12. HMC, Lord de L’Isle and Dudley MSS, Vol. VI, p. 587.
13. Approximately £1,400 today.
14. The Several Speeches of Duke Hamilton Earl of Cambridge, Henry Earl of Holland, and Arthur Lord Capel, Upon the Scaffold Immediately before their Execution, On Friday the 9. of March. Also the several Exhortations, and Conferences with them, upon the Scaffold, by Dr Sibbald, Mr Bolton, & Mr Hodges (1649).
15. The Correspondence of Bishop Brian Duppa and Sir Justinian Isham 1650–1660, ed. Sir Gyles Isham (1955), p. 75.
16. Chevreuse had returned to England only once since the civil war and most unwillingly. In 1645 she had been forced, yet again, into exile from France, and was captured in the Channel by the Parliamentarian navy. They took her to the Isle of Wight and offered her back to Cardinal Mazarin who didn’t want her and so Chevreuse had journeyed on to Flanders. Victor Cousin, Secret History of the French Court Under Richelieu and Mazarin (1859), p. 165.
17. Michael Prawdin, Marie de Rohan (1971), p. 190.
18. Apologists for these events insist it has to be seen in the context of the Thirty Years War. But the Thirty Years War had ended several years previously. It has to be seen in the context of British history, not that of Germany.
19. Carola Oman, The Winter Queen (1938, revd edn 2000), p. 157.
20. Erin Griffey, On Display (2015), p. 186.
21. These details are all given in a contemporary letter. HMC, Lord de L’Isle and Dudley MSS, Vol. VI, p. 623.
22. Mémoires de Madame de Motteville, tr. Katherine Wormeley, Vol. II (1902), p. 86.
23. Lettres de Henriette-Marie de France, reine d’Angleterre, à sa soeur Christine, duchesse de Savoie, Vol. V, ed. Hermann Ferrero (1881), p. 126.
24. The ‘Assumption’ section of a painting of the Assumption of the Virgin was, however, cut off while in his care.
25. Francis Haskell, The King’s Pictures (2003), pp. 146–50.
26. James had been set up with his own court, and was an active Lord High Admiral: a title first given to him by his father aged five.
Postscript
1. Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, quoted in David Nichol Smith, Characters from the Histories and Memoirs of the Seventeenth Century (1918), p. 53.
2. Clarendon quoted in ibid., p. 49.
3. Peter Heylyn quoted in John Milton, Observations Upon the Articles of Peace (1649), p. 96.
4. Ibid.
5. William Laud, Works (1847–60), Vol. III, p. 443.
6. Clarendon quoted in Smith, p. 51.
Appendix
1. Mémoires de M. de La Rochefoucauld, etc. Together with the Memoirs of A. P. de La Rochefoucauld, Duke de Doudeauville, written by himself, ed. François Claude (1861), Vol. II, pp. 12–13. See also Mémoires de Louis-Henri de Loménie, Comte de Brienne, secrétaire d’état sous Louis XIV (1828), Vol. I, pp. 331–45.
2. The only gift of diamonds mentioned in 1625, when Buckingham had last seen Anne, was a collar Buckingham had been given by Louis. Besides the French memoirs Sir Roger Coke also claimed the queen had sent Buckingham, if not a necklace, then her garter ‘and an exceedingly rich jewel’; Roger Coke, A detection of the court and state of England during the four last reigns… (1696), p. 234. On the diamonds mentioned in 1625 see CSPV 1625–6 (153). On real plots against Richelieu and the key role of Chevreuse, possibly the originator of the necklace legend, see http://journal.xmera.org/volume-2–no-1–summer-2010/articles/dobbie.pdf.
INDEX
Act of Parliament, against Strafford, 125–126
Act of the Trial of Charles Stuart, King of England, 260–261
Adolphus, Gustavus, 82
The Agreement of the People, 230, 235
America. See colonies
Anglo-French war
Buckingham encouraging, 57
Buckingham expenses and defeat in, 60
Charles I fundraising for, 58–59
historic defeat in, 59–60
naval offenses launched in, 59
Parliament voting on finances for, 61–62
peace and end to, 75–77
Anglo-Spanish war
Breda battle in, 43–44, 51
Cadiz battle in, 46–48, 50–51
finances for, 44–46, 53–54
Parliament voting for, 42
Puritan view on, 18n
Anna of Denmark, 4–5, 8, 16
death of, 13
Anne, Stuart (Princess of England, Scotland and Ireland), 87
death of, 118
Anne of Austria (Queen of France), 30, 290
Buckingham courtship of, 34–35
de Chevreuse friendship with, 33
Henrietta Maria loan from, 184
taxes of, 268
The Three Musketeers story and, 295–296
‘Answer’ (Charles I), 159
Arminianism/Arminians, 68
Buckingham support for, 51–52
predestination and, 51
Arminius, Jacobus, 51
art
Charles I collection of, 289
Charles I portraits, 87–88, 102, 227
following Reformation, 6–7
Henrietta Maria and Hudson, J., portraits, 63
of Henrietta Maria destroyed by Clotworthy, 175
in Holland home, 141
Marie de’ Medici portraits by Rubens, 30
in Spain purchased by Charles I, 21
Van Dyck portraits of Charles I, Henrietta Maria, and family, 87–88, 102
Ashburnham, John, 178, 211, 234
Bampfield, Joseph, 238
Basilikon Doron (Royal Gift), 9–10, 40, 95
Basing House, 208–209
Batten, William, 247
Battle of Cheriton, 183–184
Battle of Cornwall, 193
Battle of Cropredy Bridge, 193
Battle of Edgehill, 167–171, 174
Battle of Langport, 206
Battle of Leicester, 201–203, 265
Battle of Lostwithiel, 193
Battle of Lutzen, 82
Battle of Marston Moor, 187–188, 190
Battle of Newbury, 192, 195
Battle of Philiphaugh, 208
Battle of Towton, 187–188
Battle of White Mountain, 16
Benlowes, Edward, 171
Berkeley, John, 234
Bertie, Robert. See Lindsey, Robert
Bishops’ War, second, 106, 111–112
Boleyn, Anne, 54
Bolton massacre, Royalists committing, 194n
Book of Common Prayer, Parliament abolishing, 200
Book of Sports, 236
Bourbons, 23
‘Boy’ (hunting poodle of Rupert), 191–192
Bradshawe, John (Chief Justice), 259–266, 283
Breda battle, in Anglo-Spanish war, 43–44, 51
Brentford, Rupert attack on, 172
Bristol, Rupert victory in, 179
Buckingham, George Villiers, 1st Duke of, 43
Anglo-French war encouraged by, 57
Anglo-French war expenses and defeat of, 60
Anne of Austria courted by, 34–35
appearance of, 3, 60
Arminianism supported by, 51–52
Carlisle, L., relationship with, 55, 57
Charles I mentored by, 13–14, 18–19
children of, 241–242
criticism and attacks against, 46–47, 60, 62–63
French arrival of, 29–30
funeral of, 66
Holland opportunity from death of, 67
impeachment case against, 52–53
James I support of, 19
murder of, 64–66
Remonstrance against, 62–63
Richelieu meeting with, 31–32
Rubens commissioned by, 30–31
in Spain, 19–22
speeches and songs attacking, 63
The Three Musketeers story and, 295–296
burial, of Charles I, 280–282
See also funerals
; Cadiz battle, in Anglo-Spanish war, 46–48, 50–51
Calvinism/Calvinists
Catholic traditions abhorred by, 11
Puritans compared to other, 12
Carew, Thomas, 84
Carisbrooke Castle, 267
Carlisle, James Hay (Earl), 56, 78
death of, 85
as Groom of the Stool, 81
Carlisle, Lucy Hay, Countess of
appearance and charm of, 54
arrest of, 284–285
Buckingham relationship with, 55, 57
civil war impact on, 225
dark side of, 85–86
death of, 288
family of, 54–56
Henrietta Maria betrayed by, 147–148
Henrietta Maria falling out with, 79–80
Henrietta Maria relationship with, 56–57, 67
Junto open support of, 149
Junto warned by, 147–148
Pym relationship with, 141
retirement of, 285
smallpox and, 67
Spain supported by, 77–78
Strafford distanced from, 132
on Strafford impeachment trial defense, 123
Strafford support from, 108
The Three Musketeers story and, 295–296
as widow, 85
The Case of the Army Truly Stated, 229
Catholicism/Catholics
Calvinists abhorrence for traditions of, 11
Charles I ordering disarming of, 158
Charles I punished by Henrietta Maria’s priests, 54
Charles I snub of, 27
in England, low profile of, 104
Golden Rose in, 35
Henrietta Maria promises to, 35
homes searched, 115
Irish genocide fears of, 139
Junto persecution of, 137–138, 160–161
popish conspiracy rumors against, 92, 109, 118, 137, 157
Propaganda Fide and, 35
Pym plans countering threat of, 116–117
women as key to English, 26–27
See also Counter-Reformation
Cavaliers, 114, 161
See also Royalists
Cavendish, William. See Newcastle
Cecil, Edward, 46–48
Charles I (King of Britain)
anger and emotional instability of, 155
appearance of, 37, 86, 250, 260, 273
artists and, 267
auction of goods confiscated from, 277
birth of, 4
body of deceased, on display, 277–278
children reunited with, 224
compassion of, 292
court of, 40
embalming of, 278
escape attempt of, 217–218
faithfulness of, 247–248
imagination of, 291
kindness of, 7
last meal of, 273
legacy of, 291–294
physical strength improvements of, 8
sentencing of, 265–266
siblings of, 5
wardrobe of, 86
See also specific topics
Charles II (Prince of Wales), 142, 153, 163, 201, 279
at Battle of Edgehill, 169–170
birth of, 76–77
civil war flight of, 208
education shortcomings of, 217
financial struggles of, 269
as Knight of the Garter, 87
mistresses of, 289
Presbyterianism and, 285
in second civil war, 241
Charles Louis (Prince Palatine), 131, 134, 147, 268
Charles I deserted by, 162–163
disloyalty of, 228
finance troubles of, 154
de Châteauneuf (Marquis), 79
Cheriton, Battle of, 183–184
de Chevreuse (Duc), 28
de Chevreuse, Marie (Duchesse), 95
Anne of Austria friendship with, 33
appearance of, 32
exhibitionism of, 97
Henrietta Maria’s sexual education from, 38
Holland relationship with, 32–33
old age of, 285
Richelieu plots of, 96–97
as troublemaker, 185
chivalry, Order of the Garter and, 8
Christmas
Charles I honoring, 254
Presbyterians abolishing, 236
Church of England
Charles I final words on, 275
Convocation of, 110
Elizabeth I leadership and, 11
James I reforms of, 13
Junto posing dangers to, 136–137
kingship promotion and Charles I changes to, 68–69
‘middle way’ stance of, 10
Protestant divisions over, 10–11
Scottish prayer book revolt against, 93–95, 101
civil war, English
Basing House siege in, 208–209
Battle of Cheriton in, 183–184
Battle of Cornwall in, 193
Battle of Cropredy Bridge in, 193
Battle of Edgehill and, 167–171, 174
Battle of Langport in, 206
Battle of Leicester in, 201–203, 265
Battle of Lostwithiel in, 193
Battle of Marston Moor in, 187–188, 190
Battle of Newbury in, 192, 195
Battle of Philiphaugh in, 208
Carlisle, L., impact of, 225
Charles I peace hopes dashed in, 200–201
Charles II fleeing, 208
Council of War in, 195–196
death count and impact of, 213
end of, 213
Henrietta Maria pregnancy during, 183–184
Irish troop negotiations to join, 201
Junto divided over prospects of, 174
New Model Army in, 203–205, 209
peace-party grandees and, 175, 179–181
Roundheads aims in, 195
Rupert arguing for peace in, 208
Scotland entering, 182–183, 192, 192n
war-party grandees and, 175, 179–180
See also Roundheads; Royalists
civil war, English, second
Charles II entering, 241
end of, 250
Henrietta Maria leadership in, 239–240
Holland in, 241–243
Royalist uprising beginning, 238–241
Scottish army in, 249–250
tax demands in, 239
treaty pressure in, 248–249
Clotworthy, John, 175, 200n
colonies
Peter return of, 160
Puritan hopes in, 92
comedians, 209
Committee for the Revenue, 225
Committee of Both Kingdoms, 197
common law, 119, 125
Commonwealth, 286–287
Constant Warwick, 247
Convocation, Church of England, 110
Cooke, John, 261, 264
Cornwall, Battle of, 193
coronation
of Charles I, 49–50
of Frederick V, 16
Henrietta Maria refusing, 49
of Stuart, E., 16
Council of the Marches of Wales, 119
Council of the North, 119
Council of War, 195–196
Counter-Reformation
Marie de’ Medici support for, 98
victory of, 67
court, kingship and, 40
Court of High Commission, 119
Covenant, Charles I pressured to sign, 213–214
Covenanters (Scotland), 140
Charles I struggling to suppress, 105–106
General Assembly backing, 101
Protestantism and, 103–104
taxes raised by, 103
victories of, 105
Warwick assisting, 103
Cromwell, Oliver, 195, 226–227, 249–250
appearance of, 189
Basing House victory of, 208–209
in Battle of Marston Moor, 190
The Case of the Army Truly Stated reaction of, 229
Charles I first meetings with, 222–224
Charles I trial argued for by, 257–258
death of, 286–287
family and history of, 188
Independent party associated with, 196
as ‘Ironside,’ 192
Leveller concerns of, 231
Levellers defeated by, 235
retirement of, 220
Cropredy Bridge, Battle of, 193
customs duties, Charles I raising, 89–90
da Vinci, Leonardo, 289
Dalzell, Frances, 204n
Devereux, Penelope, 32
Devereux, Robert. See Essex, Robert
Devereux, Robin. See Essex, Robin
disabilities, Charles I and, 5–6
divine-right kingship, 262n
Dugdale, William, 162n
Dumas, Alexandre, 33, 57, 295–296
Edgehill, Battle of, 167–171, 174
Edinburgh, 4, 93–94, 136
education
of Charles I, 7
Charles II shortcomings in, 217
of Elizabeth, 224
Henrietta Maria sexual, 38
Edward IV (King of England), 281
Edward VI (King of England), 11
Eikon Basilike (Royal Portrait) (Charles I), 255, 259, 266, 278
Eleven Years’ Tyranny, 111
Elizabeth (Princess), 87, 153
Charles I final visit with, 270–271
death of, 288
education of, 224
in mourning, 277
Elizabeth I (Queen), 4, 18
Charles I financial support of, 82–83
Church of England leadership of, 11
financial debt of, 13
Henrietta Maria relationship with, 155–156
embalming, of Charles I, 278
Engagement, Scotland and secret, 235–236
England, 24–25
Catholics keeping low profile in, 104
civil war death count and impact on, 213
Commonwealth and, 286–287
Henrietta Maria public disapproval in, 26–27
Henrietta Maria return to, 287–288
Marie de’ Medici welcomed to, 98–100
political parties emerging in, 196–197
Protestantism origins in, 11
Scotland armistice with, 114
witchcraft in, 192, 192n, 205–206
women as key to Catholicism in, 26–27
See also Anglo-French war; Anglo-Spanish war; civil war, English; Parliament
English civil war. See civil war, English
episcopacy
Charles I refusing abolishment of, 215–216, 250–252
James I on, 10
petitions in support of, 159
Essex, Robert (2nd Earl), 12, 179
Battle of Lostwithiel defeat of, 193
death of, 216
execution of, 13
funeral of, 216
shrinking army of, 181
Essex, Robin (3rd Earl), 43, 132, 157
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