treatment-resistant depression. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 110–116.
Biondich, A., & Joslin, J. (2016). Coca: The history and medical significance of an ancient Andean tradition. Emergency Medicine International, 2016, 1–5.
Bisson, J., Ehler, A., Matthew, R., Pilling, S., Richards, D., & Turner, S. (2007). Psychological treatments for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 97–104.
Blanchard, R. J., Blanchard, D. C., Agullana, R., & Weiss, S. M. (1991). Twenty-two kHz alarm cries to presentation of a predator, by laboratory rats living in visible burrow systems. Physiology and Behavior, 50, 967–972.
Block, J. (1961). The Q-sort methodology in personality assessment. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
Block, J. (1995). A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 187–215.
Blum, D. (2002). Love at Goon Park: Harry Harlow and the science of affection. New York, NY: Perseus.
Bodkin, J. A., Zornberg, G. L., Lukas, S. E., & Cole, J. O. (1995). Buprenorphine treatment of refractory depression. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 49–57.
Bollen, K. S., & Horowitz, J. (2008). Behavioral evaluation and demographic information in the assessment of aggressiveness in shelter dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 112, 120–135.
Borgatta, E. (1964). A very short test of personality: The Behavioral Self-Rating (BSR) form. Psychological Reports, 14, 275–284.
Borman, P. D., Zilberman, M. L., Tavares, H., Surís, A. M., el-Guebaly, N., & Foster, B. (2006). Personality changes in women recovering from substance-related dependence. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 25, 59–68.
Botvinick, M., & Cohen, J. (1998). Rubber hands “feel” touch that eyes see. Nature, 391, 756.
Bouchard, T. (1994). Genes, environment, and personality. Science, 264, 1700–1701.
Bouchard, T. (1997). Experience producing drive theory: How genes drive experience and shape personality. Acta Paediatrica 422(suppl.), 60–64.
Bouchard, T., Lykken, D., McGue, M., Segal, N., & Tellegen, A. (1990). Sources of human psychological differences: The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Science, 250, 223–228.
Bowlby, J. (1960). Separation anxiety. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 41, 89–113.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss: Sadness and depression. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Brody, G. H., Yu, T., Chen, E., Beach, S. R., & Miller, G. E. (2016). Family-centered prevention ameliorates the longitudinal association between risky family processes and epigenetic aging. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 566–574.
Brown, S. (accessed September 14, 2017). Play is more than just fun. https://www.ted.com/talks/stuart_brown_says_play_is_more_than_fun_it_s_vital
Brown, S., & Vaughan, C. (2009). Play: How it shapes the brain, opens the imagination, and invigorates the soul. New York, NY: Avery.
Browning, J. R., Browning, D. A., Maxwell, A. O., Dong, Y., Jansen, H. T., Panksepp, J., & Sorg, B. A. (2011). Positive affective vocalizations during cocaine and sucrose self-administration: A model for spontaneous drug desire in rats. Neuropharmacology. 61, 268–275.
Brudzynski, S. M., Silkstone, M., Komadoski, M., Scullion, K., Duffus, S., Burgdorf, J., . . . Panksepp, J. (2010). Effects of intraaccumbens amphetamine on production of 50 kHz vocalizations in three lines of selectively bred Long-Evans rats. Behavioural Brain Research, 217, 32–40.
Brunelli, S. A. (2005). Selective breeding for an infant phenotype: Rat pup ultrasonic vocalization (USV). Behavior Genetics, 35, 53–65.
Brunelli, S. A., & Hofer, M. A. (2007). Selective breeding for infant rat separation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations: Developmental precursors of passive and active coping styles. Behavioural Brain Research, 182, 193–207.
Budaev, S. V. (1997). “Personality” in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata): A correlational study of exploratory behavior and social tendency. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 111, 399–411.
Buhle, J., Kober, H., Ochsner, K., Mende-Siedlecki, P., Weber, J., Hughes, B., . . . Wager, T. (2013). Common representation of pain and negative emotion in the midbrain periaqueductal gray. Social and Cognitive Affective Neuroscience, 8, 609–616.
Burgdorf, J., Colechio, E. M., Stanton, P., & Panksepp, J. (2017). Positive emotional learning induces resilience to depression: A role for NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity. Current Neuropharmacology, 15, 3–10.
Burgdorf, J., Knutson, B., Panksepp, J., & Ikemoto, S. (2001). Nucleus accumbens amphetamine microinjections unconditionally elicit 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 115, 940–944.
Burgdorf, J., Kroes, R. A., Moskal, J. R., Pfaus, J., Brudzynski, S. M., & Panksepp, J. (2008). Ultrasonic vocalizations of rats (Rattus norvegicus) during mating, play, and aggression: Behavioral concomitants, relationship to reward, and self-administration of playback. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 122, 357–367.
Burgdorf, J., & Panksepp, J. (2006). The neurobiology of positive emotions. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 173–187.
Burgdorf, J., Panksepp, J., Brudzynski, S. M., Beinfeld, M. C., Cromwell, H. C., Kroes, R. A., & Moskal, J. R. (2009). The effects of selective breeding for differential rates of 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations on emotional behavior in rats. Developmental Psychobiology, 51, 34–46.
Burgdorf, J., Panksepp, J., Brudzynski, S. M., & Moskal, J. R. (2005). Breeding for 50-kHz positive affective vocalizations in rats. Behavior Genetics, 35, 67–72.
Burgdorf, J., Panksepp, J., & Moskal, J. R. (2011). Frequency-modulated 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations: A tool for uncovering the molecular substrates of positive affect. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 1831–1836.
Burgdorf, J., Wood, P. L., Kroes, R. A., Moskal, J. R., & Panksepp, J. (2007). Neurobiology of 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in rats: Electrode mapping, lesion, and pharmacology studies. Behavioral Brain Research, 182, 274–283.
Burghardt, G. M., Dinets, V., & Murphy, J. B. (2015). Highly repetitive object play in a cichlid fish (Tropheus duboisi). Ethology, 121, 38–44.
Burns, J. G. (2008). The validity of three tests of temperament in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 122, 344–356.
Caldji, C., Tannenbaum, B., Sharma, S., Francis, D., Plotsky, P. M., & Meaney, M. J. (1998). Maternal care during infancy regulates the development of neural systems mediating the expression of fearfulness in the rat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 95, 5335–5340.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81–105.
Canli, Turhan. (2006). Genomic imaging of extraversion. In T. Canli (Ed.), Biology and personality and individual differences (pp. 93–115). New York, NY: Guilford.
Cannon, W. B. (1927). The James-Lange theory of emotions: A critical examination and an alternative theory. American Journal of Psychology, 39, 10–124.
Cannon, W. B. (1931). Again the James-Lange and the thalamic theories of emotion. Psychological Review, 38, 282–295.
Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319–333.
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., . . . Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301, 386–389.
Cattell, H. B. (1989). The 16PF: Personality in Depth. Champaign: Illinois. Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, Inc.
Cattell, R. B. (1933). Temperament tests. II. Tests. Bri
tish Journal of Psychology, 24, 20–49.
Cattell, R. B. (1943). The description of personality: Basic traits resolved into clusters. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 38, 476–506.
Cattell, R. B. (1950). Personality: A systematical theoretical and factual study. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Cattell, R. B. (1957). Personality and motivation structure and measurement. New York, NY: World Book.
Cattell, R. B. (1986). The actual trait, state, and situation structures important in functional testing. In R. B. Cattell & R. Johnson (Eds.), Functional psychological testing: Principles and instruments (pp. 33–53). New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.
Cattell, R. B., & Child, D. (1975). Motivation and dynamic structure. New York, NY: Wiley.
Cattell, R. B., Eber, H., & Tatsuoka, M. (1970). Handbook for the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.
Cattell, R. B., & Kline, P. (1977). The scientific analysis of personality and motivation. New York, NY: Academic.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014, November 26). LCWK9: Deaths, percent of total deaths, and death rates for the 15 leading causes of death: United States and each State, 2012. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/LCWK9_2012.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Suicide: Facts at a glance, 2015. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/suicide-datasheet-a.pdf
Champagne, F., Francis, D. D., Mar, A., & Meaney, M. J. (2003). Variations in maternal care in the rat as a mediating influence for the effects of environment on development. Physiology and Behavior, 79, 359–371.
Champagne, F. A., & Meaney, M. J. (2007). Transgenerational effects of social environment on variations in maternal care and behavioral response to novelty. Behavioral Neuroscience, 121, 1353–1363.
Champoux, M., Bennett, A., Shannon, C., Higley, J. D., Lesch, K. P., & Suomi, S. J. (2002). Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism, differential early rearing, and behavior in rhesus monkey neonates. Molecular Psychiatry, 7, 1058–1063.