by Demosthenes
[128] οὐχ οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ πρῶτον μὲν εἰς Δεκέλειαν αὐτομολήσας, κἀκεῖθεν ὁρμώμενος καταθέων καὶ φέρων καὶ ἄγων ὑμᾶς; ἀλλὰ πάντες ἴστε ταῦτα. καὶ ἀπὸ μὲν τῶν ὑμετέρων παίδων καὶ γυναικῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων χρημάτων ὅσα λάβοι, δεκάτας ἐκεῖ τῷ ἁρμοστῇ κατατιθεὶς τούτων ἀκριβῶς,
[128] Was not he the man who first ran away to Deceleia, and, with Deceleia as his base, overran and harried your country? But you all know that. Was it not he who scrupulously paid to the Spartan governor at that place tithes due upon your wives and children and all the rest of his booty;
[129] τὴν δέ γ᾽ ἐνθάδε θεόν, πρεσβευτὴς ἀξιωθεὶς εἶναι ὑφ᾽ ὑμῶν, ἀποστερῶν τὰς ἀπὸ τῶν ὑμετέρων πολεμίων δεκάτας; ἔπειτα ταμιεύσας ἐν ἀκροπόλει τἀριστεῖα τῆς πόλεως ἃ ἔλαβεν ἀπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων ὑφῃρημένος ἐξ ἀκροπόλεως, τόν τε δίφρον τὸν ἀργυρόποδα καὶ τὸν ἀκινάκην τὸν Μαρδονίου, ὃς ἦγε τριακοσίους δαρεικούς; ἀλλὰ ταῦτά γ᾽ οὕτω περιφανῆ ἐστιν ὥστε πάντας ἀνθρώπους εἰδέναι.
[129] and yet, when you had honored him with the office of ambassador, robbed the Goddess at Athens of her tithe of the plunder he took from your enemies? Was it not he who, being appointed treasurer at the Acropolis, stole from that place those prizes of victory which our ancestors carried off from the barbarians, the throne with silver feet, and Mardonius’s scimitar, which weighed three hundred darics? These exploits, however, are so celebrated that they are known to everybody. But in everything else is he not a man of violence? Aye, he has no equal for that.
[130] ἀλλὰ τἄλλ᾽ οὐ βίαιος; ὡς οὐδείς γ᾽ ἀνθρώπων. εἶτα φείσασθαί τινος αὐτῶν ἄξιόν ἐστιν, ὥστε διὰ τούτους ἢ τῶν δεκατῶν τῶν τῆς θεοῦ ἀμελῆσαι ἢ τῆς διπλασίας τῶν ὁσίων χρημάτων, ἢ τὸν τούτους πειρώμενον σῴζειν μὴ τιμωρήσασθαι; καὶ τί κωλύσει ἅπαντας εἶναι πονηρούς, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, εἰ διὰ ταῦτα πλέον ἕξουσιν; ἐγὼ μὲν γὰρ οἶμαι οὐδέν.
[130] Is it right, then, that you should deal tenderly with any one of them, and disregard for their sakes the tithes of Athena or the double repayment of public moneys? Is it right to leave unpunished the man who is exerting himself to save them? What is there, gentlemen, to prevent everybody turning knave, if knavery is to be profitable? Nothing that I can see.
[131] μὴ τοίνυν αὐτοὶ διδάσκετε, ἀλλὰ τιμωρεῖσθε. καὶ μὴ ἐᾶτ᾽ ἀγανακτεῖν εἰ δεθήσονται ἔχοντες τὰ ὑμέτερα ἀλλ᾽ ἄγετ᾽ αὐτοὺς ὑπὸ τοὺς νόμους. οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ τῆς ξενίας ἁλισκόμενοι ἀγανακτοῦσιν ἐν τῷ οἰκήματι τούτῳ ὄντες, ἕως ἂν τῶν ψευδομαρτυριῶν ἀγωνίσωνται, ἀλλὰ μένουσιν καὶ οὐκ οἴονται δεῖν ἐγγυητὰς καταστήσαντες περιιέναι.
[131] You must punish crime, not encourage it by your own teaching. Do not let them make a grievance of going to prison with your money in their pockets, but bring them under the yoke of law. People convicted under the alien acts do not think themselves aggrieved when they are kept in yonder building until the trial for false evidence is over; they simply stay there without expecting to get the freedom of the streets by putting in bail.
[132] ἔδοξε γὰρ τῇ πόλει ἀπιστεῖν αὐτοῖς, καὶ οὐκ ᾤετο δεῖν διακρουσθῆναι τῆς τιμωρίας δι᾽ ἐγγυητῶν καταστάσεως, ἀλλ᾽ ἐνταῦθα μένειν αὐτοὺς οὗ καὶ ἄλλοι πολλοὶ τῶν πολιτῶν. καίτοι καὶ ἐπὶ χρήμασιν ἤδη τινὲς ἐδέθησαν καὶ ἐπὶ κρίσεσιν, ἀλλ᾽ ὅμως ὑπέμενον. ἀηδὲς μὲν οὖν ἴσως ἐστὶν ὀνομαστὶ περί τινων μεμνῆσθαι, ἀναγκαῖον δὲ παρεξετάσαι αὐτοὺς παρὰ τούτους.
[132] The commonwealth, having decided to distrust them, did not choose to be cheated of retribution by the process of putting in bail, but preferred that they should stay in a place where many genuine Athenians have sojourned. Yet. people have been imprisoned there before now both for debt and on judgement, and have taken it quietly. Perhaps it is rather invidious to mention names, but I cannot help giving you a list for comparison with the men before you.
[133] τοὺς μὲν οὖν πρὸ Εὐκλείδου ἄρχοντος ἐάσω καὶ τοὺς σφόδρα παλαιούς. καίτοι κατὰ τοὺς χρόνους οὓς ἕκαστοι αὐτῶν ἦσαν, πολλοῦ ἄξιοι δοκοῦντες γεγενῆσθαι τὸν ἔμπροσθεν χρόνον ὅμως ἰσχυρᾶς παρὰ τοῦ δήμου ὀργῆς ἐτύγχανον ἐπὶ τοῖς ὕστερον γιγνομένοις ἀδικήμασιν: οὐ γὰρ χρόνον τινὰ δικαίους ᾤετο δεῖν αὐτοὺς ἡ πόλις εἶναι, εἶτα κλέπτας, ἀλλὰ περί γε τὰ κοίν᾽ ἀεὶ δικαίους: ἐδόκει γὰρ τὸν ἔμπροσθεν χρόνον οὐ φύσει, ἀλλ᾽ ἐπιβουλεύων, τοῦ πιστευθῆναι, δίκαιος γεγονέναι ὁ τοιοῦτος ἄνθρωπος.
[133] I will not mention very ancient instances, or any earlier than the archonship of Eucleides; but I must observe that many men, who in their own generation were highly esteemed for their earlier conduct, were nevertheless most severely treated by the People for the offences of their later life. The commonwealth was not content with a period of honesty followed by knavery, but expected uninterrupted honesty in public dealings. The previous honesty of such a person was not, in their view, attributable to innate virtue; it was part of a scheme to attract confidence.
[134] ἀλλὰ μετ᾽ Εὐκλείδην ἄρχοντ᾽, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, πρῶτον μὲν Θρασύβουλον τὸν Κολλυτέα πάντες μέμνησθε δὶς δεθέντα καὶ κριθέντ᾽ ἀμφοτέρας τὰς κρίσεις ἐν τῷ δήμῳ: καίτοι τῶν ἐκ Πειραιῶς κἀπὸ Φυλῆς οὗτος ἦν. ἔπειτα Φιλέψιον τὸν Λαμπτρέα. ἔπειτ᾽ Ἀγύρριον τὸν Κολλυτέα, ἄνδρα χρηστὸν καὶ δημοτικὸν καὶ περὶ τὸ πλῆθος τὸ ὑμέτερον πολλὰ σπουδάσαντα:
[134] But after the archonship of Eucleides, gentlemen of the jury, first, you all remember that the well-known Thrasybulus of Colyttus was twice imprisoned and condemned at both his trials before the Assembly; and yet he was one of the heroes of the march from Phyle and Peiraeus. Then there was Philepsius of Lamptra. Next take Agyrrhius of Colyttus, a good man, a liberal politician, and an ardent defender of popular rights;
[135] ἀλλ᾽ ὅμως τοὺς νόμους ᾤετο δεῖν καὶ αὐτὸς ἐκεῖνος ὁμοίως, ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τοῖς ἀδυνάτοις, οὕτω καὶ ἐφ᾽ αὑτῷ ἰσχύειν, καὶ ἐγένετ᾽ ἐν τῷ οἰκήματι τούτῳ πόλλ᾽ ἔτη, ἕως τὰ χρήματα ἀπέτεισεν ἃ ἔδοξε τῆς πόλεως ὄντ᾽ ἔχειν: καὶ ἐπ᾽ ἐκείνῳ Καλλίστρατος δυνάμενος καὶ ἀδελφιδοῦς ὢν αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἐτίθει νόμους. καὶ Μυρωνίδης ὁ Ἀρχίνου υἱός, τοῦ καταλαβόντος Φυλὴν καὶ μ�
�τά γε τοὺς θεοὺς αἰτιωτάτου ὄντος τῆς καθόδου τῷ δήμῳ, καὶ ἄλλα πολλὰ καὶ καλὰ πεπολιτευμένου καὶ ἐστρατηγηκότος πολλάκις.
[135] and yet even he admitted that the laws must be as binding upon him as upon people without influence, and he stayed in that building for many years, until he had repaid the money in his possession which was adjudged to be public property; nor did Callistratus, who was in power, and who was his nephew, try to make new laws to meet his particular case. Or take Myronides; he was the son of that Archinus who occupied Phyle, and whom, after the gods, we have chiefly to thank for the restoration of popular government, and who had achieved success on many occasions both as statesman and as commander.
[136] ἀλλ᾽ ὅμως ἅπαντες οὗτοι ὑπέμενον τοὺς νόμους. καὶ οἱ ταμίαι ἐφ᾽ ὧν ὁ Ὀπισθόδομος ἐνεπρήσθη, καὶ οἱ τῶν τῆς θεοῦ καὶ οἱ τῶν ἄλλων θεῶν, ἐν τῷ οἰκήματι τούτῳ ἦσαν, ἕως ἡ κρίσις αὐτοῖς ἐγένετο. καὶ οἱ περὶ τὸν σῖτον ἀδικεῖν δόξαντες, καὶ ἄλλοι πολλοί, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, πάντες βελτίους Ἀνδροτίωνος ὄντες.
[136] In spite of their merits, these men all submitted to the laws. Again, the treasurers of Athena and of the other gods, during whose term the Inner Treasury was burned down, were lodged in yonder building pending their trial; so too were the persons suspected of the corn-market frauds, and many others, gentlemen of the jury, — all better men than Androtion.
[137] εἶτα τούτοις μὲν ἔδει κυρίους τοὺς πάλαι κειμένους νόμους εἶναι, καὶ δεδωκέναι δίκην αὐτοὺς κατὰ τοὺς ὑπάρχοντας νόμους: δι᾽ Ἀνδροτίωνα δὲ καὶ Γλαυκέτην καὶ Μελάνωπον καινὸν δεῖ γενέσθαι νόμον, διὰ τοὺς ἑαλωκότας καὶ ψήφῳ κεκριμένους κατὰ τοὺς πάλαι κειμένους νόμους καὶ δόξαντας ἔχειν ἱερὰ χρήματα καὶ ὅσια; εἶτ᾽ οὐ καταγέλαστος δόξει ἡ πόλις εἶναι, εἰ τοῖς ἱεροσύλοις, ὅπως σωθήσονται, νόμον φανεῖται τιθεμένη; ἔγωγ᾽ οἶμαι.
[137] Then if it was right that for them the old-established laws should be operative, and that they should be punished in accordance with the existing laws, can it be right that for the sake of Androtion, Glaucetes, and Melanopus, a brand-new statute should be made, — for men who have been found guilty and condemned by verdict in pursuance of old-established laws, and who are declared to be detaining sacred and public moneys? Will not Athens be a laughing-stock if she is discovered enacting laws for the deliverance of temple robbers?
[138] μὴ τοίνυν ἐάσηθ᾽ ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς ὑβρίζεσθαι μηδὲ τὴν πόλιν, ἀλλὰ μνησθέντες ὅτι Εὔδημον τὸν Κυδαθηναιᾶ νόμον δόξαντα θεῖναι οὐκ ἐπιτήδειον, οὐ πάλαι ἀλλ᾽ ἐπ᾽ Εὐάνδρου ἄρχοντος ἀπεκτείνατε, καὶ Φίλιππον τὸν Φιλίππου τοῦ ναυκλήρου υἱὸν μικροῦ μὲν ἀπεκτείνατε, χρημάτων δὲ πολλῶν αὐτοῦ ἐκείνου ἀντιτιμωμένου παρ᾽ ὀλίγας ψήφους ἐτιμήσατε, ταύτην τὴν ὀργὴν καὶ νῦν ἐπὶ τουτονὶ λάβετε, ἐκεῖνο πρὸς τούτοις ἅπασιν ἐνθυμηθέντες, τί ποτ᾽ ἂν ἐπάθετε ὑπὸ τούτου αὐτοῦ, εἰ οὗτος εἷς ὢν ἐπρέσβευεν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν. οἶμαι γὰρ τοιοῦτον οὐδὲν εἶναι ὅτου ἂν ἀπέσχετο. ὁρᾶτε δὲ τὴν διάνοιαν αὐτοῦ: ὁ γὰρ νόμος ὃν ἐτόλμησε θεῖναι τὸν τρόπον αὐτοῦ δείκνυσιν.
[138] So I should say. Then do not tolerate any insult to yourselves or to the State. Remember how, no longer ago than the archonship of Evander, you put Eudemus of Cydathenaeum to death, because you held him to have proposed an objectionable statute; and that you were within an ace also of putting to death Philip, the son of Philip the ship-owner, but, by a very small majority, you accepted his own counter-assessment of the penalty, and made him pay a very heavy fine. Treat the defendant today in the same spirit of severity. And there is another consideration for you to bear in mind, — how injuriously you would have been treated by Timocrates, if he alone had been your ambassador. I really believe that there is nothing from which such a fellow would have kept his hands. Have regard also to the disposition of the man; for the law which he has had the audacity to propose is significant of his character.
[139] βούλομαι δ᾽ ὑμῖν, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, ἐν Λοκροῖς ὡς νομοθετοῦσι διηγήσασθαι: οὐδὲν γὰρ χείρους ἔσεσθε παράδειγμά τι ἀκηκοότες, ἄλλως τε καὶ ᾧ πόλις εὐνομουμένη χρῆται. ἐκεῖ γὰρ οὕτως οἴονται δεῖν τοῖς πάλαι κειμένοις χρῆσθαι νόμοις καὶ τὰ πάτρια περιστέλλειν καὶ μὴ πρὸς τὰς βουλήσεις μηδὲ πρὸς τὰς διαδύσεις τῶν ἀδικημάτων νομοθετεῖσθαι, ὥστ᾽ ἄν τις βούληται νόμον καινὸν τιθέναι, ἐν βρόχῳ τὸν τράχηλον ἔχων νομοθετεῖ, καὶ ἐὰν μὲν δόξῃ καλὸς καὶ χρήσιμος εἶναι ὁ νόμος, ζῇ ὁ τιθεὶς καὶ ἀπέρχεται, εἰ δὲ μή, τέθνηκεν ἐπισπασθέντος τοῦ βρόχου.
[139] I should like, gentlemen of the jury, to give you a description of the method of legislation among the Locrians. It will do you no harm to hear an example, especially one set by a well-governed community. In that country the people are so strongly of opinion that it is right to observe old-established laws, to preserve the institutions of their forefathers, and never to legislate for the gratification of whims, or for a compromise with transgression, that if a man wishes to propose a new law, he legislates with a halter round his neck. If the law is accepted as good and beneficial, the proposer departs with his life, but, if not, the halter is drawn tight, and he is a dead man.
[140] καὶ γάρ τοι καινοὺς μὲν οὐ τολμῶσι τίθεσθαι, τοῖς δὲ πάλαι κειμένοις ἀκριβῶς χρῶνται. καὶ ἐν πολλοῖς δὲ πάνυ ἔτεσιν, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, εἷς λέγεται παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς νόμος καινὸς τεθῆναι. ὄντος γὰρ αὐτόθι νόμου, ἐάν τις ὀφθαλμὸν ἐκκόψῃ, ἀντεκκόψαι παρασχεῖν τὸν ἑαυτοῦ, καὶ οὐ χρημάτων τιμήσεως οὐδεμιᾶς, ἀπειλῆσαί τις λέγεται ἐχθρὸς ἐχθρῷ ἕν᾽ ἔχοντι ὀφθαλμὸν ὅτι αὐτοῦ ἐκκόψει τοῦτον τὸν ἕνα.
[140] In very truth they are not bold enough to propose new laws, but punctually obey the old ones. And, during quite a long series of years, we are told, gentlemen of the jury, that they have enacted only one new statute. They had a law in that country that, if any one destroyed his neighbor’s eye, he must submit to the destruction of one of his own eyes; and there was no alternative of a fine. The story goes that a man, whose enemy had only one eye, threatened to knock that one eye out.
[141] γενομένης δὲ ταύτης τῆς ἀπειλῆς χαλεπῶς ἐνεγκὼν ὁ ἑτερόφθαλμος, καὶ ἡγούμενος ἀβίωτον αὑτῷ εἶναι τὸν βίον τοῦτο παθόντι, λέγεται τολμῆσαι νόμον εἰσενεγκεῖν, ἐάν τις ἕνα ἔχοντος ὀφθαλμὸν ἐκκόψῃ, ἄμφω ἀν
τεκκόψαι παρασχεῖν, ἵνα τῇ ἴσῃ συμφορᾷ ἀμφότεροι χρῶνται. καὶ τοῦτον μόνον λέγονται Λοκροὶ θέσθαι τὸν νόμον ἐν πλεῖν ἢ διακοσίοις ἔτεσιν.
[141] The one-eyed man was much perturbed by the threat, and, reflecting that his life would not be worth keeping after such a loss as that, he plucked up courage, as we are told, to introduce a law that whosoever struck out the eye of a man who had only one, should submit to the loss of both his own eyes, in order that both might suffer the same affliction. And that, according to the story, is the only new statute adopted by the Locrians for more than two hundred years.
[142] οἱ δὲ παρ᾽ ἡμῖν ῥήτορες, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, πρῶτον μὲν ὅσοι μῆνες μικροῦ δέουσι νομοθετεῖν τὰ αὑτοῖς συμφέροντα, ἔπειτ᾽ αὐτοὶ μὲν τοὺς ἰδιώτας εἰς τὸ δεσμωτήριον ἄγουσιν ὅταν ἄρχωσιν, ἐφ᾽ ἑαυτοῖς δ᾽ οὐκ οἴονται δεῖν ταὐτὸ δίκαιον τοῦτ᾽ εἶναι: ἔπειτα τοὺς μὲν τοῦ Σόλωνος νόμους τοὺς πάλαι δεδοκιμασμένους, οὓς οἱ πρόγονοι ἔθεντο, λύουσιν αὐτοί, τοῖς δ᾽ ἑαυτῶν, οὓς ἐπ᾽ ἀδικίᾳ τῆς πόλεως τιθέασιν, χρῆσθαι ὑμᾶς οἴονται δεῖν.