The Emotional Foundations of Personality
Page 45
Vukasovic´, T., & Bratko, D. (2015). Heritability of personality: A meta-analysis of behavior genetic studies. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 769–785.
Walker, T. D. (2015, October 1). The Joyful, Illiterate Kindergartners of Finland. Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved August 14, 2017, from https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/10/the-joyful-illiterate-kindergartners-of-finland/408325/.
Waller, N., Kojetin, B., Bouchard, T., Lykken, D., & Tellegen, A. (1990). Genetic and environmental influences on religious interests, attitudes and values: A study of twins reared apart and together. Psychological Science, 1, 138–142.
Wang, D. Y., Kumar S., & Hedges, S. B. (1999). Divergence time estimates for the early history of animal phyla and the origin of plants animals and fungi. Proceedings of Biological Science, 266, 163–171.
Ward, A. J. W., Thomas, P., Hart, P. J. B., & Krause, J. (2004). Correlates of boldness in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 155, 561–568.
Warren, E. W., & Callaghan, S. (1975). Individual differences in response to an open field test by the guppy—Poecilla reticulata (Peters). Journal of Fish Biology, 7, 105–113.
Warren, E. W., & Callaghan, S. (1976). The response of male guppies (Poecilla reticulata, Peters) to repeated exposure to an open field. Behavioral Biology, 18, 499–513.
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219–235.
Watson, J. D., & Crick, F. C. (1953). Molecular structure of nucleic acids: A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acids. Nature, 171, 737–738.
Wauquier, A., & Rolls, E. R. (Eds.). (1976). Brain-stimulation reward. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Weaver, I. C. G. (2014). Integrating early life experience, gene expression, brain development, and emergent phenotypes: Unraveling the thread of nature via nurture. Advances in Genetics, 86, 277–307.
Weaver, I. C. G., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D’Alessio, A. C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., . . . Meaney, M. J. (2004). Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 847–854.
Weaver, I. C., Hellstrom, I. C., Brown, S., Andrews, S., Dymov, S., Diorio, J., . . . Meaney, M. (2014). The methylated-DNA binding protein MBD2 enhances NGFI-A (egr-1)-mediated transcriptional activation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 369, 1–11.
Weaver, I. C. G., Meaney, M. J., & Szyf, M. (2006). Maternal care effects on the hippocampal transcriptome and anxiety-mediated behaviors in the offspring that are reversible in adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 103, 3480–3485.
Weeks, R., Horwitz, B., Aziz-Sultan, A., Tian, B., Wessinger, C. M., Cohen, L. G., . . . Rauschecker, J. P. (2000). A positron emission tomographic study of auditory localization in the congenitally blind. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 2664–2672.
Weil, A. (1981). The therapeutic value of coca in contemporary medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 3, 367–376.
Weiss, A., Inoue-Murayama, M., Hong, K.-W., Inoue, E., Udono, S., Ochiai, T., . . . King, J. E. (2009). Assessing chimpanzee personality and subjective well-being in Japan. American Journal of Primatology, 71, 283–292.
Weiss, A., King, J. E., & Figueredo, A. J. (2000). The heritability of personality factors in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Behavior Genetics, 30, 213–221.
Weiss, A., King, J. E., & Hopkins, W. D. (2007). A cross-setting study of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) personality structure and development: Zoological parks and Yerkes National Primate Research Center. American Journal of Primatology, 69, 1264–1277.
Weiss, A., King, J. E., & Perkins, L. (2006). Personality and subjective well-being in orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 501–511.
Weissman, J., Naidu, S., & Bjornsson, H. T. (2014). Abnormalities of the DNA methylation mark and its machinery: An emerging cause of neurologic dysfunction. Seminars in Neurology, 34, 249–257.
Whitaker, R. (2010). Anatomy of an epidemic. New York, NY: Crown.
Widiger, T. A., Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (2013). Diagnosis of personality disorder using the five-factor model and the proposed DSM-V. In T. A. Widiger & P. T Costa Jr. (Eds.), Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality (3rd ed., pp. 285–310). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Wigger, A., Loerscher, P., Weissenbacher, P., Holsboer, F., & Landgraf, R. (2001). Cross-fostering and cross-breeding of HAB and LAB rats: A genetic rat model of anxiety. Behavior Genetics, 31, 371–382.
Will, C. C., Aird, F., & Redei, E. E. (2003). Selectively bred Wistar-Kyoto rats: an animal model of depression and hyper-responsiveness to antidepressants. Molecular Psychiatry, 8, 925–932.
Wilsson, E., & Sundgren, P. (1998). Behaviour test for eight-week old puppies—Heritabilities of tested behaviour traits and its correspondence to later behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 58, 151–162.
Wohr, M., & Schwarting, R. K. (2007). Ultrasonic communication in rats: Can playback of 50-kHz calls induce approach behavior? PLoS One, 2, 1–12.
Wong, M. Y. L., Munday, P. L., Buston, P. M., & Jones, G. P. (2008). Monogamy when there is potential for polygyny: Tests of multiple hypotheses in a group-living fish. Behavioral Ecology, 19, 353–361.
Wright, J. S., & Panksepp, J. (2009). An evolutionary framework to understand foraging, wanting, and desire: The neuropsychology of the SEEKING System. Neuropsychoanalysis, 14, 5–39.
Yerkes, R. M. (1925). Almost human. New York, NY: Century.
Yovell, Y., Bar, G., Mashiah, M., Baruch, Y., Briskman, I., Asherov, J., . . . Panksepp, J. (2016). Ultra-low-dose buprenorphine as a time-limited treatment for severe suicidal ideation: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 491–498.
Zuckerman, M., & Cloninger, C. R. (1996). Relationships between Cloninger’s, Zuckerman’s, and Eysenck’s dimensions of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 21, 283–285.
Notes
1. We use the terms BrainMind and MindBrain interchangeably, depending on the intended emphasis. They are capitalized without a space to convey a monistic view of the brain (based on Spinoza’s dual-aspect monism) as a unified experience-generating organ, in contrast to the mind-body dualism associated with René Descartes that has traditionally hindered scientific thinking. We also sometimes use brain-mind.
2. Some scholars believe that many of the patients that Kraepelin diagnosed actually had developed brain damage as a result of the flu pandemic; although the pandemic killed many individuals, many survivors had a permanent form of dementia, which was eventually named postencephalitic lethargica.
3. Modern genetic theory had not yet been established, and like Darwin, McDougall still accepted the Lamarckian theory of biological evolution. Lamarckian transmission held that needed characteristics acquired by individuals through effort and practice could be passed on to their offspring. For example, giraffes acquired long necks by continually stretching to reach leaves high in the trees. The kernel of truth in this statement is currently being cashed out in the newly emergent (and powerful) field of epigenetics (see Chapter 15).
4. Colin DeYoung did not report an honesty-humility aspect when he subdivided Conscientiousness, in contrast to Michael Ashton’s factor analytic work reviewed in Chapter 8. Such differences continue to highlight the difficulties of identifying personality universals when working from a factor-analytic top-down perspective.
5. Indeed, Scott was instrumental in attracting Jaak Panksepp to BGSU in the hope of adding a neurobiological dimension to the ongoing research, and Ken Davis was one of Scott’s graduate students who eventually finished his dissertation with Panksepp after Scott retired in 1980. Panksepp was hired in part to eventually take over the canine research lab, to integrate the dog work with cross-species emotional perspectives. As fate would have it, the National Institutes of Health had inte
rnally decided to cease funding the lab upon Scott’s retirement, and Panksepp’s many attempts to obtain funding for social-brain-behavioral studies in dogs and other animals at BGSU never succeeded. The resistance was also due partly to the fact that Panksepp’s research aimed to understand human emotional feelings by studying evolutionarily homologous processes in animal models, as a model for primal human emotional feelings—science politics in the United States, because of behavioristic “never-mind” traditions, has often been biased against the study of emotions in animals.
6. In 2011, IBM’s Watson computer developed by by an IBM research team led by principal investigator David Ferrucci competed on the television game show Jeopardy winning the first place prize of $1 million.
7. Although the original target for this Walt Kelly humor was human pollution, it seems applicable to the human condition in general and the surprising conditions we often create for ourselves.
8. In this quote Cloninger cited Comings et al. (2000) and Gillespie, Cloninger, Heath, and Martin (2003); in the next one he cites Cloniger (2004) and Gillespie et al. (2003).
9. The study was initially begun at Northeast Ohio Medical University at Akron before being interrupted by powerful anti-opioid interests fearing the potential of buprenorphine abuse. Fortunately, new backers of the study were obtained in Israel where the work was finally completed.
Index
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
In this index, f denotes figure, t denotes table, and n denotes note.
5-HTT gene, 101
16PF. See Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
ACC. See anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC)
Adler, Alfred, 70
Affective Neuroscience (Jaak Panksepp), 16, 41, 206
Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS)
about, 18, 19, 23, 28–30, 235, 257
Big Five personality model and, 30, 31t, 153–54, 214
bipolar disorder discrimination and, 258–59
form, 282–83
genetics and, 260
original research findings, 30–35, 31t
personality disorder discrimination and, 259–60
See also specific traits
aggression. See RAGE/Anger
Agreeableness, 32, 88, 96
See also CARE/Nurturance
Ainsworth, Mary, 118, 119
Ainsworth Strange Situation Test,, 117–18
alexithymia, 34
Allport, Gordon, 161, 170, 186–87, 191
Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale, 259
Amir, R., 219
amygdala, 228, 229, 234, 235, 237, 239
anger. See RAGE/Anger
animals
heritability of temperament in, 214–15
neuroplasticity in, 80–81
specific emotions in, 41–42, 43, 44, 45, 46
See also cat behavior and temperament; dog behavior and temperament; primate behavior and temperament; rat behavior and temperament
anosognosia, 245–48
ANPS. See Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS)
anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC), 227, 230, 236, 239, 246–47
anti-anxiety drugs, 131, 278
anticipation. See SEEKING/Enthusiasm
antidepressants, 127, 203, 261, 263, 265–66
See also opioids; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
anxiety. See anti-anxiety drugs; FEAR/Anxiety
apes. See primate behavior and temperament
“APT to Act,” 164–65
ARHGAP11B, 81
Armel, K., 246
Arnold, Magda, 141
Ashton, Michael, 185, 186, 188, 189
“Assess-a-Pet” (Sternberg), 116–17
Avery, Oswald, 173, 215
Babbage, Charles, 160
Bakker, Theo, 147–48
Bard, Phillip, 41
BAS. See Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
Beach, Frank A., 221
Beach, S., 221
Beck Depression Inventory, 259
Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), 196–97, 196f, 198
behavioral test batteries. See dog behavior and temperament
behaviorism versus personality theories, 32, 39, 52
The Bell Curve (Herrenstein & Murray), 211
Benet, V., 190
Berridge, Kent, 46
Bielfelt, S., 122
Big Five personality model
about, 24, 27–28, 35–36, 161, 170–78, 177t
ANPS research and correlations with, 30, 31t, 153–54
biological support for, 178–83
comparative approaches and, 55–61, 56t
emergence and acceptance of, 161, 172–78, 177t
heritability of, 213–14
NEO-PI and, 69
in primates, 91–96
variations of, 185–89, 187t
See also blue ribbon emotions; Cybernetic Big Five Theory (DeYoung); specific traits
Big Seven model, 190–91
Big Six model, 188–89
See also six-factor model
Biological Psychology (Jaak Panksepp et al.), 261
biosocial theory of personality, 199–200, 208–9
bipolar disorders, 258–59
birds. See scrub jays
BIS. See Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
blindness, 238
Block, Jack, 176, 186
blue ribbon emotions, 16–17, 19–22
See also Big Five personality model
body swapping illusions, 247
Bollen, Kelly, 116–17
Borgatta, Edgar, 175
bottom-up approaches to personality
advantages of, 80, 82–83, 89, 191–92
opportunities for improving, 85–86
proponents of, 102–3, 195–96
psychotherapy and, 276
See also biosocial theory of personality; instinct theory of personality; Nested BrainMind Hierarchy (NBH); Panksepp, Jaak
Bouchard, Thomas, 212, 213
Bowlby, John, 60, 261
brain evolution, 143–44
brain imaging, 225–40
See also deep brain stimulation (DBS)
BrainMind, 3, 17, 32, 36, 79, 85, 89, 99, 101, 103, 152, 155, 179, 182, 191, 206, 243-5, 254, 263, 266, 278, 315n1
See also Nested BrainMind Hierarchy (NBH)
brain opioids, 100, 107, 113, 142
brainstem, 226–27, 242
See also periaqueductal gray (PAG)
brain stimulation, 18, 38, 116, 137
See also deep brain stimulation (DBS)
brain systems and structures
Neuroticism-Stability and, 194–95
research connecting emotions to, 102–3, 107, 137, 167, 198, 200
See also neocortex; neuromodulators; subcortical brain structures; specific anatomy
Breuer, Joseph, 67
Briggs, Katherine, 69
Brody, G., 221
Brown, Stuart, 272
brown capuchin monkeys, 95–96
Brunelli, Susan, 134–35
Buck, Ross, 267
Buhle, J., 231–32
Burgdorf, Jeff, 137
Burghardt, Gordon, 150
Burns, James, 146–47
California Psychological Inventory, 162
Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ), 114–15
canines. See dog behavior and temperament
Cannon, Walter, 41
Cannon-Bard theory, 41
caregiving and development, 221–22
CARE/Nurturance
about, 17, 19, 20, 22
in animals, 133–34
ANPS research and correlations with, 32
Darwin on, 44–45
Harlow, Harry an
d, 67
McDougall versus Panksepp on, 59
See also mothering differences
Carver, C., 197
cat behavior and temperament, 24, 80, 228–29
Cattell, Raymond B., 102, 157–69, 165t, 166t, 172
C-BARQ. See Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ)
Chen, E., 221
Child, Dennis, 157, 166, 169
chimpanzee behavior and temperament, 41, 43, 45, 91–94, 96–97
Christal, Raymond, 173–74
cingulate gyrus, 234
See also anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC)
Clayton, Nicola, 245
Clinton, Bill, 211
Cloninger, Robert C., 199–204, 207–9, 316n7
cocaine addiction, 219–20
Coenen, Volker, 240
cognitive bias test model, 120
cognitive therapy (CT), 262–63,
275
collective unconscious, 68
Comings, D., 316n7
complex emotions, 61
computers, 158, 160, 169, 170, 174, 316n6
Conscientiousness
about, 32–33, 87, 153, 209
in animals, 91–95, 97, 98, 110
Honesty/Humility and, 185
consummatory. See SEEKING/Enthusiasm
consumption. See SEEKING/Enthusiasm
Cooperativeness, 203–4, 206
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 37
cortex. See neocortex
cortical midline structure, 250–51
Costa, Paul, 69, 70, 87, 176, 178–79, 180
Cote, J., 149–50
Craig, A. D. “Bud”, 238
crayfish, 142
creativity, 260
Crick, Francis, 173, 215
cross-cultural variability, effects of, 186, 190–91
Crump, Crump, 160
crying. See weeping
Csanyi, V., 117–18
CT. See cognitive therapy (CT)
curiosity, 58
See also SEEKING/Enthusiasm
Custance, D., 119
Cybernetic Big Five Theory (DeYoung), 86–88
Damasio, Antonio, 226–27, 228, 229, 238–39
Damasio, Hanna, 226
DARPP-32, 260
Darwin, Charles., 37–47, 56t, 90, 104, 167, 168
Darwin, Erasmus, 210
Davis, Kenneth, 30, 113, 153–54, 315n5
Dawkins, Richard, 210
DBS. See deep brain stimulation (DBS)