de Bono, Mario, 142
de Bruin, J. P. C., 98
deep brain stimulation (DBS), 7, 18, 38–39, 102–3, 206, 262–64
Delgado, J. M., 24, 40, 102-3
De Molina, A. Fernandez, 228–29
Dependability. See Conscientiousness
depression, 252, 254, 259, 261–66, 274–75
depression screenings, 136
de Raad, Boele, 99
The Descent of Man (Darwin), 37, 40, 168
de Waal, Frans, 91, 153
DeYoung, Colin, 86–87, 88, 315n4
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). See DSM-V
Digman, John, 161, 162, 172, 176
Dinets, Vladimir, 150
disgust, 57–58
DMA. See Dog Mentality Assessment (DMA)
DNA, 215, 218–19, 220
dog behavior and temperament, 61, 104–26
Dog Mentality Assessment (DMA), 112–13
Doka, A., 117–18
Dominance, 92, 96, 98–99
See also RAGE/Anger
dopamine, 200, 202–3, 254
drug names. See specific classifications
DSM-V, 12, 13, 255, 256–57t, 257
Dutton, Diane, 96–97
The Dynamics of Anxiety and Hysteria (Eysenck), 194
Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, 75
Ehrsson, Henrik, 246–48
Ekman, Paul, 47, 49
elephants, 44
Elger, C., 260
EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing), 276
emotional reactivity tests, 110–11, 111t
emotional regulation, 227–28, 232, 254
Emotional Stability, 31–32, 33, 87, 88, 92, 175
See also neuroticism; Neuroticism
emotions, 4–9
See also blue ribbon emotions; manifest needs (Murray); negative emotions, compounding effects of; primary emotions; secondary emotions; tertiary emotions
enthusiasm. See SEEKING/Enthusiasm
environment, 211–13, 215–16
epigenetics, 13–14, 133–34, 217–23
ergs, 164–67, 166t
Explorations in Personality (Murray), 72, 73
The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (Darwin), 38, 41, 42, 46, 47, 168
Extraversion, 31, 87, 96, 194
See also PLAY/Joy
eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), 276
Eysenck, Hans., 35, 176, 194–95
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, 195
factor analysis
about, 159, 162
Cloninger on, 205–6
lexical hypothesis, 163–68, 165t, 166t
limitations of, 34–35, 92–96, 101, 161–62, 171
skepticism about, 169–70
Farmer, Richard, 206–7
Faucher, K., 148, 150
FEAR/Anxiety
about, 3–4, 5, 17, 20, 22, 147,
154
in animals, 41, 109, 129–31, 146
anxiety and, 278
bipolar disorder categorization and, 259
brain structures associated with, 198–99
Darwin on, 43
McDougall on, 56–57
See also amygdala; Harm Avoidance; predator simulations; suicidal ideation
Feeling Good (Cloninger), 208
ferrets, 81
Ferrucci, David, 316n6
FFM (Five-Factor Model), 178–79
See also Big Five personality model
Fiebach, C., 260
Figueredo, Aurelio, 92, 93, 97, 99
fish behavior and temperament, 144–52
Fiske, Donald, 172–73
Five-Factor Model (FFM), 178–79
See also Big Five personality model
fMRI. See functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Forkman, B., 112–14
fox domestication project, 123–25
Frank, D., 228
Freeman, Hani, 94
Freud, Sigmund, 3, 7, 66, 69, 70, 159
frogs, 244
Fuller, John, 105–7, 108–12, 111t, 119, 153
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 225, 230–33
Galileo, G., 37
Galton, Francis, 59, 186
Gardner, Allen, 91
Gardner, Beatrix, 91
Gazzaniga, Michael, 249–50
genetics
5-HTT, 101
about, 315n
ARHGAP11B, 81
DARPP-32, 260
origins of personality and, 210–24
See also epigenetics; selective breeding
Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog (Scott & Fuller), 107
Gillespie, N., 316n7
GLYX- 13, 265–66
Goldberg, Lewis, 27–28, 35, 62, 64, 92, 176–78, 185–86, 188–90, 206–7
Goodall, Jane, 91
Gosling, Samuel, 93, 94, 115–16
Gough, Harrison, 35, 162
Gray, Jeffrey, 11, 193, 195–99, 196f
gregarious instinct, 59–60
guide dogs, 120–21
Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Inventory, 162
Haas, B., 222
Haggbloom, S., 69
Hall, Calvin, 129
Hall, G. Stanley, 60
hand illusions. See rubber hand illusions
handling tests, 108–9
Hanh, Thich Nhat, 193
Harlow, Harry, 60, 67
Harm Avoidance, 199–200, 202, 206–7
See also FEAR/anxiety
hatred. See RAGE/Anger
Heath, A., 316n7
Hellier, J., 222
Hennig, J., 260
Herrenstein, Richard, 211
Hess, Walter, 7, 102, 154
HEXACO Personality Inventory, 185
Hill, J., 222
Hofer, Myron, 135
Hofstee, Willem, 97
Hogan Personality Inventory, 98–99
Holley, Robert, 215
Hominoid Personality Questionnaire, 95, 97
Honesty/Humility, 185, 186, 189
Hopkins, W., 93
Hormones and Behavior, 219–20
Horney, Karen, 70–71
Horowitz, Joseph, 116–17
Hsu, Y., 114–15, 125
Hubble, Edwin, 160
human-dog relationships, 117–20, 123
Hume, David, 39
Hunsperger, Robert W., 228–29
Huntingford, Felicity Ann, 144–46
hypothalamus, 228
ILLIAC, 158, 160
inhibition. See emotional reactivity tests
Inquiries into Human Faculty (Galton), 59
insecure attachment, 119
instincts. See ergs; pseudo-instincts
instinct theory of personality, 50–55
See also McDougall, W.; primary emotions
insula, 239, 240, 246–47
Intellect. See Openness/Intellect
Interpretation of Dreams (Freud), 66–68
Introduction to Social Psychology (McDougall), 50, 51
introversion, 69
Introversion-Extroversion, 194–95
invertebrate behavior and temperament, 142
Irvine, Leslie, 105
Izard, Cal, 49
Jackson, Douglas, 35, 75, 162
Jackson, Jesse, 211
James, William, 8, 13, 41, 159
Jang, K., 87, 255
John, Oliver P., 93, 178
Journal of Personality, 173
joy. See playful joy
Jung, Carl, 68–70, 72
Karterud, Sigmund, 259
Kazdin, Alan, 262–63
Kellerhoff, N., 260
Kelly, George, 96
Kempel, P., 260
Khorana, Gobind, 215
King, James, 92, 93, 97, 99
kissing, 44
Klein, Donald F., 33, 181
Knutson, Brian, 137
Kojetin, B., 212
Kraepelin, Emil, 12,
315n2
Krueger, Robert, 255, 257
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste., 223
Langer, Susanne, 267
language, 33–34, 54, 179, 186–88
See also factor analysis; lexical hypothesis
language translation, effects of, 186, 190–91
Lanza, Mike, 273–74
laughter. See PLAY/Joy
learning versus evolution, 80–82
learning versus evolutionary behavior, 80–82
See also bottom-up approaches to personality; Darwin, C.
leash training tests, 109–10
LeDoux, Joseph, 198
lexical hypothesis, 163–68, 165t, 166t, 181, 187
Liebsch, G., 130
Livesley, W. John, 200, 255
love, 61
See also CARE/Nurturance
LUST, 16, 19, 66, 67
Lykken, D., 212
macaques, 100–101
MacLean, Paul, 7, 41, 143, 152, 154
manifest needs (Murray), 73, 74–75t, 78
Maricq, Andres, 142
Markon, K., 257
Martin, N., 316n7
maternal nurturance. See CARE/Nurturance
MBTI. See Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
McAdams, Dan, 72
McCartney, K., 213
McCaulley, M., 69, 176
McCrae, Robert, 69, 70, 87, 176, 178–79, 180
McDougall, William, 47–64, 56t, 141, 167–68, 253
McEwen, Bruce, 223
McNaughton, N., 198
Meaney, Michael, 133–34
memory reconsolidation, 275–76
mental illness, 252–54
See also anxiety; depression; schizophrenia; suicidal ideation
Mesulam, M. Marsel, 241, 254
Miklosi, A., 117–18
military working dogs, 115–16
Miller, G., 221, 278
Miller, Neal, 24, 102
Mincic, Adina, 179, 236–37
The Mind’s Past (Gazzaniga), 249–50
Minnesota Multiphasic Psychological Inventory (MMPI), 205
Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, 212–13
Mischel, Walter, 212
Mobbs, Dean, 198, 230–32, 236
monkeys, 43
See also brown capuchin monkeys; macaques
monoamine theory, 200–202, 201f
See also dopamine; norepinephrine; serotonin
Montag, Christian, 214, 235, 260
Montirosso,, 222
Morris, Paul, 154
Morton, F. Blake, 95
mothering differences, 133–34
See also rhesus macaques
Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ), 205, 212
Murphy, James, 150
Murray, Charles, 211
Murray, Henry, 65, 72–75, 74–75t, 162
Myers, Isabel, 69, 176
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), 35, 69–70
NBH. See Nested BrainMind Hierarchy (NBH)
negative emotions, compounding effects of, 181–82
Negative Valence, 188, 189
neocortex
about, 143, 238, 245
personality and damage to, 249
regulation between subcortical brain structures and, 227–28, 231, 254
See also anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC); orbitofrontal cortex (OFC); premotor cortex; top-down approaches to personality
NEO-PI. See Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory (NEO- PI)
Nested BrainMind Hierarchy (NBH), 76–78, 77f, 83–84, 167, 269–74
See also primary emotions; secondary emotions; tertiary emotions
neuromodulators. See dopamine; norepinephrine; serotonin
neuroplasticity, 80–81, 237–38
Neuroticism, 87, 96, 194–95
See also FEAR/Anxiety
neuroticism, 71, 234–36
Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory (NEO- PI), 69–70, 162, 176, 235
Nirenberg, Marshall, 215
nominal fallacy, 63–64
norepinephrine, 200, 254
Norman, Warren, 162, 175, 176
Normansell, Larry, 30
Northoff, Georg, 251
Novelty Seeking, 199–201, 206
See also SEEKING/Enthusiasm
nurturance. See CARE/Nurturance
Odbert, Henry, 161, 174, 186–88, 191
OFC. See orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
Olds, James, 102–3, 278
Openness/Intellect, 87, 96
Openness to Experience, 31, 92
opioid blockers, 108, 113, 125
opioids, 113, 134, 253, 261–62, 278, 316n9
See also brain opioids
optimistic, 62, 64, 120
orangutan behavior and temperament, 41, 43, 45, 93
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), 230, 237, 239
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 37
oxytocin genes, 222
PAG. See periaqueductal gray (PAG)
Palmer, R., 119
panic attacks, 181–82
PANIC/Sadness
about, 17, 19, 20, 22, 144
in animals, 41, 107, 134–36
autism and, 278
BAS versus BIS, 198
bipolar disorder categorization and, 258–59
Darwin on, 43–44
insecure attachment and, 119
McDougall versus Panksepp on, 60
suicidal ideation and, 254
See also depression; predator simulations; suicidal ideation
Panksepp, Jaak, 6–8, 16, 18, 25, 40–41, 46, 49, 51–53, 55, 56t, 58, 61, 79, 83, 102, 107–8, 131, 132, 137, 152, 166t, 168, 203, 206, 225, 227, 252, 260, 262, 315–16n5
Papez, James, 41
parahippocampal gyrus, 234, 237, 239
parental instinct, 58–59, 63
See also CARE/Nurturance
pathological behaviors, 51–52
See also psychopathology
Peabody, D., 176
periaqueductal gray (PAG), 7, 226–33, 251
Perkins, L., 93
Persistence, 203, 206
personality
brain evolution and, 143–44
causes of, 3, 14–16
definition of, 234
genetics and origins of, 210–24
historical views on, 11–12
the self and, 241–51
See also various animals
personality disorders, 200, 255, 256–57t, 259–60
Personality Inventory for DSM-V (PID-5), 257–58
Personality Research Form (Jackson), 75, 162, 176
personality tests, 22–23
See also various tests
pessismistic, 120, 255, 256
PET (positron emission tomography), 226–29, 238
pet adoption suitability, 116–17
Petkova, V., 247
pet owners’ beliefs, 154
Pfaffenberger, Clarence, 121
Pickles, A., 222
PID-5 (Personality Inventory for DSM-V), 257–58
Plato, 127
play fighting, 61, 108–9, 148
playful joy, 264–66
PLAY/Joy
about, 17, 19, 20, 144, 271–74
in animals, 137–39
ANPS research and correlations with, 31
Darwin on, 45–46
heritability of, 214
McDougall on, 60–61
See also CARE/Nurturance; Reward Dependence
police dogs, 121–22, 123
Porsolt Swim Test, 135, 136
positron emission tomography (PET), 226–29, 238
predator simulations, 230–31
prefrontal cortex (PFC), 228
premotor cortex, 248
primary emotions
about, 25–26, 83, 269–70
comparison of ergs and, 167–68
comparison of theories about, 56t, 166t
Darwin’s contribution to understanding, 38
inhibition of,
227–28, 231, 254
as learning and survival mechanisms, 197
McDougall’s contribution to understanding, 51–52, 55–61
psychotherapy and, 275–76
valences of, 54
See also Big Five personality model; ergs; Nested BrainMind Hierarchy (NBH); specific emotions
primate behavior and temperament, 41, 43, 90–103
Principles of Psychology (James), 8
Przybeck, T., 203
pseudo-instincts, 60–61
psychiatric diagnosis issues, 12–13
psychoanalysis, 67, 68, 70–71
psychopathology, 274–77
See also mental illness; personality disorders
psychotherapy, 262–63, 275–76
punishments. See rewards and punishments
puppy testing predictions, 120–23
qualia, 53–54, 67, 79, 155, 181, 270, 277
RAGE/Anger
about, 17, 20, 22, 154
in animals, 41, 43, 109, 131–32, 146, 147–48
ANPS research and correlations with, 31, 32, 260
bipolar disorder categorization and, 259
Darwin on, 42–43
Freud and, 66
McDougall on, 57
pet adoption suitability and, 116–17
subcortical brain structures in, 228
Ramachandran, V., 246
Ramesar, R., 258–59
rat behavior and temperament, 41, 45, 98, 127–40, 221, 264–65
Reale, D., 152
Redei, Eva E., 135–36
regret, 62, 64
reinforcements, 4, 197
See also Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS); rewards and punishments
Rett, Andreas, 219
Rett’s syndrome, 219
Reuter, Martin, 260
Reward Dependence, 199–200, 202, 206
See also PLAY/Joy
rewards and punishments
Olds’ and Delgado’s work in connecting emotions to brain structures, 102–3
primary emotions as, 6, 22, 76, 197
rat research on, 137, 139
SEEKING as, 41–42, 116, 278
valences of emotions as, 54
See also Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS); deep brain stimulation (DBS)
rhesus macaques, 100–101
Ritalin, 202–3
Roberts, W., 24, 102
Robins, R., 178
robot embodiment, 247
Rotter, Julian, 205
roundworms, 142
rubber hand illusions, 246–47, 248
Sadato, N., 237
sadness, 227
See also PANIC/Sadness
Saetre, P., 113
Sapute, A., 233–34, 235-36
Saucier, Gerard, 64, 177–78, 186, 188–89, 190
Savitz, J. B., 258–59
Scarr, Sandra, 213
schizophrenia, 12, 209, 315n2
Schnabel, N., 260
Scott, John Paul, 24, 46, 60, 102, 105–12, 111t, 119, 122, 153, 315n5
scrub jays, 245
secondary emotions, 28–29, 83,
270
See also Nested BrainMind Hierarchy (NBH)
SEEKING/Enthusiasm
about, 17, 19, 22, 126, 146–47
The Emotional Foundations of Personality Page 46