The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature

by Steven Pinker

  102. Paglia, 1990, pp. 51, 57.

  103. McElroy, 1996.

  104. J. Phillips, “Exploring inside to live on the outside,” Boston Globe, March 21, 1999.

  105. S. Satel, “The patriarchy made me do it,” Women’s Freedom Newsletter, 5, September/October 1998.

  Chapter 19: Children

  1. Turkheimer, 2000.

  2. Goldberg, 1968; Janda, 1998; Neisser et al., 1996.

  3. Jensen, 1971.

  4. Plomin et al., 2001.

  5. Bouchard, 1994; Bouchard et al., 1990; Bouchard, 1998; Loehlin, 1992; Plomin, 1994; Plomin et al., 2001.

  6. Plomin et al., 2001.

  7. McLearn et al, 1997; Plomin, Owen, & McGuffin, 1994.

  8. Bouchard, 1994; Bouchard et al., 1990; Bouchard, 1998; Loehlin, 1992; Lykken et al., 1992; Plomin, 1990; Plomin, 1994; Stromswold, 1998.

  9. Plomin et al., 2001.

  10. Bouchard et al., 1990; Plomin, 1991; Plomin, 1994; Plomin & Daniels, 1987.

  11. Bouchard et al, 1990; Pedersen et al., 1992.

  12. Bouchard et al., 1990; Bouchard, 1998.

  13. Scarr & Carter-Saltzman, 1979.

  14. Loehlin & Nichols, 1976.

  15. Bouchard, 1998; Gutknecht, Spitz, & Carlier, 1999.

  16. McGue, 1997.

  17. Etcoff, 1999; Persico, Postlewaite, & Silverman, 2001.

  18. Jackson & Huston, 1975.

  19. Bouchard, 1994; Bouchard et al., 1990.

  20. Kamin, 1974; Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p.116.

  21. Neisser et al, 1996; Snyderman & Roth-man, 1988.

  22. Hunt, 1999, pp. 50–51.

  23. Plomin & Daniels, 1987; Plomin et al., 2001.

  24. Bouchard, 1994; Harris, 1998a; Plomin & Daniels, 1987; Rowe, 1994; Turkheimer & Wal-dron, 2000. An example of a nonreplicated finding is the recent claim by Krueger, Hicks, & McGue, 2001, that altruism is affected by the shared environment, which is contradicted by a study by Rushton et al., 1986, which used similar methods and a larger sample.

  25. Stoolmiller, 2000.

  26. Bouchard et al., 1990; Plomin & Daniels, 1987; Reiss et al., 2000; Rowe, 1994.

  27. Plomin, 1991; Plomin & Daniels, 1987, p.6; Plomin et al., 2001.

  28. Bouchard, 1994; Plomin & Daniels, 1987; Rowe, 1994; Turkheimer, 2000; Turkheimer & Waldron, 2000.

  29. Schütze, 1987.

  30. B. Singer, “How to raise a perfect child…,” Boston Globe Magazine, March 26, 2000, pp. 12–36.

  31. D. Barry, “Is your kid’s new best friend named ‘Bessie’? Be very afraid,” Miami Herald, October 31, 1999.

  32. Harris, 1998a, chap. 2; Lytton, 1990.

  33. Harris, 1998a, chap. 4; Harris, 2000b.

  34. Harris, 1998a, pp. 319–320, 323.

  35. Harris, 1998a; Harris, 1998b; Harris, 2000a; Harris, 2000b.

  36. Harris, 1998a, chaps. 2, 3; Maccoby & Martin, 1983.

  37. Harris, 1998a, pp.300–311.

  38. Bruer, 1999, p.5.

  39. Chabris, 1999.

  40. T. B. Brazelton, “To curb teenage smoking, nurture children in their earliest years,” Boston Globe, May 21, 1998.

  41. Bruer, 1999.

  42. Collins et al., 2000; Vandell, 2000.

  43. Harris, 1995; Harris, 1998b; Harris, 2000b; Loehlin, 2001; Rowe, 2001.

  44. Plomin, DeFries, & Fulker, 1988; Reiss et al., 2000; Turkheimer & Waldron, 2000.

  45. D. Reiss, quoted in A. M. Paul, “Kid stuff: Do parents really matter?” Psychology Today, January/February 1998, pp. 46–49, 78.

  46. Sulloway, 1996.

  47. Sulloway, 1995.

  48. Harris, 1998a, appendix 1; Harris, in press.

  49. Hrdy, 1999.

  50. Dunphy, 1963.

  51. Pinker, 1994, chaps. 2, 9.

  52. Kosof, 1996.

  53. Harris, 1998a, chaps. 9, 12, 13.

  54. Harris, 1998a, p.264.

  55. Harris, 1998a, chap. 13; Rowe, 1994; Rutter, 1997.

  56. Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990; Harris, 1998a, chap. 13.

  57. Harris, 1998a, chap. 8.

  58. M. Wertheim, “Mindfield” (Review of S. Pinker’s How the mind works), The Australian’s Review of Books, 1998.

  59. O. James, “It’s a free market on the nature of nurture,” The Independent, October 20, 1998.

  60. www.philipmorrisusa.com/DisplayPageWithTopic.asp?ID=189. See also Anheuser-Busch’s www.beeresponsible.com/ftad/review.html.

  61. J. Leo, “Parenting without a care,” US News and World Report, September 21, 1998.

  62. Quoted in J. Leo, “Parenting without a care,” US News and World Report, September 21, 1998.

  63. S. Begley, “The parent trap,” Newsweek, September 7, 1998, p.54.

  64. S. Begley, “The parent trap,” Newsweek, September 7, 1998, p.54.

  65. J. Kagan, “A parent’s influence is peerless,” Boston Globe, September 13, 1998, p.E3.

  66. Harris, 1998b; Harris, 2000a; Harris, 2000b; Loehlin, 2001; Rowe, 2001.

  67. See also Miller, 1997.

  68. Austad, 2000; Finch & Kirkwood, 2000.

  69. Hartman, Garvik, & Hartwell, 2001; Waddington, 1957.

  70. Harris, 1998a, pp. 78–79.

  71. Quoted in B. M. Rubin, “Raising a ruckus being a parent is difficult, but is it necessary?” Chicago Tribune, August 31, 1998.

  72. Harris, 1998a, p.291.

  73. Harris, 1998a, p.342.

  Chapter 20: The Arts

  1. R. Brustein, “The decline of high culture,” New Republic, November 3, 1997.

  2. A. Kernan, Yale University Press, 1992.

  3. A. Delbanco, New York Review of Books, November 4, 1999.

  4. R. Brustein, New Republic, November 3, 1997.

  5. Conference at the Stanford University Humanities Center, April 23, 1999.

  6. G. Steiner, PN Review, 25, March–April 1999.

  7. J. Engell & A. Dangerfield, Harvard Magazine, May–June 1998, pp.48–55, 111.

  8. A. Louch, Philosophy and Literature, 22, April 1998, pp. 231–241.

  9. C. Woodring, Columbia University Press, 1999.

  10. J. M. Ellis, Yale University Press, 1997.

  11. G. Wheatcroft, Prospect, August/September 1998.

  12. R. E. Scholes, Yale University Press, 1998.

  13. A. Kernan (Ed.), Princeton University Press, 1997.

  14. C. P. Freund, Reason, March 1998, pp. 33–38.

  15. Quoted in Cowen, 1998, pp. 9–10.

  16. J. Engell & A. Dangerfield, “Humanities in the age of money,” Harvard Magazine, May–June 1998, pp.48–55, 111.

  17. J. Engell & A. Dangerfield, “Humanities in the age of money,” Harvard Magazine, May–June 1998, pp.48–55, 111.

  18. Cowen, 1998; Ν. Gillespie, “All culture, all the time,” Reason, April 1999, pp. 24–35.

  19. Cowen, 1998.

  20. Quoted in Cowen, 1998, p.188.

  21. Cowen, 1998.

  22. Actually, “human character changed,” from her essay “Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown”.

  23. Crick, 1994; Gardner, 1983; Peretz, Gagnon, & Bouchard, 1998.

  24. Miller, 2000a.

  25. Dutton, 2001.

  26. Dissanayake, 1992; Dissanayake, 2000.

  27. Pinker, 1997, chap. 8.

  28. Marr, 1982; Pinker, 1997, chap. 8; Ramachandran & Hirstein, 1999; Shepard, 1990. See also Gombrich, 1982/1995; Miller, 2001.

  29. Pinker, 1997, chap. 8.

  30. Kaplan, 1992; Orians, 1998; Orians & Heerwgen, 1992; Wilson, 1984.

  31. Wilson, 1984.

  32. Etcoff, 1999; Symons, 1995; Thornhill, 1998.

  33. Tooby & DeVore, 1987.

  34. Abbott, 2001; Pinker, 1997.

  35. Dissanayake, 1998.

  36. Dissanayake, 1992.

  37. Frank, 1999; Veblen, 1899/1994.

  38. Zahavi & Zahavi, 1997.

  39. Miller, 2000a, p.270.

  40. Bell, 1992; Wolfe, 1975; Wolfe, 1981.

  41. Bourdieu, 1984.


  42. From his 1757 essay “Of the standard of taste,” quoted in Dutton, 2001, p.206.

  43. Dutton, 2001, p.213.

  44. Dutton, 1998; Komar, Melamid, & Wypijewski, 1997.

  45. Dissanayake, 1998.

  46. Dutton, 1998.

  47. Lingua Franca, 2000.

  48. Turner, 1997, pp. 170, 174–175.

  49. Etcoff, 1999; Kaplan, 1992; Orians & Heerwgen, 1992.

  50. Leslie, 1994; Schellenberg & Trehub, 1996; Storey, 1996; Zentner & Kagan, 1996.

  51. Martindale, 1990.

  52. Steiner, 2001.

  53. Quoted in Dutton, 2000.

  54. C. Darwent, “Art of staying pretty,” New Statesman, February 13, 2000.

  55. Steiner, 2001.

  56. Bell, 1992.

  57. The Onion, 36, September 21–27, 2000, p.1.

  58. Wolfe, 1975, pp. 2–4.

  59. J. Miller, “Is bad writing necessary? George Orwell, Theodor Adorno, and the politics of language,” Lingua Franca, December/January, 2000.

  60. www.cybereditions.com/aldaily/bwc.htm.

  61. Steiner, 1967, preface.

  62. New York Times, September 19, 2001.

  63. By the sculptor Janine Antoni; G. Beauchamp, “Dissing the middle class: The view from Burns Park,” American Scholar, Summer 1995, pp. 335–349.

  64. K. Limaye, “Adieu to the Avant-Garde,” Reason, July 1997.

  65. K. Limaye, “Adieu to the Avant-Garde,” Reason, July 1997.

  66. C. Darwent, “Art of staying pretty,” New Statesman, February 13, 2000; C. Lambert, “The stirring of sleeping beauty,” Harvard Magazine, September–October 1999, pp. 46–53; K. Limaye, “Adieu to the Avant-Garde,” Reason, July 1997; A. Delbanco, “The decline and fall of literature,” New York Review of Books, November 4, 1999; Perloff, 1999; Turner, 1985; Turner, 1995.

  67. Abbott, 2001; Boyd, 1998; Carroll, 1995; Dutton, 2001; Easterlin, Riebling, & Crews, 1993; Evans, 1998; Gottschall & Jobling, in preparation; Hernadi, 2001; Hogan, 1997; Steiner, 2001; Turner, 1985; Turner, 1995; Turner, 1996.

  68. Goguen, 1999; Gombrich, 1982/1995; Kubovy, 1986.

  69. Aiello & Sloboda, 1994; Lerdahl & Jackendoff, 1983.

  70. Keyser, 1999; Keyser & Halle, 1998; Turner, 1991; Turner, 1996; Williams, 1990.

  71. Scarry, 1999.

  72. Abbott, 2001.

  73. A. Quart, “David Bordwell blows the whistle on film studies,” Lingua Franca, March 2000, pp. 35–43.

  74. Abbott, 2001; Aiken, 1998; Cooke & Turner, 1999; Dissanayake, 1992; Etcoff, 1999; Kaplan, 1992; Orians & Heerwgen, 1992; Thornhill, 1998.

  75. Teuber, 1997.

  76. Behrens, 1998.

  77. Quoted in Storey, 1996, p.182.

  78. A. S. Byatt, “Narrate or die,” New York Times Magazine, April 18, 1999, pp. 105–107.

  79. John Updike, “The tried and the trēowe,” Forbes ASAP, October 2, 2000, pp. 201, 215.

  80. Storey, 1996, p.114.

  PART VI: THE VOICE OF THE SPECIES

  1. Degler, 1991, p.135.

  2. Dickinson, 1976.

  3. Vonnegut, 1968/1998.

  4. Orwell, 1949/1983, p.205.

  5. For example, Gould, 1981; Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, pp. ix–x.

  6. Orwell, 1949/1983, p.217.

  7. Orwell, 1949/1983, p.220.

  8. Orwell, 1949/1983, p.220.

  9. Orwell, 1949/1983, p.222.

  10. Twain, 1884/1983, pp. 293–295.

  11. Twain, 1884/1983, p.295.

  12. Twain, 1884/1983, pp. 330–331.

  13. Twain, 1884/1983, p.332.

  14. Twain, 1884/1983, p.339.

  15. Singer, 1972.

  16. The dialogue is condensed from Singer, 1972, pp. 68–78, and from the film adaptation.