by Demosthenes
[17] So the law which destroys confidence in the rewards takes away the one thing that gives a higher value to rewards which you bestow. And indeed, if from any one of all known forms of government you take away the right of loyal supporters of the constitution to receive favors, you will find that you have deprived those governments of no unimportant safeguard.
[18] τάχα τοίνυν ἴσως ἐκεῖνο λέγειν ἂν ἐπιχειρήσειε Λεπτίνης, ἀπάγων ὑμᾶς ἀπὸ τούτων, ὡς αἱ λῃτουργίαι νῦν μὲν εἰς πένητας ἀνθρώπους ἔρχονται, ἐκ δὲ τοῦ νόμου τούτου λῃτουργήσουσιν οἱ πλουσιώτατοι. ἔστι δὲ τοῦθ᾽ οὑτωσὶ μὲν ἀκοῦσαι λόγον τιν᾽ ἔχον: εἰ δέ τις αὔτ᾽ ἀκριβῶς ἐξετάσειε, ψεῦδος ἂν φανείη. εἰσὶ γὰρ δήπου παρ᾽ ἡμῖν αἵ τε τῶν μετοίκων λῃτουργίαι καὶ αἱ πολιτικαί, ὧν ἑκατέρων ἐστὶ τοῖς εὑρημένοις ἡ ἀτέλεια ἣν οὗτος ἀφαιρεῖται. τῶν γὰρ εἰς τὸν πόλεμον καὶ τὴν σωτηρίαν τῆς πόλεως εἰσφορῶν καὶ τριηραρχιῶν ὀρθῶς καὶ δικαίως οὐδείς ἐστ᾽ ἀτελὴς ἐκ τῶν παλαιῶν νόμων, οὐδ᾽ οὓς οὗτος ἔγραψε, τοὺς ἀφ᾽ Ἁρμοδίου καὶ Ἀριστογείτονος.
[18] Now perhaps Leptines will try to divert your attention from these points and assert that at present the public services fall upon the poor, but that under his law they will be performed by the wealthiest class. At first hearing, the plea seems to have some weight; but examine it strictly and the fallacy will be exposed. For there are, as you know, among us some services that fall upon resident aliens and others that fall upon citizens, and the exemption, which Leptines would remove, has been granted in the case of both. For from special contributions for war or for national defence and also from the equipment of war-galleys, rightly and justly in accordance with earlier laws, no one is exempt, not even the descendants of Harmodius and Aristogiton, whom Leptines has specially named.
[19] σκεψώμεθα δὴ τίνας ἡμῖν εἰσποιεῖ χορηγοὺς εἰς ἐκείνας τὰς λῃτουργίας, καὶ πόσους, ἐὰν μὴ τούτῳ προσέχωμεν, ἀφήσει. οἱ μὲν τοίνυν πλουσιώτατοι τριηραρχοῦντες ἀεὶ τῶν χορηγιῶν ἀτελεῖς ὑπάρχουσιν, οἱ δ᾽ ἐλάττω τῶν ἱκανῶν κεκτημένοι, τὴν ἀναγκαίαν ἀτέλειαν ἔχοντες, ἔξω τοῦ τέλους εἰσὶ τούτου: οὐκοῦν τούτων μὲν οὐδετέρων οὐδεὶς διὰ τὸν νόμον ἡμῖν προσέσται χορηγός.
[19] Let us then see what additional contributors he provides to perform those public services, and how many will be passed over if we turn a deaf ear to him. Now the richest citizens, when equipping a war-galley, are already exempt from the ordinary services, while those whose wealth is insufficient necessarily enjoy exemption and are out of the reach of this tax; so his law will not provide us with another contributor from either of these classes.
[20] ἀλλὰ νὴ Δί᾽ εἰς τὰς τῶν μετοίκων λῃτουργίας εἰσποιεῖ πολλούς. ἀλλ᾽ ἐὰν δείξῃ πέντε, ἐγὼ ληρεῖν ὁμολογῶ. θήσω τοίνυν ἐγὼ μὴ τοιοῦτον εἶναι τοῦτο, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν μετοίκων πλείονας ἢ τοσούτους, ἐὰν ὁ νόμος τεθῇ, τοὺς λῃτουργοῦντας ἔσεσθαι, καὶ τῶν πολιτῶν μηδέν᾽ ἐκ τριηραρχίας ὑπάρξειν ἀτελῆ. σκεψώμεθα δὴ τί τοῦτο τῇ πόλει, ἐὰν ἅπαντες οὗτοι λῃτουργῶσιν: φανήσεται γὰρ οὐδὲ πολλοῦ δεῖ τῆς γενησομένης ἄξιον αἰσχύνης.
[20] He may reply that he recruits many aliens for the services. But if he can point to five such, I will eat my words. I will assume, then, that this is not the case, but that if the law stands, both the number of aliens performing public services will be greater, and of the citizens none will be excused because he is equipping a war-galley. Now let us consider what the State will gain if all these perform the services, for it will prove to be no compensation at all for the disgrace it will entail.
[21] ὅρα δ᾽ οὑτωσί. εἰσὶ τῶν ξένων ἀτελεῖς — δέκα θήσω: καὶ μὰ τοὺς θεούς, ὅπερ εἶπον ἀρτίως, οὐκ οἶμαι πέντ᾽ εἶναι. καὶ μὴν τῶν γε πολιτῶν οὐκ εἰσὶ πλείους ἢ πέντ᾽ ἢ ἕξ. οὐκοῦν ἀμφοτέρων ἑκκαίδεκα. ποιήσωμεν αὐτοὺς εἴκοσιν, εἰ δὲ βούλεσθε, τριάκοντα. πόσοι δή ποτ᾽ εἰσὶν οἱ κατ᾽ ἐνιαυτὸν τὰς ἐγκυκλίους λῃτουργίας λῃτουργοῦντες, χορηγοὶ καὶ γυμνασίαρχοι καὶ ἑστιάτορες; ἑξήκοντ᾽ ἴσως ἢ μικρῷ πλείους σύμπαντες οὗτοι.
[21] Put it thus. Of aliens there are exempt — I will assume ten. And by Heaven, as I said before, I do not believe there are five. Moreover of the citizens there are not half a dozen. Sixteen of both, then. Let us call it twenty, or thirty, if you like. How many, pray, are there that annually perform the regularly recurring services — chorus-masters, presidents of gymnasia, and public hosts? Perhaps sixty in all, or a trifle more.
[22] ἵν᾽ οὖν τριάκοντ᾽ ἄνθρωποι πλείους παρὰ πάντα τὸν χρόνον λῃτουργήσωσιν ἡμῖν, τοὺς ἅπαντας ἀπίστως πρὸς ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς διαθῶμεν; ἀλλ᾽ ἴσμεν ἐκεῖνο δήπου, ὅτι λῃτουργήσουσιν μέν, ἄνπερ ἡ πόλις ᾖ, πολλοὶ καὶ οὐκ ἐπιλείψουσιν, εὖ δὲ ποιεῖν ἡμᾶς οὐδεὶς ἐθελήσει, τοὺς πρότερον ποιήσαντας ἐὰν ἠδικημένους ἴδῃ.
[22] In order, then, that we may have thirty more men for the public services, spread over the whole period, is it worth our while to excite the distrust of all? But surely we must know this, that as long as Athens stands, there will be plenty of citizens, without fail, to perform the services, but not a soul will want to do us a good turn, if he sees our previous benefactors wronged.
[23] εἶεν. εἰ δὲ δὴ τὰ μάλιστ᾽ ἐπέλειπον οἱ χορηγεῖν οἷοί τε, πρὸς Διὸς πότερον κρεῖττον ἦν εἰς συντέλειαν ἀγαγεῖν τὰς χορηγίας ὥσπερ τὰς τριηραρχίας, ἢ τοὺς εὐεργέτας ἀφελέσθαι τὰ δοθέντα; ἐγὼ μὲν ἐκεῖν᾽ οἶμαι. νῦν μέν γε τὸν χρόνον, ὃν ἂν τούτων ἕκαστος λῃτουργῇ, δίδωσι τὴν ἀνάπαυσιν αὐτοῖς μόνον, μετὰ ταῦτα δ᾽ οὐδὲν ἔλαττον ἕκαστος αὐτῶν ἀναλώσει: τότε δ᾽ ἄν, μικρᾶς συντελείας ἀπὸ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων ἑκάστῳ γιγνομένης, οὐδὲν ἔπασχε δεινὸν οὐδείς, οὐδ᾽ εἰ πάνυ μικρὰ κεκτημένος ἦν.
[23] So far, so good. But if there were the most serious shortage of possible contributors, in Heaven’s name, which would you prefer — to organize syndicates for those services as for the equipment of war-vessels, or to rob your benefactors of what you have given them? I think I should prefer the syndicates. By the present law, while each of these thirty is performing a public service, Leptines affords a respite for the others, and that is all; after that, each of them will have to spend as much as before; but in the other case, each would pay a small contribution, proportioned to his means, and none would be hardly treated, even if his property
were quite small.
[24] οὕτω τοίνυν τινές, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, σφόδρ᾽ ἔχουσ᾽ ἀλογίστως ὥστ᾽ ἐπιχειροῦσι λέγειν πρὸς μὲν ταῦτ᾽ οὐδέν, ἄλλα δὲ τοιαδί, ὡς ἄρα δεινόν, εἰ ἐν κοινῷ μὲν μηδ᾽ ὁτιοῦν ὑπάρχει τῇ πόλει, ἰδίᾳ δέ τινες πλουτήσουσ᾽ ἀτελείας ἐπειλημμένοι. ἔστι δὲ ταῦτ᾽ ἀμφότερ᾽ οὐχὶ δίκαιον λέγειν. εἰ μὲν γάρ τις ἔχει πολλὰ μηδὲν ὑμᾶς ἀδικῶν, οὐχὶ δεῖ δήπου τούτῳ βασκαίνειν: εἰ δ᾽ ὑφῃρημένον φήσουσιν ἤ τιν᾽ ἄλλον οὐχ ὃν προσήκει τρόπον, εἰσὶ νόμοι καθ᾽ οὓς προσήκει κολάζειν. ὅτε δὲ τοῦτο μὴ ποιοῦσιν, οὐδὲ τὸν λόγον αὐτοῖς τοῦτον λεκτέον.
[24] Now some of our opponents, men of Athens, are so illogical that they make no attempt to answer these arguments, but take a different line, saying for instance how monstrous it is that on the one hand there is nothing left in the Exchequer, but on the other hand private individuals will grow wealthy because they have secured an immunity. But it is not fair to combine both these statements. For if a man has great wealth without doing you any wrong, there is surely no need to look on him with envy; but if they are prepared to say that he has stolen it or gained it in some other disreputable way, there are laws by which he can be suitably punished. But as long as they do not prosecute him, neither have they any right to make this allegation.
[25] καὶ μὴν περὶ τοῦ γε μὴ εἶναι χρήματα κοινὰ τῇ πόλει, ἐκεῖν᾽ ὑμᾶς δεῖ σκοπεῖν, ὅτι οὐδὲν ἔσεσθ᾽ εὐπορώτεροι, τὰς ἀτελείας ἐὰν ἀφέλησθε: οὐ γὰρ κοινωνεῖ ταῖς δημοσίαις προσόδοις καὶ περιουσίαις ταῦτα τἀναλώματ᾽ οὐδέν. χωρὶς δὲ τούτων νυνὶ τῇ πόλει, δυοῖν ἀγαθοῖν ὄντοιν, πλούτου καὶ τοῦ πρὸς ἅπαντας πιστεύεσθαι, ἐστὶ τὸ τῆς πίστεως ὑπάρχον. εἰ δέ τις οἴεται δεῖν, ὅτι χρήματ᾽ οὐκ ἔχομεν, μηδὲ δόξαν ἔχειν ἡμᾶς χρηστήν, οὐ καλῶς φρονεῖ. ἐγὼ μὲν γὰρ εὔχομαι τοῖς θεοῖς, μάλιστα μὲν ἡμῖν καὶ χρήματα πολλὰ γενέσθαι, εἰ δὲ μή, τό γε πιστοῖς εἶναι καὶ βεβαίοις δοκεῖν διαμεῖναι.
[25] Further, with regard to the alleged poverty of the Exchequer, you must reflect that you will not be a whit the better off if you abolish these exemptions, for the expenditure on these services has nothing to do with the revenues or the surplus of the State. And apart from all this, of two possible advantages — wealth and credit with the rest of the world — our State today enjoys the latter. But if anyone imagines that because we have no money we need not also keep our honor bright, his judgement is at fault. For myself indeed, I pray Heaven that, if so it may be, our wealth also may increase, but if not, then at least that our reputation for good faith and constancy may remain sure.
[26] φέρε δὴ καὶ τὰς εὐπορίας, ἃς ἀναπαυομένους τινὰς εὐπορήσειν οὗτοι φήσουσιν, εἰς δέον ὑμῖν γιγνομένας δείξω. ἴστε γὰρ δήπου τοῦθ᾽ ὅτι τῶν τριηραρχιῶν οὐδείς ἐστ᾽ ἀτελὴς οὐδὲ τῶν εἰσφορῶν τῶν εἰς τὸν πόλεμον. οὔκουν ὁ πολλὰ κεκτημένος, οὗτος, ὅστις ἂν ᾖ, πόλλ᾽ εἰς ταῦτα συντελεῖ; πᾶσ᾽ ἀνάγκη. καὶ μὴν ὅτι δεῖ τὴν εὐπορίαν εἰς ταῦθ᾽ ὑπάρχειν πλείστην τῇ πόλει, πάντες ἂν ὁμολογήσειαν: παρὰ μὲν γὰρ τὰς ἐπὶ τῶν χορηγιῶν δαπάνας ἡμέρας μέρος μικρὸν ἡ χάρις τοῖς θεωμένοις ἡμῶν, παρὰ δὲ τὰς τῶν εἰς τὸν πόλεμον παρασκευῶν ἀφθονίας πάντα τὸν χρόνον ἡ σωτηρία πάσῃ τῇ πόλει.
[26] Now take the large fortunes which, according to our opponents, some citizens will amass if relieved of the services, but which I will show to be available for your needs. For of course you are aware that no one is exempt from the equipment of war-galleys or from the special contributions for war. So this person, whoever he may be, who owns much, contributes much to those objects; there is no getting out of it. And again, all would agree that the resources which the State can rely on for these objects should be as great as possible. For money spent by the chorus-masters affords those of us who are in the theater gratification for a fraction of a day; but money lavished on equipment for war gives security to the whole city for all time.
[27] ὥσθ᾽ ὅσον ἐνθάδ᾽ ἀφίετε, ἐκεῖ κομίζεσθε, καὶ δίδοτ᾽ ἐν τιμῆς μέρει ταῦθ᾽ ἃ καὶ μὴ λαβοῦσιν ἔστιν ἔχειν τοῖς τοῦ τριηραρχεῖν ἄξια κεκτημένοις. ἀλλὰ μὴν ὅτι τῶν τριηραρχιῶν οὐδείς ἐστ᾽ ἀτελής, οἶμαι μὲν ὑμᾶς εἰδέναι πάντας, ὅμως δὲ καὶ τὸν νόμον ὑμῖν αὐτὸν ἀναγνώσεται. λαβὲ τὸν περὶ τῶν τριηραρχιῶν νόμον καὶ λέγε τοῦτ᾽ αὐτό.”Νόμος
ἀτελῆ δὲ μηδένα εἶναι τριηραρχίας πλὴν τῶν ἐννέα ἀρχόντων.”
[27] Therefore whatever you remit with one hand, you receive with the other; and you grant as an honor exemptions which even those who receive them cannot enjoy, if they have wealth sufficient for the equipment of a war-vessel. But although I suppose you all know that no one is exempt from the latter service, the clerk shall read to you the actual statute. Take the law about the trierarchy and read this clause only.”Law
[And none shall be exempt from the trierarchy except the nine archons.]”
[28] ὁρᾶθ᾽ ὡς σαφῶς, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, μηδέν᾽ εἶναι τριηραρχίας ἀτελῆ διείρηκεν ὁ νόμος πλὴν τῶν ἐννέ᾽ ἀρχόντων. οὐκοῦν οἱ μὲν ἐλάττω κεκτημένοι τοῦ τριηραρχίας ἄξι᾽ ἔχειν ἐν ταῖς εἰσφοραῖς συντελοῦσιν εἰς τὸν πόλεμον, οἱ δ᾽ ἐφικνούμενοι τοῦ τριηραρχεῖν εἰς ἀμφότερ᾽ ὑμῖν ὑπάρξουσι χρήσιμοι, καὶ τριηραρχεῖν καὶ εἰσφέρειν. τίν᾽ οὖν ῥᾳστώνην τοῖς πολλοῖς ὁ σός, ὦ Λεπτίνη, ποιεῖ νόμος, εἰ μιᾶς ἢ δυοῖν φυλαῖν ἕνα χορηγὸν καθίστησιν, ὃς ἀνθ᾽ ἑνὸς ἄλλου τοῦθ᾽ ἅπαξ ποιήσας ἀπηλλάξεται; ἐγὼ μὲν οὐχ ὁρῶ. τῆς δέ γ᾽ αἰσχύνης ὅλην ἀναπίμπλησι τὴν πόλιν καὶ τῆς ἀπιστίας. οὔκουν ὅτε πολλῷ μείζονα βλάψει τῶν ὠφελειῶν ὧν ἔχει, προσήκει λελύσθαι παρὰ τοῖσδ᾽ αὐτόν; ἔγωγ᾽ ἂν φαίην.
[28] You see, Athenians, how explicitly the law lays down that none shall be exempt from the equipment of a war-galley except the nine archons. So those whose wealth falls short of the qualification for that service will contribute by groups to the special war-tax, but those who reach that qualification will be available both for the war-galleys and for the war-tax. Then what relief does your law, Leptines, afford to the main body of citizens, if from one or two tribes it provides a single contributor, who, having relieved one other citizen on one occasion, will thereafter be exempt? I can see no relief. On the other hand it taints the honor and credit of the who
le State. Therefore, when the damage it will inflict is greater than the benefit it confers, ought it not to be repealed by this court? Such would be my verdict.
[29] ἔτι δ᾽, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, διὰ τὸ γεγράφθαι ἐν τῷ νόμῳ διαρρήδην αὐτοῦ ‘μηδένα μήτε τῶν πολιτῶν μήτε τῶν ἰσοτελῶν μήτε τῶν ξένων εἶναι ἀτελῆ,’ μὴ διῃρῆσθαι δ᾽ ὅτου ἀτελῆ, χορηγίας ἤ τινος ἄλλου τέλους, ἀλλ᾽ ἁπλῶς ‘ἀτελῆ μηδένα πλὴν τῶν ἀφ᾽ Ἁρμοδίου καὶ Ἀριστογείτονος,’ καὶ ἐν μὲν τῷ ‘μηδένα’ πάντας περιλαμβάνειν τοὺς ἄλλους, ἐν δὲ τῷ ‘τῶν ξένων’ μὴ διορίζειν τῶν οἰκούντων Ἀθήνησιν, ἀφαιρεῖται καὶ Λεύκωνα τὸν ἄρχοντα Βοσπόρου καὶ τοὺς παῖδας αὐτοῦ τὴν δωρειὰν ἣν ὑμεῖς ἔδοτ᾽ αὐτοῖς.
[29] My next point is this, gentlemen of the jury. The law of Leptines explicitly states that “none, whether citizen or enfranchised alien or foreigner, shall be exempt,” and does not specify from what, whether from the public service or from any other charge, but simply that “none shall be exempt except the descendants of Harmodius and Aristogiton.” The word “none” must be taken to include all classes, and foreigner is not further defined as resident at Athens.