A Beautiful Math
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Altruism, 3, 77, 85–86, 87–88, 90, 92, 107, 111, 117, 161, 162
Ancient Law (Maine), 19
Anger, 104
Animal House (film), 144
Animals
cooperation, 76–77, 85
neuroeconomic studies, 99–100
rationality, 241
Anthropology.
See also Cultural evolution
experimental economic, 165
game theory applications, 3, 8
Antimatter, 8
Arthur, Brian, 176
Asimov, Isaac, v–vi, vii, 1, 8, 9, 30, 42, 109, 113, 125, 126–127, 163, 164, 165, 176
Astronomy, 130
Astrophysics, 7
ATP, 160–162
Au (Papua New Guinea), 117
Aumann, Robert, 71
Axelrod, Robert, 88, 89
B
Bacon, Kevin, 144–145, 149, 154–155, 157
Ball, Philip, 128, 129, 130
Barabási, Albert-László, 156, 157, 158, 160
Bargaining problem, 55–56, 66
Battle of the sexes, 61
Bayes, Thomas, 203
Bayes' theorem, 203
Baylor College of Medicine, 97, 104
Beausoleil, Raymond, 194
Bednar, Jenna, 178–179, 180
Behavioral Game Theory (Camerer), 69
Behavioral game theory.
See also Neuroeconomics
applications, general, 2–4, 6–7, 8, 71, 108
computational modeling of cognitive processes, 97–102
emotions and, 95, 96–97
fight or flight response, 94–95
genetics and, 102, 112, 122–123
Newtonian physics and, 12
prediction of human behavior, 111
and probability distributions, 141–142
relevance to social interactions, 96–97, 108, 142, 174–175
risk taking, 101–102
ultimatum game, 92, 103–106, 110
Behaviorists, 93–94
Bell, E. T., 197
Bell Labs, 204
Belushi, John, 144
Benatar, Pat, 221
Bentham, Jeremy, 30–31, 38, 237
Bernoulli, Daniel, 31, 40, 136, 237
Bernouilli, Jacob, 204
Bernoulli, Nicholas, 31
Berns, Gregory, 94–95, 100–101
Berra, Yogi, 176
Biology.
See also Evolutionary game theory
relevance of game theory, 75–77
Black, Ira, 122
Black, Karen, 155
Black holes, 8
The Blank Slate (Pinker), 112
Body Mass Index, 132
Boltzmann, Ludwig, 139, 142
Borel, Émile, 33
Borgs, Christian, 158, 159, 160
Bowles, Samuel, 3, 37, 59, 90, 91
Boyd, Robert, 90, 115, 118, 119
Brain
anterior cingulate cortex, 104
"cheating detection" module, 120–121
chemistry, 94–97, 100–101
computational modeling of cognitive processes, 97–102, 109
conflict monitoring region, 104
cooperation-related activity, 107
development, 6, 8
economics-related chemistry and processes, 94–95, 99–102, 105
imaging, 94, 98–99, 101, 105, 242
as impartial spectator, 23
insula, 103–104
lateral intraparietal cortex, 99
mirror neurons, 107
modularity in functions, 120–121
nucleus accumbens, 102
plasticity, 121–122
trust-related activity, 103–106
Bronowski, Jacob, 13–14
Brouwer, Luitzen, 58
Brush, Stephen, 136
Buccleuch, Duke of, 15
Buckle, Henry Thomas, 126, 137–138, 139
Buller, David, 120–121, 243
C
C. elegans, 153, 157, 245
Caltech, 11, 22, 117, 118
Cambridge University, 73, 77, 82
Camerer, Colin, 11–12, 22–23, 69, 92, 96–97, 104, 108, 117, 118, 119–120, 125, 141, 175
Cancer, 162
Capitalism, 17, 23
Card, Orson Scott, 217
Carnegie Institute of Technology, 51, 54–55
Cech, Eduard, 35
Center for Neural Science, 99
Center for Neuroeconomics Studies, 105
Challet, Damien, 176
Chayes, Jennifer Tour, 158–160
Cheating detection, 120–121
Chemical reactions, 7, 57, 60
Chen, Kay-Yut, 194
Chess, 32–33, 68
Chicken, game of, 61, 182
Child abuse, stepchildren, 120
Claremont Graduate University, 105, 106
Clausius, Rudolf, 136, 139, 140
Cliffe Leslie, Thomas Edward, 18–19
Clock, mechanical, 128–129, 236–237
Coalitions, 54, 58.
See also Cooperation
Code breaking, 191–192, 195
Code of Nature
Asimov's psychohistory, vii, 8–9, 109, 113–114, 164, 181, 199, 219
cultural diversity and, 109, 178
Darwinian evolution and, 24–26, 72, 77
defined, 14, 164
game theory and, 38, 49–50, 220, 223–224
genetic endowment and, 113, 223
law of the jungle, 19, 72, 75, 83
modern search for, 219–220
Morelly's philosophy, 236
Nash equilibrium and, 52, 223
network math and, 145, 163
neuroeconomics and, 92, 102, 106–109
probability theory and, 199
quantum mechanics and, 195
Roman Jus Gentium, 19, 236
Smith's invisible hand, 17–21
statistical mechanics and, 128, 163
Coin tossing games, 140–142, 182–183, 248
Cold War, 3
Collective machine learning systems, 200
Columbia University, 174
Communication
entropy in, 205–206
quantifying, 204–205
quantum, 189–192, 247
of strategy, 193–194
Competition, 6, 13, 24, 25, 160, 161, 166, 195
Complexity and complex systems, 6, 24, 149, 163, 236–237.
See also Networks
Computational modeling of cognitive processes, 97–102, 109
Computers
digital, 29, 185, 219
nanosized, 200
quantum, 183, 185–186, 187, 191–192
rudimentary, 197
Comte, Auguste, 244
Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen (film), 155
Conflict monitoring, brain region, 104
Conflict strategy, 70, 104
Cooperation
animals, 76–77, 85
bargaining problem, 55–56, 66
brain activity during, 107
evolution of, 76–77, 79–83, 85–92, 107, 161–162
gossip about reputation and, 87, 89
language and, 85–87
large-scale, 86
long-term, 71
many-player, 60, 66
nonkin, 85–87
Prisoner's Dilemma, 63, 71, 88, 163
public goods game, 64, 90–92
punishment and, 90–92, 103
repeated-games approach, 71, 163
selfishness and, 106–107, 162
snowdrift game, 163
spatially structured, 162, 163
tit-for-tat strategies, 87–90
Coordinated solutions to social problems, 70–71, 190, 194, 200
Cornell University, 166, 174
Cosmology, 6
Creationism, 24
Crowd behavior, 169
Crowe, Russell, 2
Cruz, Penelope, 145
Cultural diversity
and Code of Nature, 109, 178
and economic game theory, 117
and rationality, 115
and sociophysics, 177–181
and strategy, 114–119, 178–180
Cultural evolution, 7
cross-cultural comparison, 113–115
nature vs. nurture controversy, 121–124
research funding, 165
and strategy, 111–112, 116–117, 124, 220
ultimatum game, 114–115
D
Darwin, Charles, 14, 24–26, 78, 86
Davis, Morton, 239
de Moivre, Abraham, 244
Decision theory, 198, 212, 249
Democracy, 173, 195
Descartes, René, 129
Descent of Man (Darwin), 24
Dictatorship, 172, 173
Digital cameras, 1
Disgust, 104
Dodds, Peter, 174
Dopamine, 97, 101
Dresher, Melvin, 240
Drug addiction, 102
Duffin, R. L., 51
Durocher, Leo, 86
E
Eastwood, Clint, 83
Economic game theory.
See also Econophysics;
Neuroeconomics
applications, general, 2, 3, 6, 11, 22, 27, 34–36, 68, 71–72
assumptions, 111, 117
bargaining problem, 55–56
behavioral, 22
cultural diversity and, 117
division of labor, 25, 108
evolutionary analogies, 24–26, 165
Gilligan's Island model, 37, 41, 54, 58
Manhattan Island model, 58
Nash equilibrium, 32, 60
Nobel laureates, 52, 70–71
quantum principles, 189
physics and, 165, 167, 180–181
representative agent model and, 108
Robinson Crusoe (neoclassical) model, 37–39, 41, 54, 58
Smith's system, 9, 12–14, 17–21, 25
social preferences and, 111–112
utility and strategy, 31, 37–43, 95, 104–105
von Neumann–Morgenstern approach, 28, 30, 34, 35–40, 42, 47, 49–50, 51, 52–54, 60, 75, 95, 185, 217, 237
Economic growth, trust and, 106
Econophysics, 165, 167, 180–181
Einstein, Albert, 2, 75, 192, 219
Emory University, 115
Emotions.
See also specific emotions computational analysis of brain activity, 97–98
games and, 95, 96–97
negative, 104
and rationality, 95–96, 97, 115
Ender's Game (Card), 217–218
Ensminger, Jean, 117–118
Environment
behavioral response to, 121–124
evolutionary landscape, 83–85
Equilibrium.
See also Nash equilibrium
mass-action interpretation, 57, 221, 240
principle and examples, 56–57
Erdös, Paul, 148, 149
Eton College, 77
Euler, Leonhard, 148
Evolutionary economics, 24–26, 165
Evolutionary game theory
altruism problem, 85–86, 87
applications, general, vii, 3, 6, 14, 72, 160–161
and Code of Nature, 24–26, 72, 77
combinatorial language, 85–86
cooperative behavior, 76–77, 79–83, 85–92, 107, 161–162
Darwinism and, 24–26, 72, 76, 77
duck experiment, 73–75
eavesdroppers, 81–83
hawk-dove game, 79–83
landscape, 83–85
matrix, 80
Nash equilibrium and, 74–75, 80, 83, 89, 124, 222, 241
natural selection, 78
and networks, 151, 157–158, 159–163, 222
Paley's intelligent design, 24, 25–26, 236–237
Prisoner's Dilemma, 87, 88, 107, 161–162
quantum mechanics and, 195
relevance of, 76–77
snowdrift game, 162–163
and social networks, 159–160, 162–163
strategies, 78, 79, 81–82, 86–90, 107, 124–125
utility (fitness), 78–79, 83–85, 88, 158, 161
Evolutionary psychology
criticisms of, 119–122, 223, 243
game theory and, 113
nature vs. nurture controversy, 121–122
principles, 112–113
F
Fads, 171, 173
Fairness, 63, 110, 111, 116, 119
Farner, Doyne, 180
Fermat, Pierre, 130, 197
Fight or flight response, 94–95
Fixed-point theorems, 58–59
Flitney, Adrian, 193
Flood, Merrill, 240
Foundation Trilogy (Asimov), v, vii, 1, 4–5, 9, 34, 113, 246
Fourier, John Baptiste Joseph, 132
Free-market economy, 17–18
Free will, 134–135, 138, 169
French Revolution, 129
Freud, Sigmund, 93–94, 97, 219
G
Galam, Serge, 166–167, 171
Galileo, 36, 129
Game Physics, 215
Game theory.
See also individual disciplines
acceptance of, 52–54
applications, generally, vi–viii, 2–9, 13, 21, 27, 49, 52, 53, 67, 70, 71–72, 220, 221–222;
see also individual disciplines
and Code of Nature, 38, 49–50, 220
defined, vi
and information theory, 200, 212
minimax theorem, 43–49, 58, 239
modeling human interactions, 68–69
and networks, 145, 159–163
origin, 2, 26, 27, 28, 30, 185
potential today, 66–72, 223–224
and prediction of outcomes, 66–67, 211–213
principles, 2–3, 138
probability theory and, 140–142, 198, 199–202, 208–214
and psychology, 215
random factors, 32, 34, 48
rational behavior, 21, 67, 69
relevance to real life, 67–68
statistical physics and, vi, 4–5, 6, 7, 39–43, 128, 199–202, 221
strategy, 30, 32–34, 42
utility, 22, 30–31, 37–38
Gases, kinetic theory of, 127–128, 135–140, 201
Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 131, 244
Gaussian distribution, 131, 139, 244, 249
Gell-Mann, Murray, 240
Genetics.
See also Evolutionary psychology
and behavioral predispositions, 102, 112, 122–123
and Code of Nature, 113
Gibbs, J. Willard, 142
Gintis, Herbert, 2–3, 4, 72, 90, 91
Glimcher, Paul, 99
Gnau (Papua New Guinea), 117
Google, 158
Gossip, 72, 75, 87, 89
Göttingen Mathematical Society, 33
Gould, Stephen Jay, 24–26
Graph theory, 143, 145, 148.
See also Networks
Graunt, John, 129
Gravity, law of, 60, 135
Greed, 90
Greene, Joshua, 224
Guare, John, 146
Gusev, Dmitri, v
H
Hadza (Tanzania), 117
Haldane, J. B. S., 77, 85
Hall, Monty, 40
Harambee, 118
Harper, David, 73–74
Harsanyi, John, 2
Harvard University, 112
Hawk-dove game, 79–83, 228–229, 241, 246
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 71
Henrich, Joe, 114–115
Herbie:
Fully Loaded (film), 155
Herschel, John, 137
History of Civilization in England (Buckle), 137
Hobbes, Thomas, 20, 129
Hogg, Tad, 194
Holt, Charles, 63
Hopper, Dennis, 155, 157, 245
Houser, Daniel, 66
HP Labs, 194
Human nature.
See also Code of Nature
fragmented view of, 118–119
nature of, 112–113
universality doctrine, 120–121
Hume, David, 14, 31, 106, 219
Hurwicz, Leonid, 53
Hutcheson, Francis, 237
I
Ignorance, 205–208, 211–214
Impartial spectator, 23
Incomplete information, 66
Indirect reciprocity, 86–88
Infinite series, summing, 29
Information revolution, 219
Information theory, 8, 200, 201, 202–208, 212
Institute for Advanced Study, 35, 55, 75–76
Intelligent design, 6, 24, 25–26
International relations, 70
Internet, 146, 149, 158, 160
Iqbal, Azhar, 195
Irrationality, 22, 66
quantification of, 212–214
Ising, Ernst, 170, 173
J
Jaynes, Edwin, 201, 204, 206, 207
Jealousy, 120
Johns Hopkins University, 11
Johnson, Neil F., 182
Johnstone, Rufus, 82
K
Kakutani, Shizuo, 58
Kenney, George, 45–46
Kevin Bacon game, 144–146, 149
Kinetic theory of gases, 127–128, 135–140, 168–169, 175, 210
Knockaround Guys (film), 155
Krueger, Alan, 18
Kuang, Le-Man, 192, 193
Kuhn, Harold, 60
Kurzban, Robert, 66
L
La Rochefoucauld, 110
Lamalera (Indonesia), 117
Landscape, evolutionary, 83–85
Language, 85–87
Lanzhou University, 246
Laplace, Pierre Simon, 130–131, 132, 139, 204, 248
Law of the jungle, 19, 72, 75, 83
Le Her, 32
Lee, Chiu Fan, 182
Lee, Christopher, 155
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 27
Let's Make a Deal (TV), 40–41
Leviathan (Hobbes), 129
Liars, Lovers, and Heroes (Sejnowski and Quartz), 122
Life sciences, merger with physical sciences, 6, 8
Logic, 30, 68, 118
Lohan, Lindsay, 155
Louis XV, 16
M
MacArthur Foundation, 115
Machiguenga (Peru), 114–115, 116, 220
Magnetic resonance imaging, 98–99, 105, 192, 242
Magnetism, 169–173
Maine, Henry, 19, 236
The Maltese Falcon (film), 110
Marx, Karl, 20
Mass action, law of, 57
Mass extinctions, 171
Matching pennies game, 61, 141
Maximum entropy principle, 201–202, 205–206, 213–214
Maxwell, James Clerk, 127–128, 135–140, 142, 168–169, 175, 219