The Emotional Foundations of Personality

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The Emotional Foundations of Personality Page 46

by Kenneth L Davis


  de Bono, Mario, 142

  de Bruin, J. P. C., 98

  deep brain stimulation (DBS), 7, 18, 38–39, 102–3, 206, 262–64

  Delgado, J. M., 24, 40, 102-3

  De Molina, A. Fernandez, 228–29

  Dependability. See Conscientiousness

  depression, 252, 254, 259, 261–66, 274–75

  depression screenings, 136

  de Raad, Boele, 99

  The Descent of Man (Darwin), 37, 40, 168

  de Waal, Frans, 91, 153

  DeYoung, Colin, 86–87, 88, 315n4

  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). See DSM-V

  Digman, John, 161, 162, 172, 176

  Dinets, Vladimir, 150

  disgust, 57–58

  DMA. See Dog Mentality Assessment (DMA)

  DNA, 215, 218–19, 220

  dog behavior and temperament, 61, 104–26

  Dog Mentality Assessment (DMA), 112–13

  Doka, A., 117–18

  Dominance, 92, 96, 98–99

  See also RAGE/Anger

  dopamine, 200, 202–3, 254

  drug names. See specific classifications

  DSM-V, 12, 13, 255, 256–57t, 257

  Dutton, Diane, 96–97

  The Dynamics of Anxiety and Hysteria (Eysenck), 194

  Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, 75

  Ehrsson, Henrik, 246–48

  Ekman, Paul, 47, 49

  elephants, 44

  Elger, C., 260

  EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing), 276

  emotional reactivity tests, 110–11, 111t

  emotional regulation, 227–28, 232, 254

  Emotional Stability, 31–32, 33, 87, 88, 92, 175

  See also neuroticism; Neuroticism

  emotions, 4–9

  See also blue ribbon emotions; manifest needs (Murray); negative emotions, compounding effects of; primary emotions; secondary emotions; tertiary emotions

  enthusiasm. See SEEKING/Enthusiasm

  environment, 211–13, 215–16

  epigenetics, 13–14, 133–34, 217–23

  ergs, 164–67, 166t

  Explorations in Personality (Murray), 72, 73

  The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (Darwin), 38, 41, 42, 46, 47, 168

  Extraversion, 31, 87, 96, 194

  See also PLAY/Joy

  eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), 276

  Eysenck, Hans., 35, 176, 194–95

  Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, 195

  factor analysis

  about, 159, 162

  Cloninger on, 205–6

  lexical hypothesis, 163–68, 165t, 166t

  limitations of, 34–35, 92–96, 101, 161–62, 171

  skepticism about, 169–70

  Farmer, Richard, 206–7

  Faucher, K., 148, 150

  FEAR/Anxiety

  about, 3–4, 5, 17, 20, 22, 147,

  154

  in animals, 41, 109, 129–31, 146

  anxiety and, 278

  bipolar disorder categorization and, 259

  brain structures associated with, 198–99

  Darwin on, 43

  McDougall on, 56–57

  See also amygdala; Harm Avoidance; predator simulations; suicidal ideation

  Feeling Good (Cloninger), 208

  ferrets, 81

  Ferrucci, David, 316n6

  FFM (Five-Factor Model), 178–79

  See also Big Five personality model

  Fiebach, C., 260

  Figueredo, Aurelio, 92, 93, 97, 99

  fish behavior and temperament, 144–52

  Fiske, Donald, 172–73

  Five-Factor Model (FFM), 178–79

  See also Big Five personality model

  fMRI. See functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

  Forkman, B., 112–14

  fox domestication project, 123–25

  Frank, D., 228

  Freeman, Hani, 94

  Freud, Sigmund, 3, 7, 66, 69, 70, 159

  frogs, 244

  Fuller, John, 105–7, 108–12, 111t, 119, 153

  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 225, 230–33

  Galileo, G., 37

  Galton, Francis, 59, 186

  Gardner, Allen, 91

  Gardner, Beatrix, 91

  Gazzaniga, Michael, 249–50

  genetics

  5-HTT, 101

  about, 315n

  ARHGAP11B, 81

  DARPP-32, 260

  origins of personality and, 210–24

  See also epigenetics; selective breeding

  Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog (Scott & Fuller), 107

  Gillespie, N., 316n7

  GLYX- 13, 265–66

  Goldberg, Lewis, 27–28, 35, 62, 64, 92, 176–78, 185–86, 188–90, 206–7

  Goodall, Jane, 91

  Gosling, Samuel, 93, 94, 115–16

  Gough, Harrison, 35, 162

  Gray, Jeffrey, 11, 193, 195–99, 196f

  gregarious instinct, 59–60

  guide dogs, 120–21

  Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Inventory, 162

  Haas, B., 222

  Haggbloom, S., 69

  Hall, Calvin, 129

  Hall, G. Stanley, 60

  hand illusions. See rubber hand illusions

  handling tests, 108–9

  Hanh, Thich Nhat, 193

  Harlow, Harry, 60, 67

  Harm Avoidance, 199–200, 202, 206–7

  See also FEAR/anxiety

  hatred. See RAGE/Anger

  Heath, A., 316n7

  Hellier, J., 222

  Hennig, J., 260

  Herrenstein, Richard, 211

  Hess, Walter, 7, 102, 154

  HEXACO Personality Inventory, 185

  Hill, J., 222

  Hofer, Myron, 135

  Hofstee, Willem, 97

  Hogan Personality Inventory, 98–99

  Holley, Robert, 215

  Hominoid Personality Questionnaire, 95, 97

  Honesty/Humility, 185, 186, 189

  Hopkins, W., 93

  Hormones and Behavior, 219–20

  Horney, Karen, 70–71

  Horowitz, Joseph, 116–17

  Hsu, Y., 114–15, 125

  Hubble, Edwin, 160

  human-dog relationships, 117–20, 123

  Hume, David, 39

  Hunsperger, Robert W., 228–29

  Huntingford, Felicity Ann, 144–46

  hypothalamus, 228

  ILLIAC, 158, 160

  inhibition. See emotional reactivity tests

  Inquiries into Human Faculty (Galton), 59

  insecure attachment, 119

  instincts. See ergs; pseudo-instincts

  instinct theory of personality, 50–55

  See also McDougall, W.; primary emotions

  insula, 239, 240, 246–47

  Intellect. See Openness/Intellect

  Interpretation of Dreams (Freud), 66–68

  Introduction to Social Psychology (McDougall), 50, 51

  introversion, 69

  Introversion-Extroversion, 194–95

  invertebrate behavior and temperament, 142

  Irvine, Leslie, 105

  Izard, Cal, 49

  Jackson, Douglas, 35, 75, 162

  Jackson, Jesse, 211

  James, William, 8, 13, 41, 159

  Jang, K., 87, 255

  John, Oliver P., 93, 178

  Journal of Personality, 173

  joy. See playful joy

  Jung, Carl, 68–70, 72

  Karterud, Sigmund, 259

  Kazdin, Alan, 262–63

  Kellerhoff, N., 260

  Kelly, George, 96

  Kempel, P., 260

  Khorana, Gobind, 215

  King, James, 92, 93, 97, 99

  kissing, 44

  Klein, Donald F., 33, 181

  Knutson, Brian, 137

  Kojetin, B., 212

  Kraepelin, Emil, 12,
315n2

  Krueger, Robert, 255, 257

  Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste., 223

  Langer, Susanne, 267

  language, 33–34, 54, 179, 186–88

  See also factor analysis; lexical hypothesis

  language translation, effects of, 186, 190–91

  Lanza, Mike, 273–74

  laughter. See PLAY/Joy

  learning versus evolution, 80–82

  learning versus evolutionary behavior, 80–82

  See also bottom-up approaches to personality; Darwin, C.

  leash training tests, 109–10

  LeDoux, Joseph, 198

  lexical hypothesis, 163–68, 165t, 166t, 181, 187

  Liebsch, G., 130

  Livesley, W. John, 200, 255

  love, 61

  See also CARE/Nurturance

  LUST, 16, 19, 66, 67

  Lykken, D., 212

  macaques, 100–101

  MacLean, Paul, 7, 41, 143, 152, 154

  manifest needs (Murray), 73, 74–75t, 78

  Maricq, Andres, 142

  Markon, K., 257

  Martin, N., 316n7

  maternal nurturance. See CARE/Nurturance

  MBTI. See Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

  McAdams, Dan, 72

  McCartney, K., 213

  McCaulley, M., 69, 176

  McCrae, Robert, 69, 70, 87, 176, 178–79, 180

  McDougall, William, 47–64, 56t, 141, 167–68, 253

  McEwen, Bruce, 223

  McNaughton, N., 198

  Meaney, Michael, 133–34

  memory reconsolidation, 275–76

  mental illness, 252–54

  See also anxiety; depression; schizophrenia; suicidal ideation

  Mesulam, M. Marsel, 241, 254

  Miklosi, A., 117–18

  military working dogs, 115–16

  Miller, G., 221, 278

  Miller, Neal, 24, 102

  Mincic, Adina, 179, 236–37

  The Mind’s Past (Gazzaniga), 249–50

  Minnesota Multiphasic Psychological Inventory (MMPI), 205

  Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, 212–13

  Mischel, Walter, 212

  Mobbs, Dean, 198, 230–32, 236

  monkeys, 43

  See also brown capuchin monkeys; macaques

  monoamine theory, 200–202, 201f

  See also dopamine; norepinephrine; serotonin

  Montag, Christian, 214, 235, 260

  Montirosso,, 222

  Morris, Paul, 154

  Morton, F. Blake, 95

  mothering differences, 133–34

  See also rhesus macaques

  Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ), 205, 212

  Murphy, James, 150

  Murray, Charles, 211

  Murray, Henry, 65, 72–75, 74–75t, 162

  Myers, Isabel, 69, 176

  Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), 35, 69–70

  NBH. See Nested BrainMind Hierarchy (NBH)

  negative emotions, compounding effects of, 181–82

  Negative Valence, 188, 189

  neocortex

  about, 143, 238, 245

  personality and damage to, 249

  regulation between subcortical brain structures and, 227–28, 231, 254

  See also anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC); orbitofrontal cortex (OFC); premotor cortex; top-down approaches to personality

  NEO-PI. See Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory (NEO- PI)

  Nested BrainMind Hierarchy (NBH), 76–78, 77f, 83–84, 167, 269–74

  See also primary emotions; secondary emotions; tertiary emotions

  neuromodulators. See dopamine; norepinephrine; serotonin

  neuroplasticity, 80–81, 237–38

  Neuroticism, 87, 96, 194–95

  See also FEAR/Anxiety

  neuroticism, 71, 234–36

  Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory (NEO- PI), 69–70, 162, 176, 235

  Nirenberg, Marshall, 215

  nominal fallacy, 63–64

  norepinephrine, 200, 254

  Norman, Warren, 162, 175, 176

  Normansell, Larry, 30

  Northoff, Georg, 251

  Novelty Seeking, 199–201, 206

  See also SEEKING/Enthusiasm

  nurturance. See CARE/Nurturance

  Odbert, Henry, 161, 174, 186–88, 191

  OFC. See orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)

  Olds, James, 102–3, 278

  Openness/Intellect, 87, 96

  Openness to Experience, 31, 92

  opioid blockers, 108, 113, 125

  opioids, 113, 134, 253, 261–62, 278, 316n9

  See also brain opioids

  optimistic, 62, 64, 120

  orangutan behavior and temperament, 41, 43, 45, 93

  orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), 230, 237, 239

  On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 37

  oxytocin genes, 222

  PAG. See periaqueductal gray (PAG)

  Palmer, R., 119

  panic attacks, 181–82

  PANIC/Sadness

  about, 17, 19, 20, 22, 144

  in animals, 41, 107, 134–36

  autism and, 278

  BAS versus BIS, 198

  bipolar disorder categorization and, 258–59

  Darwin on, 43–44

  insecure attachment and, 119

  McDougall versus Panksepp on, 60

  suicidal ideation and, 254

  See also depression; predator simulations; suicidal ideation

  Panksepp, Jaak, 6–8, 16, 18, 25, 40–41, 46, 49, 51–53, 55, 56t, 58, 61, 79, 83, 102, 107–8, 131, 132, 137, 152, 166t, 168, 203, 206, 225, 227, 252, 260, 262, 315–16n5

  Papez, James, 41

  parahippocampal gyrus, 234, 237, 239

  parental instinct, 58–59, 63

  See also CARE/Nurturance

  pathological behaviors, 51–52

  See also psychopathology

  Peabody, D., 176

  periaqueductal gray (PAG), 7, 226–33, 251

  Perkins, L., 93

  Persistence, 203, 206

  personality

  brain evolution and, 143–44

  causes of, 3, 14–16

  definition of, 234

  genetics and origins of, 210–24

  historical views on, 11–12

  the self and, 241–51

  See also various animals

  personality disorders, 200, 255, 256–57t, 259–60

  Personality Inventory for DSM-V (PID-5), 257–58

  Personality Research Form (Jackson), 75, 162, 176

  personality tests, 22–23

  See also various tests

  pessismistic, 120, 255, 256

  PET (positron emission tomography), 226–29, 238

  pet adoption suitability, 116–17

  Petkova, V., 247

  pet owners’ beliefs, 154

  Pfaffenberger, Clarence, 121

  Pickles, A., 222

  PID-5 (Personality Inventory for DSM-V), 257–58

  Plato, 127

  play fighting, 61, 108–9, 148

  playful joy, 264–66

  PLAY/Joy

  about, 17, 19, 20, 144, 271–74

  in animals, 137–39

  ANPS research and correlations with, 31

  Darwin on, 45–46

  heritability of, 214

  McDougall on, 60–61

  See also CARE/Nurturance; Reward Dependence

  police dogs, 121–22, 123

  Porsolt Swim Test, 135, 136

  positron emission tomography (PET), 226–29, 238

  predator simulations, 230–31

  prefrontal cortex (PFC), 228

  premotor cortex, 248

  primary emotions

  about, 25–26, 83, 269–70

  comparison of ergs and, 167–68

  comparison of theories about, 56t, 166t

  Darwin’s contribution to understanding, 38

  inhibition of,
227–28, 231, 254

  as learning and survival mechanisms, 197

  McDougall’s contribution to understanding, 51–52, 55–61

  psychotherapy and, 275–76

  valences of, 54

  See also Big Five personality model; ergs; Nested BrainMind Hierarchy (NBH); specific emotions

  primate behavior and temperament, 41, 43, 90–103

  Principles of Psychology (James), 8

  Przybeck, T., 203

  pseudo-instincts, 60–61

  psychiatric diagnosis issues, 12–13

  psychoanalysis, 67, 68, 70–71

  psychopathology, 274–77

  See also mental illness; personality disorders

  psychotherapy, 262–63, 275–76

  punishments. See rewards and punishments

  puppy testing predictions, 120–23

  qualia, 53–54, 67, 79, 155, 181, 270, 277

  RAGE/Anger

  about, 17, 20, 22, 154

  in animals, 41, 43, 109, 131–32, 146, 147–48

  ANPS research and correlations with, 31, 32, 260

  bipolar disorder categorization and, 259

  Darwin on, 42–43

  Freud and, 66

  McDougall on, 57

  pet adoption suitability and, 116–17

  subcortical brain structures in, 228

  Ramachandran, V., 246

  Ramesar, R., 258–59

  rat behavior and temperament, 41, 45, 98, 127–40, 221, 264–65

  Reale, D., 152

  Redei, Eva E., 135–36

  regret, 62, 64

  reinforcements, 4, 197

  See also Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS); rewards and punishments

  Rett, Andreas, 219

  Rett’s syndrome, 219

  Reuter, Martin, 260

  Reward Dependence, 199–200, 202, 206

  See also PLAY/Joy

  rewards and punishments

  Olds’ and Delgado’s work in connecting emotions to brain structures, 102–3

  primary emotions as, 6, 22, 76, 197

  rat research on, 137, 139

  SEEKING as, 41–42, 116, 278

  valences of emotions as, 54

  See also Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS); deep brain stimulation (DBS)

  rhesus macaques, 100–101

  Ritalin, 202–3

  Roberts, W., 24, 102

  Robins, R., 178

  robot embodiment, 247

  Rotter, Julian, 205

  roundworms, 142

  rubber hand illusions, 246–47, 248

  Sadato, N., 237

  sadness, 227

  See also PANIC/Sadness

  Saetre, P., 113

  Sapute, A., 233–34, 235-36

  Saucier, Gerard, 64, 177–78, 186, 188–89, 190

  Savitz, J. B., 258–59

  Scarr, Sandra, 213

  schizophrenia, 12, 209, 315n2

  Schnabel, N., 260

  Scott, John Paul, 24, 46, 60, 102, 105–12, 111t, 119, 122, 153, 315n5

  scrub jays, 245

  secondary emotions, 28–29, 83,

  270

  See also Nested BrainMind Hierarchy (NBH)

  SEEKING/Enthusiasm

  about, 17, 19, 22, 126, 146–47

 

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