Europe
Page 32
12 Diedrich, C. G., ‘Late Pleistocene Leopards across Europe—Northernmost European German Population, Highest Elevated Records in the Swiss Alps, Complete Skeletons in the Bosnia Herzegovina Dinarids and Comparison to the Ice-Age Cave Art’, Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 76, pp. 167–93, 2013.
Sommer, R. S. and Benecke, N., ‘Late Pleistocene and Holocene Development of the Felid Fauna (Felidae) of Europe: A Review’, Journal of Zoology, Vol. 269, pp. 7–19, 2005.
CHAPTER 30
1 Gupta, S. et al, ‘Two-Stage Opening of the Dover Strait and the Origin of Island Britain’, Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Article No. 15101, 2017.
2 Kahlke, R. D., ‘The Origin of Eurasian Mammoth Faunas (Mammuthus, Coelodonta Faunal Complex)’, Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 96, pp. 32–49, 2012.
3 Todd, N. E., ‘Trends in Proboscidean Diversity in the African Cenozoic’, Journal of Mammalian Evolution, Vol. 13, pp. 1–10, 2006.
4 Stuart, A. J. et al, ‘The Latest Woolly Mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach) in Europe and Asia: A Review of the Current Evidence’, Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 21, pp. 1559–69, 2002.
5 Palkopoulou, E. et al, ‘Holarctic Genetic Structure and Range Dynamics in the Woolly Mammoth’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Vol. 280, Issue 1770, 2013.
Lister, A. M., ‘Late-Glacial Mammoth Skeletons (Mammuthus primigenius) from Condover (Shropshire, UK): Anatomy, Pathology, Taphonomy and Chronological Significance’, Geological Journal, Vol. 44, pp. 447–79, 2009.
6 Stuart, A. J. et al, ‘The Latest Woolly Mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach) in Europe and Asia: A Review of the Current Evidence’, Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 21, pp. 1559–69, 2002.
7 Boeskorov, G. G., ‘Some Specific Morphological and Ecological Features of the Fossil Woolly Rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis Blumenbach 1799)’, Biology Bulletin, Vol. 39, Issue 8, pp. 692–707, 2012.
8 Jacobi, R. M. et al, ‘Revised Radiocarbon Ages on Woolly Rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) from Western Central Scotland: Significance for Timing the Extinction of Woolly Rhinoceros in Britain and the Onset of the LGM in Central Scotland’, Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 28, pp. 2551–56, 2009.
9 Shpansky, A. V. et al, ‘The Quaternary Mammals from Kozhamzhar Locality, (Pavlodar Region, Kazakhstan)’, American Journal of Applied Science, Vol. 13, pp. 189–99, 2016.
10 Reumer, J. W. F. et al, ‘Late Pleistocene Survival of the Saber-Toothed Cat Homotherium in Northwestern Europe’, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 23, pp. 260–62, 2003.
11 A fuller discussion of the decline of the sabre-tooths can be found in: Macdonald, D. and Loveridge, A., The Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010.
CHAPTER 31
1 Guthrie, R. D., The Nature of Paleolithic Art, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2005.
2 Quiles, A, et al, ‘A High-Precision Chronological Model for the Decorated Upper Palaeolithic Cave of Chauvet-Pont d’Arc, Ardéche, France’, PNAS, Vol. 113, pp. 4670–75, 2016.
3 Guthrie, R. D., The Nature of Paleolithic Art, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2005, pp. 276–96.
4 Ibid, p. 324.
5 Schmidt, I., Solutrean Points of the Iberian Peninsula: Tool Making and Using Behaviour of HunterGatherers during the Last Glacial Maximum, British Archaeological Reports, Oxford, 2015.
CHAPTER 32
1 Tallavaara, M. L. et al, ‘Human Population Dynamics in Europe over the Last Glacial Maximum’, PNAS, Vol. 112, Issue 27, pp. 8232–37, 2015.
2 Sommer, R. S. and Benecke, N., ‘Late Pleistocene and Holocene Development of the Felid Fauna (Felidae) of Europe: A Review’, Journal of Zoology, Vol. 269, Issue 1, pp. 7–19, 2006.
3 Heptner, V. G. and Sludskii, A. A., Mammals of the Soviet Union, Vol. II, Part 2, ‘Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)’, Leiden, New York, 1992. Üstay, A. H., Hunting in Turkey, BBA, Istanbul, 1990.
4 Rohland, N. et al, ‘The Population History of Extant and Extinct Hyenas’, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol. 22, Issue 12, pp. 2435–43, 2005.
5 Fu, Q. et al, ‘The Genetic History of Ice Age Europe’, Nature, Vol. 534, pp. 200–05, 2016.
6 Schmidt, K., ‘Göbekli Tepe—Eine Beschreibung der wichtigsten Befunde erstellt nach den Arbeiten der Grabungsteams der Jahre 1995–2007’, in Erste Tempel—Frühe Siedlungen, 12000 Jahre Kunst und Kultur, Oldenburg, 2009.
CHAPTER 33
1 Huntley, B., ‘European Post-Glacial Forests: Compositional Changes in Response to Climatic Change’, Journal of Vegetation Science, Vol. 1, pp. 507–18, 1990.
2 Zeder, M. A., ‘Domestication and Early Agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, Diffusion, and Impact, PNAS, Vol. 105, Issue 33, pp. 11597–604, 2008.
3 Fagan, B., The Long Summer: How Climate Changed Civilisation, Granta Books, London, 2004.
4 Zilhao, J., ‘Radiocarbon Evidence for Maritime Pioneer Colonisation at the Origins of Farming in West Mediterranean Europe’, PNAS, Vol. 98, pp. 14180–85, 2001.
5 Frantz, A .C., ‘Genetic Evidence for Introgression Between Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) in Belgium and Luxembourg: A Comparative Approach with Multiple Marker Systems’, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Vol. 110, pp. 104–15, 2013.
6 Park, S. D. E. et al, ‘Genome Sequencing of the Extinct Eurasian Wild Aurochs, Bos primigenius, Illuminates the Phylogeography and Evolution of Cattle, Genome Biology, Vol. 16, p. 234, 2015.
CHAPTER 34
1 Bramanti, B. et al, ‘Genetic Discontinuity Between Local Hunter-Gatherers and Central Europe’s First Farmers, Science, Vol. 326, pp. 137–40, 2009.
2 Downey, S. E. et al, ‘The Neolithic Demographic Transition in Europe: Correlation with Juvenile Index Supports Interpretation of the Summed Calibrated Radiocarbon Date Probability Distribution (SCDPD) as a Valid Demographic Proxy’, PLOS ONE, 9(8): e105730, 25 August 2014.
3 ‘Childe, Vere Gordon (1892–1957)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Melbourne University Publishing, Melbourne, 1979.
4 Low, J., ‘New Light on the Death of V. Gordon Childe’, Australian Society for the Study of Labour History, undated, www.laborhistory.org.au/hummer/no-8/gordon-childe/
5 Green, K., ‘V. Gordon Childe and the Vocabulary of Revolutionary Change’, Antiquity, Vol. 73, pp. 97–107, 1961.
6 Stevenson, A., ‘Yours (Unusually) Cheerfully, Gordon: Vere Gordon Childe’s Letters to RBK Stevenson’, Antiquity, Vol. 85, pp. 1454–62, 2011.
7 Editorial, Antiquity, Vol. 54, No. 210, p. 2, 1980.
8 Cieslak, M. et al, ‘Origin and History of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in Domestic Horses’, PLOS ONE, 5(2): e15311, 2010.
9 Ibid.
10 Almathen, F. et al, ‘Ancient and Modern DNA Reveal Dynamics of Domestication and Cross-Continental Dispersion of the Dromedary’, PNAS, Vol. 113, pp. 6706–12, 2016.
11 Gunther, R. T., ‘The Oyster Culture of the Ancient Romans’, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Vol. 4, pp. 360–65, 1897.
CHAPTER 35
1 Van der Geer, A. et al, Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands, Wiley-Blackwell, New Jersey, 2010.
2 Lyras, G. A. et al, ‘Cynotherium sardous, an Insular Canid (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Pleistocene of Sardinia (Italy), and its Origin’, Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology, Vol. 26, pp. 735–45, 2005.
3 Hautier, L. et al, ‘Mandible Morphometrics, Dental Microwear Pattern, and Palaeobiology of the Extinct Belaric Dormouse Hypnomys morpheus’, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, Vol. 54, pp. 181–94, 2009.
4 Shindler, K., ‘Discovering Dorothea: The Life of the Pioneering FossilHunter Dorothea Bate, Harper Collins, London, 2005.
5 Ramis, D. and Bover, P., ‘A Review of the Evidence for Domestication of Myotragus balearicus Bate 1909 (Artiodactyla, Caprinae) in the Balearic Islands’, Journal of Archaeological Science, Vol. 28, pp. 265–82, 2001.
CHAPTER 36
2 Rokoscz, M., ‘History of the Aurochs (Bos Taurus primigenius) in Poland’, Animal Genetic Resources Information, Vol. 16, pp. 5–12, 1995.
3 Ibid.
4 Elsner, J. et al, ‘Ancient mtDNA Diversity Reveals Specific Population Development of Wild Horses in Switzerland after the Last Glacial Maximum’, PLOS ONE, 12(5): e0177458, 2017.
5 Sommer, R. S., ‘Holocene Survival of the Wild Horse in Europe: A Matter of Open Landscape?’ Journal of Quaternary Science, Vol. 26, Issue 8, pp. 805–12, 2011.
6 Van Vuure, C. T., ‘On the Origin of the Polish Konik and Its Relation to Dutch Nature Management’, Lutra, Vol. 57, pp. 111–30, 2014.
7 Gautier, M. et al, ‘Deciphering the Wisent Demographic and Adaptive Histories from Individual Whole-Genome Sequences’, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Mol. Biol. Evol., Vol. 33, Issue 11, pp. 2801–14, 2016.
8 Vera, F. and Buissink, F., ‘Wilderness in Europe: What Really Goes on between the Trees and the Beasts’, Tirion Baarn (Netherlands), 2007.
9 Bashkirov, I. S., ‘Caucasian European Bison’, Moscow: Central Board for Reserves, Forest Parks and Zoological Gardens, Council of the People’s Commissars of the RSFSR, pp. 1–72, 1939. [In Russian.]
CHAPTER 37
1 Hoffman, G. S. et al, ‘Population Dynamics of a Natural Red Deer Population over 200 Years Detected via Substantial Changes of Genetic Variation’, Ecololgy and Evolution, Vol. 6, pp. 3146–53, 2016.
2 Fritts, S. H., et al, ‘Wolves and Humans’, in Mech, L. D. and Boitani, L. (eds), Wolves: Behavior, Ecology and Conservation, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2003.
3 Lagerås, C., Environment, Society and the Black Death: An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Late Medieval Crisis in Sweden, Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2016.
4 Albrecht, J. et al, ‘Humans and Climate Change Drove the Holocene Decline of the Brown Bear’, Nature, Scientific Reports, 7, Article No. 10399, 2017.
5 Engelhard, M., Ice Bear: The Cultural History of an Arctic Icon, University of Washington Press, Seattle, 2016
6 Zeder, M. A., ‘Domestication and Early Agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, Diffusion, and Impact’, PNAS, Vol. 105, No. 33, pp. 11597–604, 2008.
7 Hard, J. J. et al, ‘Genetic Implications of Reduced Survival of Male Red Deer Cervus elaphus under Harvest’, Wildlife Biology, Vol. 2, Issue 4, pp. 427–41, 2006.
CHAPTER 38
1 Cunliffe, B., By Steppe, Desert, and Ocean: The Birth of Eurasia, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015.
2 Thompson, V. et al, ‘Molecular Genetic Evidence for the Place of Origin of the Pacific Rat, Rattus exulans’, PLOS ONE, 17 March 2014.
CHAPTER 39
1 Poole, K., Extinctions and Invasions: A Social History of British Fauna, chapter 18, ‘Bird Introductions’, Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2013.
2 Ibid.
3 ‘The History of the Pheasant’, The Field, www.thefield.co.uk
4 Glueckstein, F., ‘Curiosities: Churchill and the Barbary Macaques’, Finest Hour, Vol. 161, 2014.
5 Masseti, M. et al, ‘The Created Porcupine, Hystrix cristata L. 1758, in Italy’, Anthropozoologica, Vol. 45, pp. 27–42, 2010.
6 Nykl, A. R., HispanoArabic Poetry and Its Relations with the Old Provincal Troubadors, John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1946.
7 Fagan, B., Fishing: How the Sea Fed Civilisation, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2017.
CHAPTER 40
1 Montaigne, M., Les Essais, Abel the Angelier, Paris, 1598.
2 Pakenham, T., Reply in ‘The Bastard Sycamore’, New York Review of Books letters page, 19 January 2017.
3 Halamski, A. T., ‘Latest Cretaceous Leaf Floras from Southern Poland and Western Ukraine’, Acta Palaeontologica, Vol. 58, pp. 407–43, 2013.
4 Sheehy, E. and Lawton, C., ‘Population Crash in an Invasive Species Following the Recovery of a Native Predator: The Case of the American Grey Squirrel and the European Pine Marten in Ireland’, Biodiversity and Conservation, Vol. 23, Issue 3, pp. 753–74, 2014.
5 Bertolino, S. and Genovesi, P., ‘Spread and Attempted Eradication of the Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) in Italy, and Consequences for the Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) in Eurasia’, Biological Conservation, Vol. 109, pp. 351–58, 2003.
6 Tizzani, P. et al, ‘Invasive Species and Their Parasites: Eastern Cottontail Rabbit Sylvilagus floridanus and Trichostrongylus affinis (Graybill 1924) from Northwestern Italy’, Parasitological Research, Vol. 113, pp. 1301–03, 2014.
7 Hohmann, U. et al, Der Waschbär, Oertel and Spörer, Reutlingen, 2001.
8 ‘Kangaroos run wild in France’, AFP, 12 November 2003.
9 Mali, I. et al, ‘Magnitude of the Freshwater Turtle Exports from the US: Long-Term Trends and Early Effects of Newly Implemented Harvesting Regimes’, PLOS ONE, 9(1), E86478, 2014.
CHAPTER 41
1 Pierotti, R. and Fogg, B., The First Domestication: How Wolves and Humans Coevolved, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2017.
2 Ó’Crohan, T., The Islandman, The Talbot Press, Dublin and Cork, 1929.
CHAPTER 42
1 Inger, R. et al, ‘Common European Birds Are Declining Rapidly while Less Abundant Species’ Numbers Are Rising’, Ecology Letters, Vol. 18, pp. 28–36, 2014.
2 D W News, ‘“Dramatic” Decline in European Birds Linked to Industrial Agriculture’, 4, May 2017.
3 Vogel, G., ‘Where Have All the Insects Gone?’, Science, 10 May 2017.
4 Ruiz, J., ‘A New EU Agricultural Policy for People and Nature’, EUACTIV, 28 April 2017.
5 EIONET, ‘State of Nature in the EU: Reporting Under the Birds and Habitats Directives’, 2015.
6 Ibid.
7 Tree, I., Wilding: The Return of Nature to an English Farm, Picador, London, 2018.
8 Herard, F. et al, ‘Anoplophora glabripennis—Eradication Programme in Italy’, European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, 2009.
9 Stafford, F., The Long, Long Life of Trees, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2016.
CHAPTER 43
1 Tauros Scientific Programme, taurosprogramme.com/tauros-scientific-programme/
2 Tacitus, C., Germany and Its Tribes, (translated by Church, A. J. and Brodribb, W. J.), Macmillan, London 1888.
3 Rice, P. H., ‘A Relic of the Nazi Past Is Grazing at the National Zoo’, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 3 April 2017.
4 Van Vuure, C. T., ‘On the Origin of the Polish Konik and Its Relation to Dutch Nature Management’, Lutra, Vol. 57, pp. 111–30, 2014.
5 Ibid.
CHAPTER 44
1 Choi, C., ‘First Extinct Animal Clone Created’, National Geographic News, 10 February 2009.
2 Revive & Restore, reviverestore.org
3 Pilcher, H., ‘Reviving Woolly Mammoths Will Take More than Two Years’, BBC Earth, 22 February 2017.
4 Rewilding Europe, rewildingeurope.com/background-and-goals/ urbanisation-and-land-abandonment/
5 Ibid.
ENVOI
1 Roemer, N., German City, Jewish Memory: The Story of Worms, UPNE, 2010.
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Plates
Tim Flannery: pig-nosed turtle; fossil shark; giant cowrie; fossilised giant bell-clapper shell; Nummulite model; nipa palm; deinothere skull; Hoplitomeryx skull; cave bear skeleton; Neanderthal model; giant deer skeleton; scimitar-toothed cat skull. Public domain: Nopcsa; Robert Plot’s depiction of dinosaur bone; Richard Owen, 1856. Entelodont skeleton by Peteron/Wikimedia Commons. Olms by Bostjan Burger via Lander/Wikipedia project. Oreopithecus bambolii skeleton in the Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano by Ghedoghedo/Creative Commons. Lion-man ivory statue by Thilo Parg/Wikimedia Commons, Licence CC BY-SA 3.0. Konik ponies at Oostvaardersplassen by E. M. Kintzel, I. Van Stokkum/Creative Commons.