by Demosthenes
[30] ἔστι γὰρ γένει μὲν δήπου ὁ Λεύκων ξένος, τῇ δὲ παρ᾽ ὑμῶν ποιήσει πολίτης: κατ᾽ οὐδέτερον δ᾽ αὐτῷ τὴν ἀτέλειαν ἔστιν ἔχειν ἐκ τούτου τοῦ νόμου. καίτοι τῶν μὲν ἄλλων εὐεργετῶν χρόνον τιν᾽ ἕκαστος ἡμῖν χρήσιμον αὑτὸν παρέσχεν, οὗτος δέ, ἂν σκοπῆτε, φανήσεται συνεχῶς ἡμᾶς εὖ ποιῶν, καὶ ταῦθ᾽ ὧν μάλισθ᾽ ἡμῶν ἡ πόλις δεῖται.
[30] It follows that Leptines deprives Leucon, the ruler of the Bosporus, and his children of the reward which you bestowed on them. For, of course, Leucon is a foreigner by birth, though by adoption an Athenian citizen, but on neither ground can he claim exemption, if this law stands. And yet, while of our other benefactors each has made himself useful to us on one occasion, Leucon will be found on reflection to be a perpetual benefactor, and that in a matter especially vital to our city.
[31] ἴστε γὰρ δήπου τοῦθ᾽, ὅτι πλείστῳ τῶν πάντων ἀνθρώπων ἡμεῖς ἐπεισάκτῳ σίτῳ χρώμεθα. πρὸς τοίνυν ἅπαντα τὸν ἐκ τῶν ἄλλων ἐμπορίων ἀφικνούμενον ὁ ἐκ τοῦ Πόντου σῖτος εἰσπλέων ἐστίν. εἰκότως: οὐ γὰρ μόνον διὰ τὸ τὸν τόπον τοῦτον σῖτον ἔχειν πλεῖστον τοῦτο γίγνεται, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ κύριον ὄντα τὸν Λεύκων᾽ αὐτοῦ τοῖς ἄγουσιν Ἀθήναζε ἀτέλειαν δεδωκέναι, καὶ κηρύττειν πρώτους γεμίζεσθαι τοὺς ὡς ὑμᾶς πλέοντας. ἔχων γὰρ ἐκεῖνος ἑαυτῷ καὶ τοῖς παισὶ τὴν ἀτέλειαν ἅπασι δέδωκεν ὑμῖν.
[31] For you are aware that we consume more imported corn than any other nation. Now the corn that comes to our ports from the Black Sea is equal to the whole amount from all other places of export. And this is not surprising; for not only is that district most productive of corn, but also Leucon, who controls the trade, has granted exemption from dues to merchants conveying corn to Athens, and he proclaims that those bound for your port shall have priority of lading. For Leucon, enjoying exemption for himself and his children, has granted exemption to every one of you.
[32] τοῦτο δ᾽ ἡλίκον ἐστὶ θεωρήσατε. ἐκεῖνος πράττεται τοὺς παρ᾽ αὑτοῦ σῖτον ἐξάγοντας τριακοστήν. αἱ τοίνυν παρ᾽ ἐκείνου δεῦρ᾽ ἀφικνούμεναι σίτου μυριάδες περὶ τετταράκοντ᾽ εἰσί: καὶ τοῦτ᾽ ἐκ τῆς παρὰ τοῖς σιτοφύλαξιν ἀπογραφῆς ἄν τις ἴδοι. οὐκοῦν παρὰ μὲν τὰς τριάκοντα μυριάδας μυρίους δίδωσι μεδίμνους ἡμῖν, παρὰ δὲ τὰς δέκα ὡσπερανεὶ τρισχιλίους.
[32] See what this amounts to. He exacts a toll of one-thirtieth from exporters of corn from his country. Now from the Bosporus there come to Athens about four hundred thousand bushels; the figures can be checked by the books of the grain commissioners. So for each three hundred thousand bushels he makes us a present of ten thousand bushels, and for the remaining hundred thousand a present of roughly three thousand.
[33] τοσούτου τοίνυν δεῖ ταύτην ἀποστερῆσαι τὴν δωρειὰν τὴν πόλιν, ὥστε προσκατασκευάσας ἐμπόριον Θευδοσίαν, ὅ φασιν οἱ πλέοντες οὐδ᾽ ὁτιοῦν χεῖρον εἶναι τοῦ Βοσπόρου, κἀνταῦθ᾽ ἔδωκε τὴν ἀτέλειαν ἡμῖν. καὶ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα σιωπῶ, πόλλ᾽ ἂν ἔχων εἰπεῖν, ὅσ᾽ εὐεργέτηκεν ὑμᾶς οὗτος ἁνὴρ καὶ αὐτὸς καὶ οἱ πρόγονοι: ἀλλὰ πρωπέρυσιν σιτοδείας παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις γενομένης οὐ μόνον ὑμῖν ἱκανὸν σῖτον ἀπέστειλεν, ἀλλὰ τοσοῦτον ὥστε πεντεκαίδεκ᾽ ἀργυρίου τάλαντα, ἃ Καλλισθένης διῴκησε, προσπεριγενέσθαι.
[33] Now, so little danger is there of his depriving our state of this gift, that he has opened another depot at Theudosia, which our merchants say is not at all inferior to the Bosporus, and there, too, he has granted us the same exemption. I omit much that might be said about the other benefits conferred upon you by this prince and also by his ancestors, but the year before last, when there was a universal shortage of grain, he not only sent enough for your needs, but such a quantity in addition that Callisthenes had a surplus of fifteen talents of silver to dispose of.
[34] τί οὖν οἴεσθ᾽, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τοῦτον τὸν τοιοῦτον περὶ ὑμᾶς γεγενημένον, ἐὰν ἀκούσῃ νόμῳ τὴν ἀτέλειαν ὑμᾶς ἀφῃρημένους αὐτὸν καὶ μηδ᾽ ἂν μεταδόξῃ ποτὲ ψηφισαμένους ἐξεῖναι δοῦναι; ἆρ᾽ ἀγνοεῖθ᾽ ὅτι ὁ αὐτὸς νόμος οὗτος ἐκεῖνόν τ᾽ ἀφαιρήσεται τὴν ἀτέλειαν, κύριος ἂν γένηται, καὶ ὑμῶν τοὺς παρ᾽ ἐκείνου σιτηγοῦντας;
[34] What, then, men of Athens, do you expect of this man, who has proved himself such a friend to you, if he learns that you have deprived him by law of his immunity, and have made it illegal to bestow it hereafter, even if you change your minds? Are you not aware that this same law, if ratified, will take away the immunity, not only from Leucon, but from those of you who import corn from his country?
[35] οὐ γὰρ δήπου τοῦτό γ᾽ ὑπείληφεν οὐδείς, ὡς ἐκεῖνος ὑπομενεῖ ἑαυτῷ μὲν ἀκύρους εἶναι τὰς παρ᾽ ὑμῶν δωρειάς, ὑμῖν δὲ μένειν τὰς παρ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ. οὐκοῦν πρὸς πολλοῖς οἷς βλάψειν ὑμᾶς ὁ νόμος φαίνεται, καὶ προσαφαιρεῖταί τι τῶν ὑπαρχόντων ἤδη. εἶθ᾽ ὑμεῖς ἔτι σκοπεῖτ᾽ εἰ χρὴ τοῦτον ἐξαλεῖψαι, καὶ οὐ πάλαι βεβούλευσθε; ἀνάγνωθι λαβὼν αὐτοῖς τὰ ψηφίσματα τὰ περὶ τοῦΛεύκωνος.”Ψηφίσματα”
[35] For surely no one dreams that he will tolerate the cancelling of your gifts to him, and let his own gifts to you stand good. So to the many disadvantages that this law will obviously entail upon you, may be added the immediate loss of part of your resources. In view of this, are you still considering whether you ought to erase it from the statute-book? Have you not made up your minds long ago? Take and read them the decrees touching Leucon. “ Decrees”
[36] ὡς μὲν εἰκότως καὶ δικαίως τετύχηκεν τῆς ἀτελείας παρ᾽ ὑμῶν ὁ Λεύκων, ἀκηκόατ᾽ ἐκ τῶν ψηφισμάτων, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί. τούτων δ᾽ ἁπάντων στήλας ἀντιγράφους ἐστήσαθ᾽ ὑμεῖς κἀκεῖνος, τὴν μὲν ἐν Βοσπόρῳ, τὴν δ᾽ ἐν Πειραιεῖ, τὴν δ᾽ ἐφ᾽ Ἱερῷ. σκοπεῖτε δὴ πρὸς ὅσης κακίας ὑπερβολὴν ὑμᾶς ὁ νόμος προάγει, ὃς ἀπιστότερον τὸν δῆμον καθίστησ᾽ ἑνὸς ἀνδρός.
[36] How reasonable and just was the immunity which Leucon has obtained from you, these decrees have informed you, gentlemen of the jury. Copies of all these decrees on stone were set up by you and by Leucon in the Bosporus, in the Piraeus, and at Hierum. Just reflect to what depths of meanness you are dragged by this law, which makes the nation less trustworthy than an individual.
[37] μὴ γὰρ οἴεσθ᾽ ὑμῖν ἄλλο τι τὰς στήλα
ς ἑστάναι ταύτας ἢ τούτων πάντων ὧν ἔχετ᾽ ἢ δεδώκατε συνθήκας, αἷς ὁ μὲν Λεύκων ἐμμένων φανεῖται καὶ ποιεῖν ἀεί τι προθυμούμενος ὑμᾶς εὖ, ὑμεῖς δ᾽ ἑστώσας ἀκύρους πεποιηκότες, ὃ πολὺ δεινότερον τοῦ καθελεῖν: αὗται γὰρ οὑτωσὶ τοῖς βουλομένοις κατὰ τῆς πόλεως βλασφημεῖν τεκμήριον ὡς ἀληθῆ λέγουσιν ἑστήξουσιν.
[37] For you must not imagine that the pillars standing there are anything else than the covenants of all that you have received or granted; and it will be made clear that Leucon observes them and is always eager to benefit you, but that you have repudiated them while they still stand; and that is a far worse offence than to pull them down; for when men wish to traduce our city, there will stand the pillars to witness to the truth of their words.
[38] φέρ᾽, ἐὰν δὲ δὴ πέμψας ὡς ἡμᾶς ὁ Λεύκων ἐρωτᾷ, τί ἔχοντες ἐγκαλέσαι καὶ τί μεμφόμενοι τὴν ἀτέλειαν αὐτὸν ἀφῄρησθε, τί πρὸς θεῶν ἐροῦμεν ἢ τί γράψει ποθ᾽ ὁ τὸ ψήφισμ᾽ ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν γράφων;
[38] Now mark! Suppose Leucon sends and asks us on what charge or for what fault we have taken away his immunity; what, in the name of wonder, shall we say, or in what terms will the proposer of your reply draft it? He will say, I suppose, that some of those who obtained immunity did not deserve it!
[39] ὅτι νὴ Δί᾽ ἦσάν τινες τῶν εὑρημένων ἀνάξιοι. ἐὰν οὖν εἴπῃ πρὸς ταῦτ᾽ ἐκεῖνος ‘καὶ γὰρ Ἀθηναίων τινὲς ἴσως φαῦλοι, καὶ οὐ διὰ ταῦτ᾽ ἐγὼ τοὺς χρηστοὺς ἀφειλόμην, ἀλλὰ τὸν δῆμον νομίζων χρηστὸν πάντας ἔχειν ἐῶ,’ οὐ δικαιότερ᾽ ἡμῶν ἐρεῖ; ἐμοὶ γοῦν δοκεῖ. παρὰ πᾶσι γὰρ ἀνθρώποις μᾶλλόν ἐστιν ἔθος διὰ τοὺς εὐεργέτας καὶ ἄλλους τινὰς εὖ ποιεῖν τῶν μὴ χρηστῶν ἢ διὰ τοὺς φαύλους τοὺς ὁμολογουμένως ἀξίους χάριτος τὰ δοθέντ᾽ ἀφαιρεῖσθαι.
[39] If, then, Leucon replies to this, “Yes; I dare say some of the Athenians are scoundrels, but I have not made that a reason for robbing the good citizens; on the contrary, because I think the Athenians, as a nation, are good men, I allow them all a share”; will there not be more fairness in his words than in ours? To me, at least, it seems so. For it is the custom of all nations, for the sake of their benefactors, rather to include some bad men in their rewards, than to make the worthless men an excuse for withholding their rewards from those who are acknowledged to merit them.
[40] καὶ μὴν οὐδ᾽ ὅπως οὐκ ἀντιδώσει τῷ Λεύκωνί τις, ἂν βούληται, δύναμαι σκοπούμενος εὑρεῖν. χρήματα μὲν γάρ ἐστιν ἀεὶ παρ᾽ ὑμῖν αὐτοῦ, κατὰ δὲ τὸν νόμον τοῦτον, ἐάν τις ἐπ᾽ αὔτ᾽ ἔλθῃ, ἢ στερήσεται τούτων ἢ λῃτουργεῖν ἀναγκασθήσεται. ἔστι δ᾽ οὐ τὸ τῆς δαπάνης μέγιστον ἐκείνῳ, ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι τὴν δωρειὰν ὑμᾶς αὐτὸν ἀφῃρῆσθαι νομιεῖ.
[40] Nay more, upon consideration, I cannot even see why anyone should not, if he wishes, challenge Leucon to an exchange of property. For there is always property of his at Athens, and by this law, if anyone tries to lay hands on it Leucon will either forfeit it or be compelled to perform public service. And it is not the question of expense that will trouble him most, but the reflection that you have robbed him of his reward.
[41] οὐ τοίνυν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, μὴ Λεύκων ἀδικηθῇ μόνον δεῖ σκοπεῖν, ᾧ φιλοτιμίας ἕνεχ᾽ ἡ περὶ τῆς δωρειᾶς σπουδὴ γένοιτ᾽ ἄν, οὐ χρείας, ἀλλὰ καὶ εἴ τις ἄλλος εὖ μὲν ἐποίησεν ὑμᾶς εὖ πράττων, εἰς δέον δὲ νῦν γέγον᾽ αὐτῷ τὸ λαβεῖν παρ᾽ ὑμῶν τὴν ἀτέλειαν. τίς οὖν οὗτός ἐστιν; Ἐπικέρδης ὁ Κυρηναῖος, ὅς, εἴπερ τις ἄλλος τῶν εἰληφότων, δικαίως ἠξιώθη ταύτης τῆς τιμῆς, οὐ τῷ μεγάλ᾽ ἢ θαυμάσι᾽ ἡλίκα δοῦναι, ἀλλὰ τῷ παρὰ τοιοῦτον καιρὸν ἐν ᾧ καὶ τῶν εὖ πεπονθότων ἔργον ἦν εὑρεῖν ἐθέλοντά τινα ὧν εὐεργέτητο μεμνῆσθαι.
[41] Again then, Athenians, it is not merely necessary to consider how Leucon may be spared injustice — a man whose anxiety about his privilege would arise from a sense of honor rather than from his needs — but we must also consider whether another man, who did you service when he was prosperous, may not find that the exemption he received from you then is a matter of necessity to him now. To whom, then, do I refer? To Epicerdes of Cyrene, than whom no recipient of this honor ever deserved it better, not because his gifts were great or extraordinary, but because they came at a time when we were hard put to it to find, even among those whom we had benefited, anyone willing to remember our benefactions.
[42] οὗτος γὰρ ἁνήρ, ὡς τὸ ψήφισμα τοῦτο δηλοῖ τὸ τότ᾽ αὐτῷ γραφέν, τοῖς ἁλοῦσι τότ᾽ ἐν Σικελίᾳ τῶν πολιτῶν, ἐν τοιαύτῃ συμφορᾷ καθεστηκόσιν, ἔδωκε μνᾶς ἑκατὸν καὶ τοῦ μὴ τῷ λιμῷ πάντας αὐτοὺς ἀποθανεῖν αἰτιώτατος ἐγένετο. καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα, δοθείσης ἀτελείας αὐτῷ διὰ ταῦτα παρ᾽ ὑμῶν, ὁρῶν ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ πρὸ τῶν τριάκοντα μικρὸν σπανίζοντα τὸν δῆμον χρημάτων, τάλαντον ἔδωκεν αὐτὸς ἐπαγγειλάμενος.
[42] For Epicerdes, as this decree then passed in his honor declares, gave a hundred minae to our fellow-countrymen at that time prisoners in Sicily under such distressing circumstances, and thus he became the chief instrument in saving them from all perishing of hunger. Afterwards, when you had rewarded him with immunity, seeing that in the war just before the rule of the Thirty the people were straitened for want of funds, he gave them a talent as a freewill offering.
[43] σκέψασθε δὴ πρὸς Διὸς καὶ θεῶν, ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, πῶς ἂν ἄνθρωπος μᾶλλον φανερὸς γένοιτ᾽ εὔνους ὢν ὑμῖν, ἢ πῶς ἧττον ἄξιος ἀδικηθῆναι, ἢ πρῶτον μὲν εἰ παρὼν τῷ τῆς πόλεως ἀτυχήματι μᾶλλον ἕλοιτο τοὺς ἀτυχοῦντας καὶ τὴν παρὰ τούτων χάριν, ἥτις ποτ᾽ ἔμελλεν ἔσεσθαι, ἢ τοὺς ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ χρόνῳ κεκρατηκότας καὶ παρ᾽ οἷς ἦν, δεύτερον δέ, ἑτέραν χρείαν ἰδών, εἰ φαίνοιτο διδοὺς καὶ μὴ πῶς ἰδίᾳ τὰ ὄντα σώσει προνοούμενος, ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως τῶν ὑμετέρων μηδὲν ἐνδεῶς ἕξει τὸ καθ᾽ αὑτόν.
[43] In the name of Zeus and all the gods, men of Athens, ask yourselves how a man could more clearly show his goodwill towards you, or how he could be less deserving of an ill return than if, being first an eye-witness of that national disaster, he should prefer the beaten side and such favors as they might some day bestow, rather than the victors among whom he found himself in their hour of triumph; or if next, seeing a further need arise, he should be found once more a donor, anxious not to hoard his own private means, but to ensure that no cause of yours should fall sh
ort of success, so far as in him lay.
[44] τοῦτον μέντοι τὸν τῷ μὲν ἔργῳ παρὰ τοὺς μεγίστους καιροὺς οὑτωσὶ κοινὰ τὰ ὄντα τῷ δήμῳ κεκτημένον, τῷ δὲ ῥήματι καὶ τῇ τιμῇ τὴν ἀτέλειαν ἔχοντα, οὐχὶ τὴν ἀτέλειαν ἀφαιρήσεσθε （οὐδὲ γὰρ οὔσῃ χρώμενος φαίνεται）, ἀλλὰ τὸ πιστεύειν ὑμῖν, οὗ τί γένοιτ᾽ ἂν αἴσχιον; τὸ τοίνυν ψήφισμ᾽ ὑμῖν αὔτ᾽ ἀναγνώσεται τὸ τότε ψηφισθὲν τῷ ἀνδρί. καὶ θεωρεῖτ᾽, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, ὅσα ψηφίσματ᾽ ἄκυρα ποιεῖ ὁ νόμος, καὶ οἵους ἀνθρώπους ἀδικεῖ, καὶ ἐν ὁποίοις καιροῖς χρησίμους ὑμῖν παρασχόντας ἑαυτούς: εὑρήσετε γὰρ τούτους, οὓς ἥκιστα προσῆκεν, ἀδικοῦντα. λέγε.”Ψήφισμα”
[44] Yet this man, who in actual deed on those momentous occasions shared his wealth with the people, but enjoyed only a nominal and honorary immunity, will be robbed by you, not of his immunity, for it is evident that he did not use it when he had it, but of his trust in you; and what could be more discreditable than that? Now you shall hear the very words of the decree then passed in his honor. And observe, men of Athens, how many decrees this law annuls, how many individuals it wrongs, and what occasions they chose for making themselves serviceable to you; for you will find that the law wrongs just the men who least deserve it. Read. “ Decree”