by S. C. Gwynne
Jones, H. P., to Philemon Hunt, June 21, 1883, Kiowa Agency files, Oklahoma Historical Society; George Fox to Philemon Hunt, October 13, 1884, Kiowa Agency files.
Leavenworth, J. H., to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, April 23, 1868, 40th Congress, Second Session, Senate Executive Document No. 60:2.
Linger, Bob, to Quanah Parker, letter, March 8, 1909, postmark Cantonment Oklay, regarding peyote.
Mackenzie, Ranald, to W. T. Sherman, June 15, 1871, W. T. Sherman Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Neighbours, Robert S., to the Hon. W. Medill, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, November 18, 1847, 30th Congress, First Session, Committee Report 171.
Parker, James, to Mirabeau Lamar, February 3, 1844, Papers of M. B. Lamar.
Parrilla, Don Diego Ortiz de, to the Viceroy, June 30, 1757 (Historia, vol. 95).
Pearson, K. J., to John D. Floyd, February 3, 1861, Fort Sill archives.
To Commanding Officer, Fort Bascom, September 27, 1864, Official Records of the War of Rebellion, series 1, vol. 41, part 3.
MANUSCRIPTS AND ARCHIVAL MATERIALS
Anonymous. Biography of Daniel Parker. Handwritten manuscript, Center for American History.
Baker, Jonathan Hamilton. Diary of Jonathan Hamilton Baker of Palo Pinto County, Texas, Part I, 1858–60. Secured from his daughter Elizabeth Baker, Seattle, Washington, 1932, through Judge E. B. Ritchie, Mineral Wells. By J. Evetts Haley.
Beall, Knox, to R. B. Thomas, November 5, 1937, Indian Pioneer History Project for Oklahoma, Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma.
Beall, Knox, to Bessie Thomas, April 15, 1938.
Caperton, Major John. Sketch of Colonel John C. Hays, The Texas Rangers, Incidents in Mexico, etc. From materials furnished by Col. Hays and Major John Caperton, MS Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin.
Clarke, Elizabeth Ross. YA-A-H-HOO: Warwhoop of the Comanches. Elizabeth Ross Clarke Collection; Narrative, Center For American History, University of Texas.
Dixon, Olive King. Fearless and Effective Foe, He Spared Women and Children Always. Manuscript, Olive King Dixon Papers, Research Center, Panhandle Plains Historical Museum, Canyon, Texas.
Dupree, Mrs. J. L., to Jasper Mead, March 17, 1938, Indian Pioneer History Project for Oklahoma, Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma.
Earle, J. P. A History of Clay County and Northwest Texas. Written by J.P . Earle, one of the first pioneers, Henrietta , Texas, November 15, 1900 ( J. P. Earle Collection, Center for American History), manuscript.
Fleming, Evelyn. Profile of Charlie Hart. Manuscript, Quanah Parker papers, Panhandle Plains Historical Museum.
Ford, Colonel John S. (late adjutant of Col. Hays). John C. Hays in Texas. Manuscript, John Salmon Ford Papers, Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin.
Gholson, B. F. Recollections of B. F. Gholson; Services of A. G. Gholson (father) 1835–1860; and B. F. Gholson, Ranger, 1858–1860, told to J. A. Rickard. Typed manuscript at Center for American History.
Gomez, Anna, to Ophelia D. Vestal, December 13, 1937, Indian Pioneer History Project for Oklahoma, Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma.
Goodnight, Charles. “The Making of a Scout.” Manuscript, Panhandle Plains Historical Museum.
———. My recollections and memories of the capture of Cynthia Ann Parker. Manuscript, Charles Goodnight Papers, Research Center, Panhandle Plaines Historical Museum, Canyon, Texas.
———. Quanah Parker Interview with Charles Goodnight, undated. Charles Goodnight Papers, Research Center, Panhandle Plains Historical Museum, Canyon, Texas.
Gunter, Lillian. “Sketch of the Life of Julian Gunter.” Manuscript made for Panhandle Plains Historical Association, 1923, Panhandle Plains Historical Museum archives.
Hatfield, Charles A. P. The Comanche, Kiowa, and Cheyenne Campaign in Northwest Texas and Mackenzie’s Fight in the Palo Duro Canyon, Sept. 26, 1874. Typescript, Panhandle Plains Historical Society, Canyon, Texas.
Indian Pioneer History Project for Oklahoma. Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma (interviews from the 1930s).
Kirkpatrick, Mrs. Cora Miller. Memoirs, in Mrs. J. W. Pierce manuscript, Quanah Parker collection, Panhandle Plains Historical Museum.
Nohl, Lessing. “Bad Hand: The Military Career of Ranald Slidell Mackenzie, 1871–1889.” Ph.D. diss. University of New Mexico.
Parker, Chief Baldwin. The Life of Quanah Parker, Comanche Chief, through J. Evetts Haley, August 29, 1930. Manuscript at Center for American History, University of Texas, Austin.
Parker, Wayne. Quanah Parker, Last Chief of the Kwahadi Obeys the Great Spirit. Manuscript, Quanah Parker Collection, Panhandle Plains Historical Museum, Canyon, Texas.
Roberson, G. W., to J. Evetts Haley, June 30, 1926. Manuscript in Panhandle Plains Historical Museum archives.
Rogers, H. B. The Recollections of H. B. Rogers, as told to J. A. Rickard (appended to Gholson manuscript).
Scott, Captain Hugh. Interview with Capt. Hugh Scott, 1897. Hugh Scott Collection, Fort Sill Archives, Lawton, Oklahoma, also partly available through Neeley Archive at Panhandle Plains Historical Museum, Canyon, Texas.
Thomas, Robert B. Undated manuscript, Indian Pioneer History Project for Oklahoma, Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma; also Knox Beall, op. cit. November 5, 1937.
Unidentified newspaper story about the school board in Quanah Parker Collection; Panhandle Plains Historical Museum.
Wallace, Ernest, Papers. “The Habitat and Range of the Comanche, Kiowa, and Kiowa-Apache Indians.” Manuscript, Southwest Collection, Texas Tech, Lubbock.
Zimmerman, Jean Louise. “Ranald Slidell Mackenzie.” M.A. thesis. University of Oklahoma, 1965. Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma.
INDEX
Abilene, Tex., 78, 164
Abiquius, 61
Adams, Charles, 301
Adobe Walls, 2, 253, 260, 263
Adobe Walls, First Battle of, 201, 216–19, 223, 227, 238
Adobe Walls, Second Battle of, 267–72, 283, 285, 290, 291
African Americans, 179, 210–11, 238, 292, 295–96
agencies, Indian, 162, 164, 165, 214, 232–33, 273, 290, 294, 298–99, 301, 304–5
agriculture, 27–30, 31, 47, 55, 57, 77, 164, 210, 228, 229–33, 240–41, 286
Alabamas, 77
Alamo, Battle of the, 13, 25, 82
Algonquins, 27
Allen, Joseph, 127
Amarillo, Tex., 2, 7, 39, 252, 253, 275
ammunition, 33, 133, 135, 137–38, 147, 150, 168, 204, 208, 216, 233, 244–45, 264, 268, 270–71, 276, 296
Anadarkos, 164–65, 167, 209
Antelope Creek, 154
Antelope Hills, Battle of, 167–70, 174, 208
Anza, Don Juan Bautista de, 69–72, 122, 208, 326n
Apache Cemetery, 315
Apacheria, 55–57, 60
Apaches, 19, 25, 28, 31, 44, 48, 50, 55–58, 62–66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 79, 80, 89, 100, 104, 108, 114, 134, 196–97, 209, 214–15, 224, 257, 312
Appalachian Mountains, 80, 113, 158
Appomattox, surrender at, 128
Arapahoes, 3, 5, 31, 48, 50, 93, 130, 159, 209, 225, 230, 239–40, 263, 265, 267, 274, 284
Arizona, 58, 128
Army, U.S., 1–15, 40, 50, 145, 148, 159–62, 169–81, 200–201, 207–21, 223, 224, 241–57, 258, 275–87, 304–5, 324n
see also specific units
assimilation, 54, 55, 62–66, 69, 76–77, 89–90, 111, 164, 281, 301–4, 311, 313, 318, 319
Assiniboines, 45
Athapaskans, 29–30, 56–57
Athens, Tex., 316
Augur, C. C., 278
Austin, Stephen F., 25
Austin, Tex., 75, 78, 79, 82, 92, 108, 111, 157, 158, 183, 185–86
Aztecs, 27, 46, 54
Babb, Bianca “Banc,” 104–7
Babb, Dot, 107
Baker, Jonathan Hamilton, 173, 175, 178
Balcones Escarpment, 75, 78, 93, 139
Bank Robbery, The, 312
Banks, Dick, 303
Baptists, 8, 20, 37, 183
Barbour, James, 76
Barton Springs, Tex., 92
Bascom, Fort, 214, 275
Batsena, 255, 337n
Battey, Thomas, 264–65
Baylor, John, 155, 164–65, 171, 175
Beall, Knox, 311
Bear’s Ear, Chief, 202–3
Beaumont, Eugene B., 278
Bedford, Hilory, 154
Belknap, Fort, 154, 165, 170, 174, 178, 182, 212, 213
Belton, Tex., 137
Bible, 175, 185, 319
Big Cannibal Owl (Piamempits), 198
Big Pasture, 310, 312
Billy the Kid, 270
Biloxis, 211
Bird, John, 137–38
Birdville, Tex., 182, 184, 186–87, 190
Black Beard, Chief, 284–85, 339n
Blackfeet, 31, 45, 59, 134
Black Kettle, Chief, 220–21, 239, 240
Blanca Cita Canyon, 280, 282, 283
Blanco Canyon, 7, 9, 10–11, 242, 278, 312
Blanco Canyon, Battle of, 6–11, 242–49, 250, 251, 276, 279, 317
Bloomingdale Asylum, 306
“blue northers,” 39–40, 248–49
Boerne, Tex., 306
Bond, Brick, 260
Boone, Daniel, 95, 99
Borger, Tex., 216
Born, “Dutch Henry,” 270
Bourgmont, Étienne Véniard de, 25
Bowles, Chief, 76–77
Brady’s Creek, Tex., 58
Brazos Reservation, 164–65
Brice, James, Lord, 303
Brown County, Tex., 166
Brown, John, 156
Brown, John Henry, 97, 98
Brownsville, Tex., 165
Buchanan, James, 235
Buell, George, 263, 275
buffalo guns, 204, 260–62, 270–71
Buffalo Hump, Chief, 88, 91–96, 100, 114, 115, 136–37, 164, 170–71, 264, 266, 328n
“buffalo soldiers,” 296
Bull Bear, Chief (Parra-o-coom), 243, 256–57, 337n
bullets, 133, 137–38, 147, 150, 168, 244–45, 264, 268, 270–71, 296
Burnett, Burk, 301, 302, 303, 312
Butler, Pierce, 109
Cabello, Domingo, 57
Cache, Okla., 302, 312, 313, 316–17, 318, 341n
Cache Creek, 111
Cachupin, Vélez, 61
Caddoes, 16, 68, 77, 92, 164–65, 167, 209, 211
Caldwell, Matthew “Old Paint,” 86, 98–99, 138
Camp Robinson, 304–5
cannibalism, 7, 198, 211
cannon, 69, 216, 219
Canyon de Chelly, 213
Caperton, John, 136, 141
captives, white, 7–8, 12–22, 36–52, 57, 60, 72, 74, 75, 81, 83–88, 95, 99, 102–27, 163, 177–93, 199, 222–23, 254, 255, 256, 293, 316–17
see also specific captives
carbines, 172, 223, 242, 244, 269
Carlane Apaches, 56, 58
Carleton, James H., 213–14, 215, 223
Carlyle, James “Bermuda,” 270
Carrington, Henry, 239
Carson, Christopher “Kit,” 2, 79, 201, 213–19, 221, 223, 227, 238, 253, 261
Carter, Robert G., 4, 8–11, 243, 244, 247, 249, 253, 312, 337n
“Case for Peta Nocona, The” (Williams), 334n
Castro, Chief, 79, 81–82
Cates, T. J., 192
Catholic Church, 20, 30, 53, 54–55, 62–67, 69
Catlin, George, 26, 33
cattle ranching, 5, 6, 63–64, 67, 94, 95–96, 115, 122, 152, 154, 164, 173–74, 214, 231, 252–53, 276, 288–89, 295–99, 301
Caudle, Malinda Ann “Minnie,” 106–7, 202
cavalry, army, 2, 8, 91, 145, 160–61, 166, 170–71, 174–76, 200–201, 208, 213, 218, 238, 241, 242–57, 258, 261, 263, 275–83, 292–93, 304
Chadbourne, Fort, 34–35, 204
Champion, Tom, 191
Chancellorsville, Battle of, 207, 236
Charlton, John, 256, 281, 282
Chattanooga, Battle of, 207
Cherokees, 5, 26, 74, 75–77, 209, 210, 211
Cherry, Sam, 137–38
Cheyennes, 3, 5, 31, 48, 50, 59, 93, 130, 159, 208, 209, 220, 225, 229, 239–40, 263, 267, 268, 271, 274, 276–77, 281, 283, 284, 300, 305, 318
Chichimecs, 54, 55
Chickamauga, Battle of, 207
Chickasaws, 5, 209, 210, 211
Chihuahua State, Mex., 115, 202
Chivington, J. M., 1–2, 219–21, 223, 224, 238, 255
Choctaws, 5, 27, 84, 209, 210
cholera, 6, 91, 114
Christianity, 8, 20, 30, 37, 54–55, 62–67, 69, 157, 183, 185, 234, 314
Civil War, U.S., 2, 6, 83, 126, 127, 128, 140, 185, 188, 191, 207–8, 209, 210–11, 223, 231, 236–38, 244, 276, 296, 306
Clarendon, Tex., 252
Clark, William, 25
Clarksville, Tex., 136
Clarksville Northern Standard, 103, 183–84
Clear Fork, 1, 5, 164, 245–46
Coahuila State, Mex., 63, 115
Coahuiltecans, 67, 68
Cobb, Fort, 165, 230–31
Cody, William F. “Buffalo Bill,” 226, 260
Coffee, John, 139
Cohayyah, 270–71, 337n
Cold Harbor, Battle of, 236–37
Colorado, 23, 25, 58, 59, 70–71, 122, 128, 208, 211, 212, 220–21, 272, 295
Colt, Samuel, 144–50, 244
Colt revolvers, 145–50, 159, 160, 168, 172, 176, 244, 245
Columbus, Christopher, 46
Comanche County, Tex., 166
Comanche Moon, 65–66, 93, 141, 154
Comancheria, 5, 23–25, 38–40, 47–48, 50, 60, 61, 65, 70–71, 74–78, 80, 92, 93, 100, 110, 114, 115, 118, 122, 123, 129–30, 157, 213, 249, 250–57, 263, 275, 280–81, 319
Comancheros, 6, 52, 72, 89, 122, 197, 223, 252–54
Comanches:
agricultural program for, 164, 229–33, 286
annuities for, 163, 226
Apaches as enemies of, 62–66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 79, 80, 89, 100, 104, 108, 114, 134, 196–97
army campaigns against, 1–15, 40, 50, 145, 148, 159–62, 169–81, 200–201, 207–21, 223, 224, 241–57, 258, 275–87, 304–5, 324n
arrows used by, 33, 48, 83, 84, 90, 97, 98, 132–33, 137, 143, 147, 156, 160, 167, 177, 197–98, 264
assimilation of, 89–90, 111, 164, 281, 301–4, 311, 313, 318, 319
battle tactics of, 55–56, 58, 62, 67–69, 78, 81–82, 96–100, 132–34, 141, 142–43, 148, 162, 165–72, 243–45, 282
bows used by, 84, 132–33, 168, 177, 197–98, 245, 279
breechclouts worn by, 91, 96, 198, 199
buffalo hunted by, 2–9, 24, 27, 31, 35–52, 58, 59, 60, 64, 85, 89, 93, 108, 110, 118, 133, 134, 137, 151–53, 157, 164, 167, 177, 181, 191–95, 198, 215, 220, 230, 259–62, 267–72, 283–86, 291–96, 302
burial rites of, 259
camp followers of, 93, 100
campgrounds of, 6–7, 9, 62–69, 85, 151–53, 165–70, 175–76
captives taken by, 7–8, 12–22, 36–52, 57, 60, 72, 74, 75, 81, 83–88, 95, 99, 102–27, 163, 177–93, 199, 222–23, 254, 255, 256, 293, 316–17
casualties of, 219, 254–57, 263, 270–72, 282
cattle stolen by, 152, 154, 164, 214, 231, 252–53