17. Eikon Basilike, p. 56.
18. The Earl of Lauderdale quoted in David Scott, Politics and War in the Three Stuart Kingdoms, 1637–49 (2004), p. 129.
19. ‘Vox Militaris: Or an Apologetical Declaration Concerning the Officers and Souldiers of the Armie, under the Command of his Excellency Sr. Thomas Fairfax’, 11 August 1647, p. 2.
20. Described by Parliamentary Commissioners, 1651; http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/northants/vol3/pp103–109.
21. Gardiner, Vol. III, pp. 271, 272.
22. BL, E.391 (8); Robert Ashton, Counter Revolution (1994), p. 19.
Chapter 20: ‘A Clouded Majesty’
1. Fairfax had been in Bury St Edmunds when Joyce had visited Cromwell in London. Cromwell may have assumed that Fairfax would concur later with his decision–as Fairfax had. It was later suggested, however, that Fairfax had not been given any pre-warning of the seizure of the king as Cromwell had decided Fairfax should know no more than he was ‘pleased to carve and chew for him’. Andrew Hopper, Black Tom: Sir Thomas Fairfax and the English Revolution (2007), pp. 212–13.
2. ‘A Declaration or Representation from his Excellency Sir Thomas Fairfax and the Army under his Command’ (14 June), in the Army Book of Declarations (1647), pp. 37–44.
3. It was not his first meeting. That had been with Fairfax on 7 June.
4. The Memoirs of Sir John Berkeley (1699), p. 34.
5. Charles’s visible reaction was recorded by a witness; R. Huntington (ed.), Sundry reasons inducing Major Robert Huntingdon to lay down his commission (1648), repr. in Francis Maseres (ed.), Select tracts relating to the civil wars in England etc. (1815), Vol. 2, p. 400.
6. Letters of King Charles I, ed. Sir Charles Petrie (1935), p. 231.
7. Maseres (ed.), Vol. I, p. 365; Robert Ashton, Counter Revolution (1994), p. 208.
8. Mary Anne Everett Green, Lives of the Princesses of England (1850), Vol. 6, p. 355.
9. Hopper, pp. 174–6.
10. Moderate Intelligencer, 22 July 1647.
11. David Scott, ‘Politics in the Long Parliament’ in George Southcombe and Grant Tapsell (eds.), Revolutionary England, c.1630–c.1660: Essays for Clive Holmes (2016), pp. 32–55.
12. Not least one that excluded the Scots and would permit the return of the Church of England of the old prayer book.
13. Huntington (ed.) in Maseres (ed.), Vol. II, p. 399.
14. They included Denzil Holles and Sir Philip Stapilton.
15. Memoirs of Sir John Berkeley; Maseres (ed.), Vol. II, p. 368.
16. That is excluding women, servants or other dependents. The Levellers had grown out of a group of militants who had come together in opposition to the London Presbyterians, who were particularly powerful in the City’s municipal and church government. In that respect they had been on the militant wing of the Independents. They were now, however, challenging the power of the grandees of both parties.
17. Journal of the House of Lords, 23 July 1647.
18. Weekly Intelligencer, 16 September 1647; Green, Vol. 6, p. 359.
19. Richard Lovelace, ‘To my worthy friend Master Peter Lely on that excellent picture of his Majesty and the Duke of York, Drawn by Him at Hampton Court’.
20. For a full explanation of Ireton’s thinking see Sarah Mortimer, ‘Henry Ireton and the Limits of Radicalism’ in Southcombe and Tapsell (eds.), Revolutionary England, c.1630–c.1660: Essays for Clive Holmes (2016), pp. 55–73.
21. The Agreement of the People for a Firm and Present Peace upon Grounds of Common Right.
22. C. H. Firth (ed.), The Clarke Papers, Vol. I (1891), p. 307.
23. Ibid., p. 322.
24. Samuel Rawson Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War (1886/1987), Vol. IV, p. 11; Clarendon MSS 2645.
25. Maseres (ed.), Vol. II, p. 375.
26. Numbers 35:33.
27. Raymond Phineas Stearns, Strenuous Puritan: Hugh Peter, 1598–1660 (1954), p. 316.
28. John Fox, The King’s Smuggler (2011) p. 118.
29. Maseres (ed.), Vol. II, p. 373.
30. CSPV 10 December 1647 (60).
Chapter 21: Royalist Rising
1. Southampton had attended on the king in the last few days before his escape; E. Whalley, A More Full Relation of the Manner and Circumstances of his Majesty’s Departure from Hampton Court, 22 November 1647 (BL, E416/23).
2. John Rushworth, Historical Collections of Private Passages of State, Vol. 7 (1721), pp. 871–2.
3. Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, ed. W. D. Macray (1888), Vol. IV, p. 264.
4. The royal chaplain in question was Dr Henry Hammond, who would have been made a bishop had he not died on the eve of the Restoration.
5. Charles had, at first, the freedom of the Isle of Wight and he intended to make good use of it. On 17 December a ship sent by Henrietta Maria for his escape anchored in the waters off Carisbrooke. Charles pulled on his riding boots and ‘with great joy, ran to the window to see how the wind stood’. It was against them. The ship was trapped in the harbour for six days and his opportunity was lost. His hopes of escape had been noticed, however, so he lost his freedom and his friends. John Ashburnham, A Narrative by John Ashburnham etc. (1830), Vol. II, p. 120.
6. Robert Lockyer (ed.), The Trial of Charles I: A Contemporary Account Taken from the Memoirs of Sir Thomas Herbert and John Rushworth (1974), p. 36.
7. He scribbled the names of characters and preferred titles alongside his favourite plays–comedies for the most part. Thanks to Sarah Poynting for this information.
8. David Scott, Politics and War in the Three Stuart Kingdoms, 1637–49 (2004), p. 159.
9. CSPD 2 February 1648.
10. Journal of the House of Lords, Vol. X, 24 February 1648.
11. Journal of the House of Commons, Vol. V, 16 March 1648.
12. Ashburnham, Vol. II, p. 124.
13. CSPV 1648 (131), (133); ODNB Joseph Bampfield and Anne Halkett; Linda Porter, Royal Renegades (2016), pp. 184–5.
14. J. S. Clarke (ed.), The Life of James the Second (1816), Vol. I, pp. 32–3; James had been reassured that he wasn’t bound to his promise to Parliament not to escape. He was underage, and since this was a matter of state, he had needed the king’s consent to take such an oath.
15. He had also been under suspicion with the Independents after the Essex petition (the county where he had his land base).
16. On Anne of Austria and her court, see Mémoires de Madame de Motteville, tr. Katherine Wormeley, Vol. I (1886), pp. 286, 122.
17. Ibid., p. 123.
18. Karen Britland, ‘Exile or Homecoming? Henrietta Maria in France, 1644–69’ in Philip Mansel and Torsten Riotte (eds.), Monarchy and Exile (2011), p. 127.
19. Mémoires de Madame de Motteville, Vol. I, p. 286.
20. Clarendon, Vol. IV, p. 414.
21. David Lloyd, Memoirs of the Lives, Actions, Sufferings and Deaths of Those Noble Personages, that Suffered by Death, Sequestration, Decimation, Or Otherwise, for the Protestant Religion from 1637 to 1660. Continued to 1666. With the Life and Martyrdom of King Charles I (1668), p. 678; Andrew Marvell, ‘An Elegy Upon the Death of My Lord Francis Villiers’.
22. Clarendon, Vol. IV, p. 318. When the army had ridden into London in the summer of 1647, Fairfax had, in effect, conquered England for the Independents. Conquest carried with it the right by the victors to make or break laws as they pleased–to rule as tyrants. This was the slavery Holland referred to.
23. Sir Bulstrode Whitelocke, Memorials of the English Affairs etc. (1853), Vol. I, p. 328. Distrusted since his brief defection to Oxford in 1643, he was not even to be allowed his seat in the House of Lords.
24. Several Surrey men had been killed in May when they had delivered a county petition to Parliament demanding a treaty with the king.
25. He is buried in Westminster Abbey.
26. Holland joined 150 other prisoners at St Neots. His George with its blue ribbon–the Order of the
Garter–was taken along with other personal goods.
27. A Great victory obtained by Collonell Scroope against the Duke of Buckingham, at Saint Needs in Huntingtonshire. On Munday July the 10th (1648), p. 5.
28. This is in a letter preserved at Yale. https://beta.worldcat.org/archivegrid/collection/data/702172379.
29. Scott, Politics and War, p. 175.
30. Samuel Rawson Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War (1886/1987), Vol. IV, p. 162.
Chapter 22: The Red-Haired Mistress
1. Lita Rose Betcherman, Court Lady & Country Wife (2006), p. 299.
2. ODNB.
3. BL, Add. MS 19368, f. 112.
4. Sarah Poynting, ‘Deciphering the King: Charles I’s Letters to Jane Whorwood’, The Seventeenth Century, Vol. 21, No. 1 (2006), pp. 128–40.
5. Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, ed. W. D. Macray (1888), Vol. IV, p. 388.
6. David Scott, Politics and War in the Three Stuart Kingdoms, 1637–49 (2004), p. 177.
7. Clarendon, Vol. IV, p. 430.
8. Robert Wilcher, ‘What Was the King’s Book for?: The Evolution of “Eikon Basilike”’, Yearbook of English Studies, Vol. 21, Politics, Patronage and Literature in England 1558–1658 Special Number (1991), pp. 218–28.
9. Clarendon, Vol. IV, p. 463.
10. A Remonstrance of his Excellency Lord Thomas Fairfax (1648), p. 64.
11. Richard Royston, The Works of Charles I (1661), p. 137; C. V. Wedgwood, The Trial of Charles I (1964), p. 33.
12. Letters of King Charles I, ed. Sir Charles Petrie (1935), p. 241.
13. Ibid., p. 239. Petrie is mistaken in placing Charles at Newport.
14. Robert Lockyer (ed.), The Trial of Charles I: A Contemporary Account Taken from the Memoirs of Sir Thomas Herbert and John Rushworth (1974), pp. 53, 57, 58.
15. David Underdown, Pride’s Purge (1971), p. 143.
16. Ibid., p. 144.
17. Raymond Phineas Stearns, Strenuous Puritan: Hugh Peter, 1598–1660 (1954), p. 326.
18. Also missing was the diamond-studded great George that Charles had bestowed on the Midnight Lion, Gustavus Adolphus, and the coat of mail that Charles’s ancestor Edward IV had worn during the battles of the Wars of the Roses and which had hung over his tomb since 1483. The bronze angels and other statuary that Henry VIII had hoped would be used to make up his tomb had been sold or defaced, although some of it still survives. See Leanda de Lisle, Tudor: The Family Story (2013), p. 487, note 11.
19. Stearns, p. 330.
20. The French agent in London the Sieur de Grignon reported that the Parliamentarian Basil Feilding, Earl of Denbigh, had arrived at Windsor with a ‘final’ deal for the king backed by Cromwell. According to the rumours Denbigh hoped Charles would agree to becoming a puppet ruler in exchange for his life. Denbigh was the 1st Duke of Buckingham’s nephew. His father had been Keeper of the Great Wardrobe and the family preserved some of the clothes worn by the royal children: there was a little apron with gardening figures embroidered in blackwork, a pair of black satin and crepe breeches stamped with a paisley design, as well as purses and gloves, some dating back to the Tudors.
21. Sir Bulstrode Whitelocke, Memorials of the English Affairs etc. (1853), Vol. I, p. 365.
22. Wilcher, p. 223.
23. ‘A Winter Dream’ quoted in Jonathan Scott, England’s Troubles (2000), p. 157.
24. Samuel Rawson Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War (1886/1987), Vol. IV, p. 289.
25. ‘And do also Declare, that the Commons of England, in Parliament assembled, being chosen by, and representing the People, have the Supreme Power in this Nation: And do also Declare, That whatsoever is enacted, or declared for Law, by the Commons, in Parliament assembled, hath the Force of Law; and all the People of this Nation are concluded thereby, although the Consent and Concurrence of King, or House of Peers, be not had thereunto.’
Chapter 23: The King’s Trial
1. On 18 December 1648.
2. Boxing Day, 1648: Geoffrey Robertson, The Tyrannicide Brief (2005), p. 135.
3. Samuel Rawson Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War (1886/1987), Vol. IV, p. 290.
4. Quoted in Sean Kelsey, ‘The Trial of Charles I’, English Historical Review, Vol. 118, No. 477 (June 2003), p. 592.
5. The purged Presbyterian MP was called Edward Stephens.
6. The first proofs were ready by 14 January.
7. The house of Sir Thomas Cotton, a former MP for Huntingdon.
8. Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, ed. W. D. Macray (1888), Vol. IV, p. 483.
9. His own barber, Tom Davies, had been described as an enemy of the state in 1642; CSPD 1641–3 (274).
10. Such a hat, said to be his, is now in the Ashmolean Museum.
11. ‘This is conceived will be very ominous’, a news report recorded; Sir Philip Warwick, Memories of the Reigne of Charles I (1701), pp. 339–40.
12. King Charles, His Tryall &c (1649), pp. 5, 6.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., p. 8.
15. Ibid., pp. 9–15.
16. Gilbert Burnet, History of My Own Times (1724/1833), Vol. I, p. 85.
17. Mrs Nelson, sister of Sir Purbeck Temple.
18. For Charles’s hopes and attitude to the trial, see Kelsey, pp. 583–616.
19. King Charles, His Tryall &c, pp. 39, 47.
Chapter 24: Execution
1. Sir Purbeck Temple in William Cobbett, Cobbett’s Complete Collection of State Trials (1809–26), eds. Thomas Bayly Howell et al., Vol. V, p. 1151.
2. Sir Philip Warwick quoted in David Nichol Smith, Characters from the Histories and Memoirs of the Seventeenth Century (1918), p. 54.
3. An organ from this period survives today in the small church of St Nicholas at Stanford-on-Avon in the Midlands.
4. Ronald Lightbown, ‘Charles I and the Art of the Goldsmith’ in Arthur MacGregor (ed.), The Late King’s Goods (1989), pp. 251, 252.
5. Sir Thomas Herbert’s account in Robert Lockyer (ed.), The Trial of Charles I: A Contemporary Account Taken from the Memoirs of Sir Thomas Herbert and John Rushworth (1974), p. 119.
6. By the artist Gerard van Honthorst; The Correspondence of Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, Volume I: 1603–1631, ed. Nadine Akkerman (2015), p. 507.
7. Herbert in Lockyer (ed.), p. 120.
8. CSPV 1649 (224).
9. Sent on 13 January and brought by Henry Seymour, see W. Sanderson, Life and Raigne of King Charles (1658), p. 1135.
10. Eikon Basilike.
11. Sir Philip Warwick, quoted in Smith, p. 112.
12. Herbert in Lockyer (ed.), p. 123.
13. Ibid.
14. Roger Williams to John Winthrop Jr, 26 May 1649, 3, MHS Collection IX, 286; Cobbett, Vol. V, p. 1132; Isaiah 14:19.
15. CSPV 1647–52 (236).
16. Herbert in Lockyer (ed.), p. 124.
17. CSPV 1647–52 (246).
18. Herbert in Lockyer (ed.), p. 126.
19. CSPV 1647–52 (246).
20. Ibid.
21. This witness was a friend of Sir Philip Warwick, who recorded his story.
22. HMC, Lord de L’Isle and Dudley MSS, Vol. VI, p. 583.
23. Samuel Rawson Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War (1886/1987), Vol. IV, p. 323.
24. HMC, Lord de L’Isle and Dudley MSS, Vol. VI, p. 583.
25. Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey, A history of the George worn on the scaffold by Charles I (1908), p. 28.
26. In the contemporary mica images of the execution kept at Carisbrooke Castle, the next image is of a blue sky, with wheeling birds; George Evelyn to John Evelyn, 30 January 1648, BL, Add. MS 78303, Evelyn Papers: George Evelyn Corr, f. 34.
27. Andrew Marvell, ‘An Horatian Ode Upon Cromwell’s Return from Ireland’.
28. William Dugdale quoted in Robert B. Partridge, ‘O Horrable Murder’: The Trial, Execution and Burial of King Charles I (1998), p. 97.
30. CSPV 1647–52 (246).
31. Sir Purbeck Temple in Cobbett, Vol. V, p. 1151.
32. Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, ed. W. D. Macray (1888), Vol. IV, p. 492.
33. Mica miniature at Carisbrooke Castle; Sir Purbeck Temple in Cobbett, Vol. V, p. 1151.
34. A contemporary diary notes that ‘the man who had held the head up then threw it down’, so that it ‘bruised the face’; The Life, Diary, and Correspondence of Sir William Dugdale, ed. William Hamper (1827), p. 96.
35. Mémoires de Madame de Motteville, tr. Katherine Wormeley, Vol. II (1902), pp. 84, 86.
36. Thomas Birch, The Court and Times of Charles I (1849), Vol. II, pp. 381, 382.
Chapter 25: Resurrection
1. Sir Thomas Herbert, Memoirs of the Last Two Years of the Reign of Charles I (1815), p. 198.
2. Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, ed. W. D. Macray (1888), Vol. IV, p. 493; Herbert, p. 199.
3. Journal of the House of Commons, 8 February 1649: what the Commons resolution referred to as Henry VIII’s ‘chapel’ was just the room in which the statuary etc. for his tomb (sold and broken up in 1646) had been stored, along with the marble sarcophagus that yet remained. See Leanda de Lisle, Tudor: The Family Story (2013), p. 487, note 11.
4. The Canon of Windsor, David Stokes, later claimed Charles planned to build a mausoleum for himself and future kings there.
5. Journal of the House of Commons, 8 February 1649.
6. Herbert, p. 203.
7. Allan Fea, Memoirs of the Martyr King (1904), pp. 149–50, and note pp. 151–2. He had also taken some velvet.
8. Ronald Lightbown, ‘Charles I and the Art of the Goldsmith’ in Arthur MacGregor (ed.), The Late King’s Goods (1989), pp. 252–4.
9. Fea, p. 150.
10. Herbert, pp. 205–6.
11. Barbara Donagan, ‘A Courtier’s Progress: Greed and Consistency in the Life of the Earl of Holland’, Historical Journal, Vol. 19, No. 2 (June 1976), p. 352, quoting the scaffold speech.
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