by Demosthenes
[142] But in this city, gentlemen of the jury, our politicians rarely let a month go by without legislating to suit their private ends. When in office they are always haling private citizens to jail; but they disapprove of the application of the same measure of justice to themselves. They arbitrarily repeal those well-tried laws of Solon, enacted by their forefathers, and expect you to obey laws of their own, proposed to the detriment of the community.
[143] εἰ οὖν μὴ τιμωρήσεσθε τούτους, οὐκ ἂν φθάνοι τὸ πλῆθος τούτοις τοῖς θηρίοις δουλεῦον. εὖ δ᾽ ἴστ᾽, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, ὅτι ἐὰν μὲν σφόδρ᾽ ὀργίζησθε, ἧττον ἀσελγανοῦσιν, ἂν δὲ μή, πολλοὺς τοὺς ἀσελγεῖς εὑρήσετε καὶ τοὺς ὑβρίζοντας ὑμᾶς ἐπὶ τῇ τοῦ φιλοτιμεῖσθαι προφάσει.
[143] If, then, you decline to punish the men before you, in a very little time the People will be in slavery to those beasts of prey. But you may be sure, gentle men of the jury, that, if you are really very angry with them, their ferocity will soon be mitigated. If not, you will have plenty of ruffians to insult you under pretence of patriotic fervor.
[144] ἵνα δὲ καὶ περὶ ἐκείνου εἴπω τοῦ νόμου, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, ᾧ ἀκούω μέλλειν παραδείγματι χρῆσθαι τοῦτον καὶ φήσειν ἀκόλουθον αὐτῷ τεθηκέναι, ἐν ᾧ ἔνι ‘οὐδὲ δήσω Ἀθηναίων οὐδένα, ὃς ἂν ἐγγυητὰς τρεῖς καθιστῇ τὸ αὐτὸ τέλος τελοῦντας, πλὴν ἐάν τις ἐπὶ προδοσίᾳ τῆς πόλεως ἢ ἐπὶ καταλύσει τοῦ δήμου συνιὼν ἁλῷ, ἢ τέλος πριάμενος ἢ ἐγγυησάμενος ἢ ἐκλέγων μὴ καταβάλῃ,’ ἀκούσατέ μου καὶ περὶ τούτου.
[144] Let me now say a word, gentlemen of the jury, about the statute which, as I am informed, he intends to cite as a precedent and which he will claim to have followed in his own proposal. I mean the statute which contains these words: “Nor will I imprison any Athenian citizen who offers three sureties taxed in the same class as himself, except any person found guilty of conspiring to betray the city or to subvert popular government, or any tax-farmer or his surety or collector being in default.” Listen to my reply.
[145] οὐ γὰρ ἐρῶ ὅτι αὐτὸς Ἀνδροτίων ἦγεν εἰς τὸ δεσμωτήριον καὶ ἔδει τούτου κειμένου τοῦ νόμου, ἀλλ᾽ ἐφ᾽ οἷς κεῖται ὁ νόμος οὗτος, διδάξω ὑμᾶς. οὗτος γάρ, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, οὐκ ἐπὶ τοῖς κεκριμένοις καὶ ἠγωνισμένοις κεῖται, ἀλλ᾽ ἐπὶ τοῖς ἀκρίτοις, ἵνα μὴ διὰ τὸ δεδέσθαι χεῖρον ἀναγκάζοιντ᾽ ἀγωνίζεσθαι ἢ καὶ παντάπασιν ἀπαράσκευοι εἶεν. οὑτοσὶ δέ, ἃ ἐπὶ τοῖς ἀκρίτοις κεῖται, ὡς περὶ ἁπάντων εἰρημένα μέλλει πρὸς ὑμᾶς λέγειν.
[145] I will say nothing about Androtion himself dragging people to prison and putting them in irons after the enactment of this law, but I must inform you to whom it really applies. This statute, gentlemen of the Jury, is not intended for the protection of people who have stood their trial and argued their case, but for those who are still untried and its purpose is that they shall not plead at a disadvantage, or even without any preparation at all, because they have been sent to jail. But Timocrates is going to speak to you of regulations made for untried culprits, as though they had been framed to include everybody.
[146] ὡς δὲ σαφῶς γνώσεσθ᾽ ὅτι ἀληθῆ λέγω, ἐγὼ ὑμῖν ἐρῶ. οὔτε γὰρ ἄν, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, τιμᾶν ἐξῆν ὑμῖν ὅ τι χρὴ παθεῖν ἢ ἀποτεῖσαι （ἐν γὰρ τῷ παθεῖν καὶ ὁ δεσμὸς ἔνι: οὐκ ἂν οὖν ἐξῆν δεσμοῦ τιμῆσαι）, οὔθ᾽ ὅσων ἔνδειξίς ἐστιν ἢ ἀπαγωγὴ προσεγέγραπτ᾽ ἂν ἐν τοῖς νόμοις ‘τὸν δ᾽ ἐνδειχθέντα ἢ ἀπαχθέντα δησάντων οἱ ἕνδεκα ἐν τῷ ξύλῳ,’ εἴπερ μὴ ἐξῆν ἄλλους ἢ τοὺς ἐπὶ προδοσίᾳ τῆς πόλεως ἢ ἐπὶ καταλύσει τοῦ δήμου συνιόντας ἢ τοὺς τὰ τέλη ὠνουμένους καὶ μὴ καταβάλλοντας δῆσαι.
[146] Let me give you a proof that my account of the matter is correct. It would not have been lawful for you, gentlemen of the jury, to assess any penalty, corporal or pecuniary,for imprisonment is a corporal punishment, and therefore you could not have inflicted it as a penalty, nor could it have been provided by statute, in cases where information is laid or summary arrest is allowed, that “the Eleven shall put in the stocks any man against whom information is laid, or who has been arrested,” if it had been unlawful to imprison any offenders other than those who conspire to betray the commonwealth, or to overthrow popular government, or tax-farmers who do not satisfy their contract.
[147] νῦν δὲ ταῦθ᾽ ὑμῖν τεκμήρι᾽ ἔστω ὅτι ἔξεστι δῆσαι: παντελῶς γὰρ ἤδη ἄκυρ᾽ ἂν ἦν τὰ τιμήματα. ἔπειτα δ᾽, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, τοῦτο τὸ γράμμα αὐτὸ μὲν καθ᾽ αὑτὸ οὐκ ἔστι νόμος, τὸ ‘οὐδὲ δήσω Ἀθηναίων οὐδένα,’ ἐν δὲ τῷ ὅρκῳ τῷ βουλευτικῷ γέγραπται, ἵνα μὴ συνιστάμενοι οἱ ῥήτορες οἱ ἐν τῇ βουλῇ δεσμὸν κατά τινος τῶν πολιτῶν λέγοιεν.
[147] But as matters stand you must accept these facts as proving that imprisonment is lawful, otherwise penal sentences would at once have been entirely inoperative. In the second place, gentlemen of the jury, the formula, “I will not imprison any Athenian citizen,” is not in itself a statute; it is merely a phrase in the written oath taken by the Council, to prevent politicians who are in the Council from caballing to commit any citizen to prison.
[148] ἄκυρον οὖν τοῦ δῆσαι τὴν βουλὴν ποιῶν ὁ Σόλων τοῦτο πρὸς τὸν ὅρκον τὸν βουλευτικὸν προσέγραψεν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ πρὸς τὸν ὑμέτερον: ἁπάντων γὰρ κυριώτατον ᾤετο δεῖν εἶναι τὸ δικαστήριον, καὶ ὅ τι γνοίη, τοῦτο πάσχειν τὸν ἁλόντα. ἀναγνώσεται δ᾽ ὑμῖν αὐτοῦ τούτου ἕνεκα τὸν τῶν ἡλιαστῶν ὅρκον. λέγε σύ.
[148] Solon therefore, wishing to deprive the Council of authority to imprison, included this formula in the Councillors’ oath; but he did not include it in the judicial oath. He thought it right that a Court of Justice should have unlimited authority, and that the convicted criminal should submit to any punishment ordered by the court. To make good this view the clerk will read the judicial oath of the Court of Heliaea. Read.
[149] “Ὅρκος Ἡλιαστῶν
ψηφιοῦμαι κατὰ τοὺς νόμους καὶ τὰ ψηφίσματα τοῦ δήμου τοῦ Ἀθηναίων καὶ τῆς βουλῆς τῶν πεντακοσίων. καὶ τύραννον οὐ ψηφιοῦμαι εἶναι οὐδ᾽ ὀλιγαρχίαν: οὐδ᾽ ἐάν τις καταλύῃ τὸν δῆμον τὸν Ἀθηναίων ἢ λέγῃ ἢ ἐπιψηφίζῃ παρὰ ταῦτα, οὐ πείσομαι: οὐδὲ τῶν χρεῶν τῶν ἰδίων ἀποκοπὰς οὐδὲ γῆς ἀναδασμὸν τῆς Ἀθηναίων οὐδ᾽ οἰκιῶν: οὐδὲ τοὺς φεύγοντας κατάξω, οὐδὲ ὧν θάνατος κατέγνωσται, οὐδὲ τοὺς μένοντας ἐξελῶ παρ�
� τοὺς νόμους τοὺς κειμένους καὶ τὰ ψηφίσματα τοῦ δήμου τοῦ Ἀθηναίων καὶ τῆς βουλῆς οὔτ᾽ αὐτὸς ἐγὼ οὔτ᾽ ἄλλον οὐδένα ἐάσω.”
[149] “The Oath of the Heliasts
I will give verdict in accordance with the statutes and decrees of the People of Athens and of the Council of Five-hundred. I will not vote for tyranny or oligarchy. If any man try to subvert the Athenian democracy or make any speech or any proposal in contravention thereof I will not comply. I will not allow private debts to be cancelled, nor lands nor houses belonging to Athenian citizens to be redistributed. I will not restore exiles or persons under sentence of death. I will not expel, nor suffer another to expel, persons here resident in contravention of the statutes and decrees of the Athenian People or of the Council.”
[150] “οὐδ᾽ ἀρχὴν καταστήσω ὥστ᾽ ἄρχειν ὑπεύθυνον ὄντα ἑτέρας ἀρχῆς, καὶ τῶν ἐννέα ἀρχόντων καὶ τοῦ ἱερομνήμονος καὶ ὅσοι μετὰ τῶν ἐννέα ἀρχόντων κυαμεύονται ταύτῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ, καὶ κήρυκος καὶ πρεσβείας καὶ συνέδρων: οὐδὲ δὶς τὴν αὐτὴν ἀρχὴν τὸν αὐτὸν ἄνδρα, οὐδὲ δύο ἀρχὰς ἄρξαι τὸν αὐτὸν ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ ἐνιαυτῷ. οὐδὲ δῶρα δέξομαι τῆς ἡλιάσεως ἕνεκα οὔτ᾽ αὐτὸς ἐγὼ οὔτ᾽ ἄλλος ἐμοὶ οὔτ᾽ ἄλλη εἰδότος ἐμοῦ, οὔτε τέχνῃ οὔτε μηχανῇ οὐδεμιᾷ.”
[150] “I will not confirm the appointment to any office of any person still subject to audit in respect of any other office, to wit the offices of the nine Archons or of the Recorder or any other office for which a ballot is taken on the same day as for the nine Archons, or the office of Marshal, or ambassador, or member of the Allied Congress. I will not suffer the same man to hold the same office twice, or two offices in the same year. I will not take bribes in respect of my judicial action, nor shall any other man or woman accept bribes for me with my knowledge by any subterfuge or trick whatsoever.”
[151] “καὶ γέγονα οὐκ ἔλαττον ἢ τριάκοντα ἔτη. καὶ ἀκροάσομαι τοῦ τε κατηγόρου καὶ τοῦ ἀπολογουμένου ὁμοίως ἀμφοῖν, καὶ διαψηφιοῦμαι περὶ αὐτοῦ οὗ ἂν ἡ δίωξις ᾖ. ἐπομνύναι Δία, Ποσειδῶ, Δήμητρα, καὶ ἐπαρᾶσθαι ἐξώλειαν ἑαυτῷ καὶ οἰκίᾳ τῇ ἑαυτοῦ, εἴ τι τούτων παραβαίνοι, εὐορκοῦντι δὲ πολλὰ κἀγαθὰ εἶναι.”
ἐνταῦθ᾽ οὐκ ἔνι, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, ‘οὐδὲ δήσω Ἀθηναίων οὐδένα.’ τὰ γὰρ κρίνοντα τὰς κρίσεις ἁπάσας τὰ δικαστήρι᾽ ἐστίν, οἷς ἐξουσία ἐστὶ καὶ δεσμὸν καὶ ἄλλ᾽ ὅ τι ἂν βούλωνται καταγιγνώσκειν.
[151] “I am not less than thirty years old. I will give impartial hearing to prosecutor and defendant alike, and I will give my verdict strictly on the charge named in the prosecution. The juror shall swear by Zeus, Poseidon, and Demeter, and shall invoke destruction upon himself and his household if he in any way transgress this oath, and shall pray that his prosperity may depend upon his loyal observance thereof.”
The oath, gentlemen of the jury, does not contain the words “I will not imprison any Athenian citizen.” The courts alone decide every question brought to trial; and they have full authority to pass sentence of imprisonment, or any other sentence they please.
[152] ὡς μὲν οὖν ἔξεστιν ὑμῖν δεσμὸν καταγιγνώσκειν ταῦτ᾽ ἐπιδείκνυμι: ὡς δὲ τὰ δεδικασμέν᾽ ἄκυρα ποιεῖν καὶ δεινὸν καὶ ἀνόσιόν ἐστι καὶ δήμου κατάλυσις, πάντας ἂν οἶμαι ὁμολογῆσαι. ἡ γὰρ πόλις ἡμῶν, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, νόμοις καὶ ψηφίσμασιν διοικεῖται. εἰ δή τις τὰ ψήφῳ κεκριμένα νόμῳ καινῷ λύσει, τί πέρας ἔσται; ἢ πῶς τοῦτον δίκαιόν ἐστι νόμον προσαγορεύειν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἀνομίαν; ἢ πῶς οὐ τῆς μεγίστης ὀργῆς ὁ τοιοῦτος νομοθέτης ἄξιός ἐστιν;
[152] That you are empowered to pass sentence of imprisonment I prove by this argument; and I take it that everybody will agree that to invalidate judicial decisions is monstrous, impious, and subversive of popular government. Our commonwealth, gentlemen of the jury, is administered by laws and by votes of the people; and if once decisions by vote are repealed by a new law, where will be the end of it? Can we justly call this thing a law? Is it not rather the negation of law? Does not such a lawgiver merit our strongest resentment?
[153] ἐγὼ μὲν γὰρ τῶν ἐσχάτων νομίζω, οὐχ ὅτι τοῦτον μόνον τὸν νόμον ἔθηκεν, ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ὁδὸν δείκνυσι καὶ περὶ δικαστηρίων καταλύσεως καὶ περὶ τῶν φευγόντων καθόδου καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν δεινοτάτων. τί γὰρ κωλύει, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, εἰ οὗτος χαίρων ἀπαλλάξει ὁ τοιοῦτον νόμον τιθείς, ἕτερον φανῆναι ἄλλο τι τῶν τῆς πόλεως ἰσχυροτάτων καταλύοντα νόμῳ καινῷ;
[153] Indeed in my view he merits the severest punishment, not merely for proposing this law, but for revealing to everyone else a method of destroying the courts of Justice, restoring exiles, and introducing every sort of atrocity. If the author of this law goes on his way rejoicing, what is there, gentlemen of the jury, to prevent another man from coming forward to overthrow our most powerful institutions with a fresh statute?
[154] ἐγὼ μὲν γὰρ οἶμαι οὐδέν. ἀκούω δ᾽ ἔγωγε καὶ τὸ πρότερον οὕτω καταλυθῆναι τὴν δημοκρατίαν, παρανόμων πρῶτον γραφῶν καταλυθεισῶν καὶ τῶν δικαστηρίων ἀκύρων γενομένων. ἴσως μὲν οὖν ἄν τις ὑπολάβοι ὅτι οὐχ ὁμοίων ὄντων τῶν πραγμάτων νῦν καὶ τότε λέγω περὶ καταλύσεως τοῦ δήμου. ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ σπέρμα δεῖ καταβάλλειν ἐν τῇ πόλει οὐδένα, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, τοιούτων πραγμάτων, οὐδ᾽ εἰ μήπω ἂν ἐκφύοι, ἀλλὰ τὸν ἐγχειροῦντα λέγειν ἢ ποιεῖν τι τοιοῦτον δίκην διδόναι.
[154] In my opinion, nothing. I have been told that in time past popular government was overthrown in this way, when indictments for illegal legislation were abolished, and courts of justice were stripped of authority. Someone may perhaps object that, when I talk of subverting popular government, I am ignoring the difference of conditions between that time and this. Yes, but no man ought even to drop the seed of such a policy in our commonwealth, though for the moment it may not germinate; rather should every man who by word or deed attempts anything of the kind be brought to justice.
[155] ὅτι τοίνυν καὶ τέχνῃ κακῶς ἐνεχείρησε ποιεῖν ὑμᾶς, ἄξιόν ἐστιν ἀκοῦσαι. ὁρῶν γὰρ ἑκάστοτε πάντας, καὶ τοὺς πολιτευομένους καὶ τοὺς ἰδιώτας, τοὺς νόμους τῶν τῆς πόλεως ἀγαθῶν αἰτίους ὑπολαμβάνοντας, ἐσκόπει πῶς λήσει τούτους καταλύσας, κἂν ἄρα ληφθῇ τοῦτο ποιῶν, μὴ δόξει δεινὸν μηδ᾽ ἀναιδὲς μηδὲν εἰργάσθαι.
[15
5] It is also proper that you should be informed how craftily he laid his plans to injure you. Having observed that everybody, whether in public life or outside it, constantly attributes all the prosperity of Athens to her laws, he began to consider how he could destroy those laws without detection, and how, even if caught in the act, he might be thought to have done nothing formidable or presumptuous.
[156] εὗρεν οὖν τοῦθ᾽ ὃ πεποίηκεν, νόμῳ τοὺς νόμους καταλῦσαι, ἵνα τἀδικήματ᾽ αὐτοῦ τὸ τῆς σωτηρίας ὄνομ᾽ ἔχῃ. οἵ τε γὰρ σῴζοντες τὴν πόλιν εἰσὶ νόμοι, ὅν θ᾽ οὗτος ἔθηκεν οὐδὲν ἐκείνοις τῶν αὐτῶν ἔχοντα, νόμος. τὴν μὲν οὖν τοῦ ὀνόματος φιλανθρωπίαν, ὅτι ταύτην ἂν μάλιστα προσεῖσθε, κατεῖδεν: τὴν δὲ χρείαν, ὅτι τἀναντί᾽ ἔχουσα φανήσεται, παρεῖδεν.