in animals, 116, 118, 122, 123, 140, 146
ANPS research and correlations with, 31, 260
anticipatory versus comsummatory enjoyment, 46, 56, 264
Darwin on, 46
depression treatment and, 263, 264
heritability of, 214
McDougall versus Panksepp on, 58
as pervasive motivator, 172, 278
See also Novelty Seeking
selective breeding, 147–48
See also dog behavior and temperament; fox domestication project; rat behavior and temperament
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 203, 261
SELF (Simple Ego-type Life Form), 242–43
the self and personality, 245–48
Self-Directedness, 203–7
Self-Transcendence, 203–4, 205, 206
sentiments, 61
See also rat behavior and temperament
separation distress, 107, 120, 134–35, 261, 268
serotonin, 101, 200, 203, 207, 254
Serpell, J., 114–15
Servaas, M., 234–35, 236
Sharp, H., 222
shoaling, 148–49, 150
silver foxes. See fox domestication project
Sinn, D., 115–16
six-factor model, 185
See also Big Six model
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), 162, 164,
165t
Smith, C., 204
Smith, Gene, 175–76
Smith, J., 275
Smith, S., 83
snakes, fear of, 4–5
social bonding
in animals, 100, 107–8, 113, 148–51
between dogs and humans, 117–20, 123
social deprivation, 100–101, 119
See also separation distress
social dominance. See Dominance
social joy. See playful joy
social psychology, 52–55
Solms, Mark, 99
Somer, O., 185, 187, 189–90
Spearman, Charles, 83, 159, 161
Sperry, Roger, 247
Spielberger, Charles, 28
Spinoza, Baruch, 23, 315n1
split-brain studies, 249–50
Squire, L., 204
State-Trait Personality Inventory, 28
statistics. See Cattell, R.; factor analysis
Sternberg, Sue, 116
subcortical brain structures
disparities in research findings about, 236–37
primary-level processing of emotions and, 39, 41
regulation between neocortex and, 227–28, 231, 254
See also amygdala; deep brain stimulation (DBS); insula; periaqueductal gray (PAG)
subcortical midline structure, 251
suffering. See PANIC/Sadness
suicidal ideation, 252, 254, 261–62
Sullivan, Harry, 71–72
Suomi, Stephen, 100–101
superior frontal gyrus, 234
Sur, Mriganka, 81, 237
surprise. See FEAR/Anxiety
Svartberg, K., 112–13
Svrakic, D., 203
swim test. See Porsolt Swim Test
tail wagging, 108
TCI. See Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI)
team play, 272–73
tears. See weeping
Tellegen, Auke, 190, 205, 212
Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), 203, 205, 206, 208
temperament studies. See specific animals
tenderness. See CARE/Nurturance
Teplov, Boris, 195
terror. See FEAR/Anxiety
tertiary emotions, 29, 33–34, 83, 271, 272–73
See also Nested BrainMind Hierarchy (NBH)
testosterone, 260
Thematic Apperception Test, 75
threat. See FEAR/Anxiety
Three-level Nested BrainMind Hierarchy. See Nested BrainMind Hierarchy (NBH)
Thurstone, Louis, 162
ticklishness, 41, 45, 137
Tolman, Edward, 129
Tomkins, Silvan., 49, 55
Topal, J., 117–18
top-down approaches to personality, 80–81, 82, 84–85, 191
See also Big Five personality model; cognitive therapy (CT); Cybernetic Big Five Theory (DeYoung); Nested BrainMind Hierarchy (NBH)
transference, 67–68
Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), 199–200, 204–5
Trueblood, D. Elton, 11
Tryon, Robert, 129
Tupes, Ernest, 173–74
twin studies, 212–13, 214
unconscious, 67
See also collective unconscious
valences, 54
van der Merwe, L., 258–59
van der Westhuizen, Donne, 99
ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), 230
visual cortex plasticity, 80–81
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 50
Waller, N., 189, 190, 212
Watson, John, 173, 215
Weber, B., 260
Weeks, R., 238
weeping, 43–45
Weiss, A., 93, 95
Whitaker, Robert, 13
White, T., 197
Wilson, Edward O., 141
Wonder, 56, 58
working dogs, 115–16, 120–23
Yerkes, Robert, 91
Yovell, Yoram, 262
Yu, T., 221
Advance Acclaim
“Doctors Davis and Panksepp have made a significant contribution to personality theory, and from a novel scientific perspective, namely attempting to understand personality in terms of concepts from neurobiology and affective neuroscience. This work by Davis and Panksepp extends but also recontextualizes Cattell’s classical factor analytic work, which has long dominated the field of personality theory. This much-needed volume is not only significant addition to the The Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology, it is simply a must read for all personality theorists, while also offering critical insights to psychotherapists, clinical psychologists, and other mental health disciplines. Highly recommended!”
—Douglas Watt, PhD, Clinical and Forensic Neuropsychology,
Boston University School of Medicine, Lesley University
Graduate School of Psychology
“In this comprehensive and insightful exploration, Davis and Panksepp take us through an overview of modern psychology’s description of the Big Five factors and the nature of personality and explore what an affective neuroscience view of this topic offers to deepen and broaden our perspectives. We are all born with a temperament, an innate proclivity of the nervous system to shape our inner and outer responses, propensities that interact with our experiences to shape our personality as we grow. This important integration of Jaak Panksepp’s foundational contributions to understanding the sub-cortical processes involved in emotion and behavior with research on personality helps move the fields of development, psychology, psychiatry, and psychotherapy forward by anchoring our work with biologically based, evolutionarily informed insights into the factors that shape our minds.”
—Daniel J. Siegel, M.D., Mindsight Institute, Clinical Professor, UCLA School of Medicine, Author, Mind: A Journey to the Heart of Being Human and The Pocket Guide to Interpersonal Neurobiology
Copyright © 2018 by Kenneth L. Davis and the Estate of Jaak Panksepp
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The Emotional Foundations of Personality Page 47