The Emotional Foundations of Personality

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The Emotional Foundations of Personality Page 45

by Kenneth L Davis


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  Notes

  1. We use the terms BrainMind and MindBrain interchangeably, depending on the intended emphasis. They are capitalized without a space to convey a monistic view of the brain (based on Spinoza’s dual-aspect monism) as a unified experience-generating organ, in contrast to the mind-body dualism associated with René Descartes that has traditionally hindered scientific thinking. We also sometimes use brain-mind.

  2. Some scholars believe that many of the patients that Kraepelin diagnosed actually had developed brain damage as a result of the flu pandemic; although the pandemic killed many individuals, many survivors had a permanent form of dementia, which was eventually named postencephalitic lethargica.

  3. Modern genetic theory had not yet been established, and like Darwin, McDougall still accepted the Lamarckian theory of biological evolution. Lamarckian transmission held that needed characteristics acquired by individuals through effort and practice could be passed on to their offspring. For example, giraffes acquired long necks by continually stretching to reach leaves high in the trees. The kernel of truth in this statement is currently being cashed out in the newly emergent (and powerful) field of epigenetics (see Chapter 15).

  4. Colin DeYoung did not report an honesty-humility aspect when he subdivided Conscientiousness, in contrast to Michael Ashton’s factor analytic work reviewed in Chapter 8. Such differences continue to highlight the difficulties of identifying personality universals when working from a factor-analytic top-down perspective.

  5. Indeed, Scott was instrumental in attracting Jaak Panksepp to BGSU in the hope of adding a neurobiological dimension to the ongoing research, and Ken Davis was one of Scott’s graduate students who eventually finished his dissertation with Panksepp after Scott retired in 1980. Panksepp was hired in part to eventually take over the canine research lab, to integrate the dog work with cross-species emotional perspectives. As fate would have it, the National Institutes of Health had inte
rnally decided to cease funding the lab upon Scott’s retirement, and Panksepp’s many attempts to obtain funding for social-brain-behavioral studies in dogs and other animals at BGSU never succeeded. The resistance was also due partly to the fact that Panksepp’s research aimed to understand human emotional feelings by studying evolutionarily homologous processes in animal models, as a model for primal human emotional feelings—science politics in the United States, because of behavioristic “never-mind” traditions, has often been biased against the study of emotions in animals.

  6. In 2011, IBM’s Watson computer developed by by an IBM research team led by principal investigator David Ferrucci competed on the television game show Jeopardy winning the first place prize of $1 million.

  7. Although the original target for this Walt Kelly humor was human pollution, it seems applicable to the human condition in general and the surprising conditions we often create for ourselves.

  8. In this quote Cloninger cited Comings et al. (2000) and Gillespie, Cloninger, Heath, and Martin (2003); in the next one he cites Cloniger (2004) and Gillespie et al. (2003).

  9. The study was initially begun at Northeast Ohio Medical University at Akron before being interrupted by powerful anti-opioid interests fearing the potential of buprenorphine abuse. Fortunately, new backers of the study were obtained in Israel where the work was finally completed.

  Index

  Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.

  In this index, f denotes figure, t denotes table, and n denotes note.

  5-HTT gene, 101

  16PF. See Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)

  ACC. See anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC)

  Adler, Alfred, 70

  Affective Neuroscience (Jaak Panksepp), 16, 41, 206

  Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS)

  about, 18, 19, 23, 28–30, 235, 257

  Big Five personality model and, 30, 31t, 153–54, 214

  bipolar disorder discrimination and, 258–59

  form, 282–83

  genetics and, 260

  original research findings, 30–35, 31t

  personality disorder discrimination and, 259–60

  See also specific traits

  aggression. See RAGE/Anger

  Agreeableness, 32, 88, 96

  See also CARE/Nurturance

  Ainsworth, Mary, 118, 119

  Ainsworth Strange Situation Test,, 117–18

  alexithymia, 34

  Allport, Gordon, 161, 170, 186–87, 191

  Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale, 259

  Amir, R., 219

  amygdala, 228, 229, 234, 235, 237, 239

  anger. See RAGE/Anger

  animals

  heritability of temperament in, 214–15

  neuroplasticity in, 80–81

  specific emotions in, 41–42, 43, 44, 45, 46

  See also cat behavior and temperament; dog behavior and temperament; primate behavior and temperament; rat behavior and temperament

  anosognosia, 245–48

  ANPS. See Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS)

  anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC), 227, 230, 236, 239, 246–47

  anti-anxiety drugs, 131, 278

  anticipation. See SEEKING/Enthusiasm

  antidepressants, 127, 203, 261, 263, 265–66

  See also opioids; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

  anxiety. See anti-anxiety drugs; FEAR/Anxiety

  apes. See primate behavior and temperament

  “APT to Act,” 164–65

  ARHGAP11B, 81

  Armel, K., 246

  Arnold, Magda, 141

  Ashton, Michael, 185, 186, 188, 189

  “Assess-a-Pet” (Sternberg), 116–17

  Avery, Oswald, 173, 215

  Babbage, Charles, 160

  Bakker, Theo, 147–48

  Bard, Phillip, 41

  BAS. See Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

  Beach, Frank A., 221

  Beach, S., 221

  Beck Depression Inventory, 259

  Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), 196–97, 196f, 198

  behavioral test batteries. See dog behavior and temperament

  behaviorism versus personality theories, 32, 39, 52

  The Bell Curve (Herrenstein & Murray), 211

  Benet, V., 190

  Berridge, Kent, 46

  Bielfelt, S., 122

  Big Five personality model

  about, 24, 27–28, 35–36, 161, 170–78, 177t

  ANPS research and correlations with, 30, 31t, 153–54

  biological support for, 178–83

  comparative approaches and, 55–61, 56t

  emergence and acceptance of, 161, 172–78, 177t

  heritability of, 213–14

  NEO-PI and, 69

  in primates, 91–96

  variations of, 185–89, 187t

  See also blue ribbon emotions; Cybernetic Big Five Theory (DeYoung); specific traits

  Big Seven model, 190–91

  Big Six model, 188–89

  See also six-factor model

  Biological Psychology (Jaak Panksepp et al.), 261

  biosocial theory of personality, 199–200, 208–9

  bipolar disorders, 258–59

  birds. See scrub jays

  BIS. See Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

  blindness, 238

  Block, Jack, 176, 186

  blue ribbon emotions, 16–17, 19–22

  See also Big Five personality model

  body swapping illusions, 247

  Bollen, Kelly, 116–17

  Borgatta, Edgar, 175

  bottom-up approaches to personality

  advantages of, 80, 82–83, 89, 191–92

  opportunities for improving, 85–86

  proponents of, 102–3, 195–96

  psychotherapy and, 276

  See also biosocial theory of personality; instinct theory of personality; Nested BrainMind Hierarchy (NBH); Panksepp, Jaak

  Bouchard, Thomas, 212, 213

  Bowlby, John, 60, 261

  brain evolution, 143–44

  brain imaging, 225–40

  See also deep brain stimulation (DBS)

  BrainMind, 3, 17, 32, 36, 79, 85, 89, 99, 101, 103, 152, 155, 179, 182, 191, 206, 243-5, 254, 263, 266, 278, 315n1

  See also Nested BrainMind Hierarchy (NBH)

  brain opioids, 100, 107, 113, 142

  brainstem, 226–27, 242

  See also periaqueductal gray (PAG)

  brain stimulation, 18, 38, 116, 137

  See also deep brain stimulation (DBS)

  brain systems and structures

  Neuroticism-Stability and, 194–95

  research connecting emotions to, 102–3, 107, 137, 167, 198, 200

  See also neocortex; neuromodulators; subcortical brain structures; specific anatomy

  Breuer, Joseph, 67

  Briggs, Katherine, 69

  Brody, G., 221

  Brown, Stuart, 272

  brown capuchin monkeys, 95–96

  Brunelli, Susan, 134–35

  Buck, Ross, 267

  Buhle, J., 231–32

  Burgdorf, Jeff, 137

  Burghardt, Gordon, 150

  Burns, James, 146–47

  California Psychological Inventory, 162

  Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ), 114–15

  canines. See dog behavior and temperament

  Cannon, Walter, 41

  Cannon-Bard theory, 41

  caregiving and development, 221–22

  CARE/Nurturance

  about, 17, 19, 20, 22

  in animals, 133–34

  ANPS research and correlations with, 32

  Darwin on, 44–45

  Harlow, Harry an
d, 67

  McDougall versus Panksepp on, 59

  See also mothering differences

  Carver, C., 197

  cat behavior and temperament, 24, 80, 228–29

  Cattell, Raymond B., 102, 157–69, 165t, 166t, 172

  C-BARQ. See Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ)

  Chen, E., 221

  Child, Dennis, 157, 166, 169

  chimpanzee behavior and temperament, 41, 43, 45, 91–94, 96–97

  Christal, Raymond, 173–74

  cingulate gyrus, 234

  See also anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC)

  Clayton, Nicola, 245

  Clinton, Bill, 211

  Cloninger, Robert C., 199–204, 207–9, 316n7

  cocaine addiction, 219–20

  Coenen, Volker, 240

  cognitive bias test model, 120

  cognitive therapy (CT), 262–63,

  275

  collective unconscious, 68

  Comings, D., 316n7

  complex emotions, 61

  computers, 158, 160, 169, 170, 174, 316n6

  Conscientiousness

  about, 32–33, 87, 153, 209

  in animals, 91–95, 97, 98, 110

  Honesty/Humility and, 185

  consummatory. See SEEKING/Enthusiasm

  consumption. See SEEKING/Enthusiasm

  Cooperativeness, 203–4, 206

  Copernicus, Nicolaus, 37

  cortex. See neocortex

  cortical midline structure, 250–51

  Costa, Paul, 69, 70, 87, 176, 178–79, 180

  Cote, J., 149–50

  Craig, A. D. “Bud”, 238

  crayfish, 142

  creativity, 260

  Crick, Francis, 173, 215

  cross-cultural variability, effects of, 186, 190–91

  Crump, Crump, 160

  crying. See weeping

  Csanyi, V., 117–18

  CT. See cognitive therapy (CT)

  curiosity, 58

  See also SEEKING/Enthusiasm

  Custance, D., 119

  Cybernetic Big Five Theory (DeYoung), 86–88

  Damasio, Antonio, 226–27, 228, 229, 238–39

  Damasio, Hanna, 226

  DARPP-32, 260

  Darwin, Charles., 37–47, 56t, 90, 104, 167, 168

  Darwin, Erasmus, 210

  Davis, Kenneth, 30, 113, 153–54, 315n5

  Dawkins, Richard, 210

  DBS. See deep brain stimulation (DBS)

 

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