Great Harry
Page 54
5. L.P. I:ii, 1048.
6. Mil. Cal. I, 402, 415; L.P. I:ii, 395.
7. LP. I:ii, 1349.
8. Mil. Cal. I, 402.
9. Ven. Cal. II, 92.
10. L.P. I:ii, 1015.
11. Ibid., 977.
12. Ibid., 974.
13. Mil. Cal. I, 410.
14. Sp. Cal. II, 146.
15. L.P. II:ii, 1459.
16. Ibid., I:ii, 1040, 1086.
17. Ibid.. 1027. Additional proof that Katherine was advancing northward with an army comes from LP. I:ii, 1230, where among the ordnance stores listed in spring, 1514, were guns "which should have gone northward with the queen's grace" in the previous year.
18. Ibid., 1014.
Chapter 13
1. This account of the May Day festivities in 1515 is taken from the dispatches of Giustiniani, in Rawdon Brown, ed. and trans.. Four Years at the Court of Henry VIII, 2 vols. (London, 1854), I, 79-81, 90-93.
2. Ibid., 90-91.
3. Ibid., 86-87.
4. Ibid., 85-86.
5. Ibid., 80.
6. The Antiquarian Repertory: A Miscellany, intended to Preserve and Illustrate Several Valuable Remains of Old Times, 4 vols. (London, 1775-84), II, 181.
7. LP. I:ii,532.
8. The following is based on L.P. IV:i:ii, 861ff.
Chapter 14
1. Ven. Cal. 11,524-25,529.
2. Edward Guildford may also have been included in the upheaval of 1519, and it was believed at the French court that there were others. L.P. III:i, 82.
3. LP. II:i,871.
4. Ven. Cal. 11,561.
5. LP. II:ii, 1045.
6. Ven. Cal. II, xxxi.
7. Brewer, 1.200-201.
8. Hugh Rhodes, The boke of Nurture for men, servantes and children (London, 1545), 164,215.
9. Paul V. B. Jones, The Household of a Tudor nobleman. University of Illinois Studies, Vol. VI (Urbana, Illinois, 1917), 74; Rhodes, 173.
10. Rhodes, 166-69.
11. Ibid., 125ff, 204.
12. Brewer, I, 109; L./'. II:i, 295.
13. Brown, ed.,Four Years, II, 192-93.
14. L.P. II:ii, 1479 and passim.
15. Ibid., III:i,499.
16. Hall, I, 28.
17. Cited in John Dover Wilson, Life in Shakespeare's England (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1911), 150, 155-57.
18. L.P. I:ii, 1484.
19. Hunt, p. 66.
20. L.P. II:ii, 1246, 1249, 1252.
21. Ven.Cal. 111,515.
22. SiQyens, Music and Poetry, 29S^99.
23. L.P. II:i,411,423.
24. Stevens, Music and Poetry, 276.
25. L.P. II:ii, 1473.
26. Hall, I, 170-71.
27. Brewer, I, 229^30.
28. L.P. II:ii, 1517.
29. Ibid., 1509; Hall, I, 585.
30. Ven.Cal. 11,211.
31. Quoted in Hale, Renaissance Europe, 113.
32. Sneyd, trans.,Relation, 125-28.
33. Ven. Cal. II, 210, 178.
34. L.P. II:ii, 1473, 1504.
Chapter 15
1. Brown, Qd.,Four Years, I, 101; Ven. Cal. II, 450.
2. Nicolas, ed., Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIII, 334.
3. P. S. Allen, H. M. Allen and H. W. Garrod, eds.. Opus Epistolarum Desiderii Erasmi Roterodami, 12 vols. (Oxford, 1906-1958), VIII, 129-30.
4. Ibid., 111,547.
5. L.P. II:i,716.
6. Froude, Qd., Life and Letters, 224.
7. Ibid., Ill, 114.
8. Aliens/a/., eds., Erasmi Epistolae, 111,583.
9. Percival Hunt, Fifteenth Century England (Pittsburgh, 1%2), 93ff; L.P. III:i, cxci.
10. Froude, ed.,Life and Letters,43-44, 105-7 .
11. Allen era/., eds., Erasmi Epistolae, IV, 525-26.
12. Fronde, ed.. Life and Letters, 111-14.
Chapter 16
1. L.P. I:ii, 1050, 1053, 1205.
2. Ibid., 1270-72, 1279.
3. Ven. Cal. II, 96L.P. I:ii, 1415.
4. L.P. II:i, 74.
5. Ibid., 26.
6. Ibid., 73-75.
7. L.P. II:ii, 1465, 1467.
8. Ibid., II:i, 111.
9. Ibid., 117.
10. Sp. Cal. II, cxiii.
11. Yen. Cal. 11,399.
12. Ibid., 400.
13. L.P. III:i,64.
14. Ibid., 413.
15. Nicolas, ed.. Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIII, Index, 298-99.
16. The following is taken from Yen. Cal. II, 162.
PART THREE
"THE MAN MOST FULL OF HEART"
Chapter 17
1. L.P. II:ii, 1118-19.
2. Ibid., 1468, 1472, 1522; R. C. Clepham, The Tournament (London, 1919), 107.
3. Brown, e6.,Four Years, I, 116.
4. A. F. Pollard, Wolsey: Church and State in Sixteenth-Century England, new ed. (London, 1953), 313-14.
5. George Cavendish, The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey, ed. Richard S. Sylvester and Davis P. Harding (New Haven and London, 1962), 62.
6. L.P. II:i, 835; Neville Williams, The Royal Residences of Great Britain (New York, 1960), 120; Cavendish, 20.
7. PoWaird, Henry YHI, 87.
8. L.P. II:ii, 1130.
9. Ibid., 364,Yen. Cal. 11,521.
10. L.P. II:ii, 1154.
11. Ibid., 957.
12. L.P. I:ii, 952-53, 974-75; Charles W. C. Oman, "The Personality of Henry VIII," Quarterly Review, CCLXIX (July 1937), 91.
13. L.P. II:i, 291-92.
14. Ibid., III:ii,595,909.
15. Ibid., 111.
16. LP. II:ii, 1249.
17. Ibid., 294.
18. Yen. Cal. II, 30.
19. LP. III:i,227.
20. Brown, e6.,Four Years, I, 30.
21. Ibid., 47. Just before Louis XII's death plans were discussed for a meeting of the two sovereigns "at a place about Ardes." L.P. I:ii, 1432.
22. L.P. II:i,332, 446.
23. Brown, ed.,Four Years, I, 84, 88 note 4.
24. "Combat de Francois Premier contre un sanglier," cited in W. L. Wiley, The Gentleman of Renaissance France (Cambridge, Mass., 1954), 58-59.
25. Brown, ed.,Four Years, II, 170.
26. L.P. II:i, 342.
27. Ibid., 573.
28. Ibid., III:i, 285.
29. Ibid., 611.
30. Ibid., 291.
31. Ven.Cal. Ill, 15.
Chapter 18
1. Ven. Cal. Ill, 23; L.P. III:i, 312.
2. Ven. Cal. Ill, 50.
3. Brown, ed.,Four Years, I, 49.
4. Ven. Cal. Ill, 69.
5. Ibid., 67.
6. Ibid., 25 and passim.
I. Ibid., 64.
8. L.P. III:i, 286.
9. Ven. Cal. Ill, 77.
10. Ibid., 1,12,11.
II. Ibid., 82-83.
12. L.P. III:i, 126-29.
Chapter 19
1. J. J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1968), facing 66, citing BM Add. 1938 f.44; Scarisbrick assigns this letter to c.1520.
2. Brown, td.. Four Years, II, 69ff., 74-75n. L.P. II:ii, 1045.
3. Hall, I, 165.
4. Ven. Cal. II, 412.
5. L.P. II:ii, 1142-43.
6. Ibid., 1179
7. Brown, ed.,Four Years, II, 130-31
8. Ven. Cal. II, 428.
9. Ibid., 430,436.
10. L.P. II:ii, 1257-58.
11. Ibid., III:i,490ff.
12. Ven.Cal. Ill, 119.
13. Ibid., 124-25.
14. L.P. III:i, 514.
15. Ibid., 492.
16. Ven. Cal. Ill, 122.
17. Ibid., 4.
18. L.P. III:i, 494.
19. Hall, I, 149.
20. L.P. III:i,421.
21. Ibid., II:i,325.
22. Ibid., III:i,421.
23. Ibid., II:i.49, 871;III:i,494.
Chapter 20
1. L.P. II:i,454.
2. State Papers, I, 1-2.
3. In July, 1524, Margaret Tudor was led to believe that her son James would many the princess and become king of England as well as Scotland. L.P. IV:i:ii, 240,241.
4. Elizabeth Francis Rogers, ed., The Correspondence of Sir Thomas More (Princeton, New Jersey, 1947), 159n.
5. Hale, Renaissance Europe, 17. The humanist John Colet was the only surviving child of a mother who gave birth twenty-two times. Froude, ed., Life and Letters, 105.
6. The suggestion that Katherine may have been rhesus-negative was disputed by Ove Brinch, 'The Medical Problems of Henry VIII," Centaurus, V, Nos. 3-4 (1958), 351, who pointed out that with this characteristic her pregnancies would have followed a pattern of one or two natural births, followed by unvarying stillbirths.
7. Ven. Cal. II, 559; III, 61; L.P. III:i, 306.
8. L.P. III:i,494.
9. J. C. Fliigel, "The Character and Married Life of Henry VIII," in Bruce Mazlish, ^d.. Psychoanalysis and History (New York, 1963), 131, has pointed out that "the idea of sterility as a punishment for incest is one that is deeply rooted in the human mind." If so, a strong atavistic belief may have reinforced Henry's fear of divine punishment. Though they lie outside historical documentation, Fliigel's elaborate and intriguing speculations on Henry's sexual nature offer food for thought.
10. L.P. III:i,424.
11. Froude, Life and Letters, 49.
12. Neville Williams, Henry VUI and His Court (London, 1971), 66. If Jane was the same "Joan Popingcourt" who was one of Elizabeth of York's servants, she may have been somewhat older than Henry. Nicolas, Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York, 217. It may be that a 1513 reference to Henry "who for love of a lady, clad himself and his court in mourning" in France reveals the existence of yet another love. Ven. Cal. II, 152.
13. LP. II:ii, 1471, 1502.
14. Ibid., IV:i:i, cxlv-cxlvi.
15. Ibid., III:ii, 1539. Brewer dates the marriage 1520; Paul Fricdmann, Anne Boleyn: A Chapter of English History 1527-1536, 2 vols. (London, 1884), I, 324, dates it 1521.
16. L.P. III:ii, 13%.
17. Ibid., IV:i:i, ccxxi note. Henry told one Symon Grynaeus in 1531 that he had not slept with Katherine for seven years.
18. Brinch, 342;L./'. IV:i:i,cxli.
19. Henry's confessor Longland claimed the divorce issue was first raised with him in 1522 or 1523. Rumors that Henry contemplated a divorce as early as 1514 (Betty Behrens, "A Note on Henry VIII's divorce project of 1514," BIHR, XI, No. 33 [February 1934], 163-64) were without foundation. Garrett Mattingly, Catherine ofAragon (Boston, 1941), 452; Scarisbrick, 151.
20. L.P. III:ii, 1552.
21. Ibid., IV:i:ii, 433-34.
22. Rogers, ed.. Correspondence of Thomas More, 311-14.
23. L.P. IV:i:i, ccxx and note.
24. Ibid., XII:ii, 48, 341^2.
25. Ibid., IV:i:ii, 327.
26. Ibid., 724.
27. Ibid., 490.
28. Ibid., 506.
29. Ibid., 694.
30. Ibid., 638-39; Van. Cal. Ill, 454.
31. L.P. IV:i:ii, 673, 676-77, 687.
32. Ven. Cal. Ill, 448.
33. L.P. IV:i:i, cxliii.
Chapter 21
1. L.P. I:ii, 167, 1238.
2. Ibid., II:i, 259, 376-77.
3. Brown, ed.,Four Years, I, 194.
4. Ibid., 11,63-67.
5. Law, England's First Great War Minister, 231.
6. Ven. Cal. II, 438.
7. L.P. III:ii, 624.
8. Ibid., Ill, 1, cclxxxv note.
9. Rogers, ed., Correspondence of Thomas More, 289-95.
10. L.P. III:ii, 1164-65.
11. Rogers, ed., Correspondence of Thomas More, 3(X)-301
12. L.P. IV:i:i, ii-iii.
13. Ibid., III:ii, 1295.
14. Ibid., III:i,437.
15. Ibid., III:ii, 1271.
16. L.P. IV:i:ii,9.
17. Sp.Cal. 11,610-11.
18. L.P. IV:i:ii,283.
19. Sp. Cal. III:i, 62.
20. Ibid., 82.
Chapter 22
1. Sp. Cal. III:i, 8.
2. Ibid., 108.
3. Yen. Cai III, 178-80.
4. Sp. Cal. III:i, 100-102.
5. Ibid., 134.
6. Ibid., 284.
7. L.P. IV:i:ii,574.
8. Ibid., IV:i:i,lxxi.
9. Ibid., IV:i:ii, 579.
10. Ibid., 580.
11. Sp. Cal. III:i, 174.
12. L.P. IV:i:ii,579.
13. Hall, 11,38.
PART FOUR
"DIEU ET MON DROIT"
Chapter 23
1. Cavendish, 27-30; Ven. Cal. IV, 3-4. Cavendish's dramatic account of this memorable banquet was, as Brewer, II, 107n. pointed out, "interspersed with other reminiscences."
2. L.P. IV:i:i,cxli.
3. State Papers, I, 26.
4. L.P. IV:ii, 1411.
5. Nicolas, td.. Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIII, xxii.
6. Mil. Cal. 1,451.
7. Ibid., 451,459.
Chapter 24
1. Refuting Friedmann's contention (Friedmann, I, xxxvii) that Anne was bom in 1502 or 1503, Brewer (Brewer, II, 170) argued that the true date of her birth was probably 1507, and most writers adopt his conjecture. The seventeenth-century writer Camden gave 1507 as Anne's birth year, and the contemporary biographer of Mary Tudor's gentlewoman Jane Dormer concurred. It was not Anne but her older sister Mary Boleyn who accompanied Henry VIII's sister Mary to her wedding in France in 1514. Anne followed her sister to the French court in 1519, returning either in late 1521 or early 1522.
2. L.P. X, 181.
3. Though found in the works of Catholic propagandists, the evidence for Wyatt's confession cannot be dismissed entirely. Kenneth Muir, Life and Letters of Sir Thomas Wyatt (Liverpool, 1%3), 20ff.; Collected Poems, ed. Kenneth Muir (London, 1949), x. "It is impossible to be sure of what really happened," Muir concludes, "not because of any lack of evidence, but because what facts there are appear to be inextricably mingled with gossip and legend." Scarisbrick, 148-49, places the possible affair in 1522.
4. L.P. IV:ii, 1411.
5. Ibid., 1228.
6. Ibid., IV:i:ii, 846.
7. Ibid., IV:ii, 1375, 1402.
8. Cavendish, 71-74.
9. Hall, II, 80-81.
10. Sp. Cal. III:ii, 178.
11. Ibid., 192-93.
12. Hall, II, 79.
13. Sp. Cal. III:ii, 26.
14. Ibid., 107.
15. Ibid., 194;III:i, 108, 1018-19; L.P. IV:i:i, cxliv.
16. L.P. II:ii, 1210.
17. Ibid., IV:i:ii,453.
18. Sp. Cal. III:ii, 109-10.
Chapter 25
1. Sp.Cal. III:ii, 276.
2. L.P. V, 476, 500; XI, 272; VII, 8. More called Longland '^another Colet" for his goodness and preaching. Philip Hughes, The Reformation in England, 3 vols. (New York, 1951-1954), I, 228.
3. I cannot agree with Scarisbrick's contention that an inquiry about Henry's marriage from the French envoy Gabriel de Grammont, bishop of Tarbes, would have been inconceivably tactless. In addition, in questioning the merits of the story he mistakenly asserts that the bishop did not come to England until April, a "few weeks" before the secret court met at Westminster. In actuality the bishop seems to have come twice, one earlier in the year. Brewer, II, 163; Geoffrey de C. Parmiter, The King's Great Matter: A study of Anglo-Papal Relations 1527-1534 (London, 1967), 2.
4. Reginald Pole, Pro Ecclesiasticae Unitatis Defensione, Book 3, fol. Ixxvi, cited in Parmiter, 3-4.
5. L.P. IV:ii, 1433.
6. Ibid., IV:i:ii, 332.
7. Ibid., IV:ii, 1434, 1470-71.
8. State Papers, I, 212.
Chapter 26
1. The order and dates of Henry's surviving love letters to Anne are conjectural. Muriel St. Clare Byrne, ed., The Letters of King Henry VIII (London, 1936), is followed here.
2. L.P. IV:ii, 14%, 1504, 1525; IV:iii, 2541.
3.
State Papers, I, 222; Cavendish, 66-67.
4. Cavendish, 63.
5. Sp.Cal. III:ii, 303, 345-46.
6. Cavendish, 50-51.
7. Hall, II, %, 107.
8. State Papers, I,230;L.P. IV:ii, 1466-67.
9. LP. II:ii,933.
10. Francesco Vettori, cited in T. C. Price Zimmermann, "A note on Clement VII and the divorce of Henry VIII," EHR, LXXXII, No. 324 (July 1%7), 548-49.
11. The final verdict was postponed, Giovio wrote, "in order to nourish the controversy for awhile as a means for maintaining in obedience the disposition of the kings." Cited in P. S. Crowson, Tudor Foreign Policy (New York, 1973), 94.
12. Byrne, 57-59.
13. Ibid., 61.
14. L.P. IV:ii, 1740.
15. Ibid., 1764-65.
16. Sp.CaL III:ii, 432-33.
17. L.P. IV:ii, 180^-9.
18. Ibid., 1741;Parmiter, 41.
Chapter 27
1. L.P. IV:ii, 1970.
2. Ibid., II:i, cclxxx-cclxxxiv.
3. Ibid., IV:ii, 1678-79.
4. Hall, II, 110-11; Yen. Cat. Ill, 121.
5. L.P. IV:ii, 1893-94.
6. Ibid., 1900.
7. State Papers, I, 304.
8. L.P. IV:ii, 1942^3.
9. Ibid., IV:i:i, ccxxii; Byrne, 71.
10. L.P. IV:ii, 1892,2087,2116.
11. Ibid., 2043-^.
12. Ibid., 1932; Nicolas, Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIII, 79.
13. L.P. IV:ii, 1931.
14. Ibid., IV:iii, 2606.
15. Ibid., IV:ii, 1931.
16. Byrne, pa55/m, especially 75-79.
17. Ibid., 82-83; L.P. IV:ii, 2020-22.
18. Parmiter, 62n.-63n.
19. Byrne, 84.
Chapter 28
1. LP. IV:ii, 1909.
2. Ibid., 1953.
3. Byrne, 82.
4. L.P. IV:ii, 1913-14.
5. Sp. Cal. III:ii, 789.
6. Ibid., 819.
7. Parmiter, 51.
8. L.P. Vn,25% Ibid., IViiii, 2356.
9. Ibid., IV:ii, 2101,2203.
10. Sp.Cal. III:ii, 861.
11. Ibid., 846.
12. Ibid., 208; L.P. IV:iii, 2702.
13. Yen. Cal. IV, 185, 293.
14. Hall, II, 145-47.
15. Sp. Cal. III:ii, 803.
16. L.P. IV:ii, 2158. Although there is good reason to believe that Henry left Katherine's bed permanently in the mid-1520s, his official representatives made conflicting statements about the couple's relationship during the later years of the decade. Thomas Boleyn testified before the legatine court that the king and queen had continued to cohabit until 1527, when Longland advised Henry to break with his wife so as not to offend his conscience (L.P. IViiii, 2580ff.). At Saragossa in April, 1529, English diplomats assured the imperialists that since his doubts first arose Henry had "not touched her," yet the following month the king's delegates in Rome swore that he "eats and dines and sleeps with his wife, and gives her the due [has intercourse with her], so that she does not know he no longer holds marital affection for her." (L.P. IV:iii, 2412, 2446. See also Sp. Cal. III:ii, 861.) Like the issue of Henry's cohabitation with Anne, the story of his waning relations with Katherine is beclouded by contradictory evidence.