by S. C. Gwynne
freedom of, 51, 97–98
geography of, 6, 12–13, 38–40, 78, 201–2
immorality of, 43–46, 54–55, 261–62
land grants for, 4, 13–14, 75, 77, 83, 139, 310
political corruption on, 161–62
population of, 13–14, 157–58
settlers on, 3, 13–14, 45, 107, 129–30, 139, 153–59, 161–64, 196, 272–73, 310
trails in, 5, 7, 8, 25–26, 40, 97, 112–13, 201, 246–49, 252–54, 276, 280–81, 284, 295, 296–97
violence of, 74–77, 207–21, 250–53, 272–73
see also specific states and territories
Frost, Robert, 17, 18
Frost, Samuel, 17, 18
Gail, Tex., 283, 284
Gainesville, Tex., 203
Galveston Civilian, 178–79
Georgia, 75, 210, 276
Geronimo, 303, 312, 314–15, 317–18
Gettysburg, Battle of, 207, 236, 278
Gholson, Frank, 178, 179
Ghost Dance, 299–300
Gibson, Fort, 123
Gillespie, Robert, 147
Givens, Louisa Power, 155
Gold Rush, 113, 130, 159
Goliad, Tex., 13, 25
Gomez, Anna, 303
Gonzales, Tex., 93–94
Goodnight, Charles, 173–76, 195–96, 223, 291, 295–96, 300, 303
Gran Cierro de La Ferro, El, 57
Grant, Ulysses S., 2, 83, 140, 223, 234, 237, 238, 240, 251, 273, 305
Grantham, David, 301
Graybeard, Chief, 277
Great Father, 222, 226–29, 240–41, 255, 293, 308
Great Horse Dispersal, 30–31
Great Linnville Raid (1840), 94–96, 100, 101, 111, 266, 327n
Great Plains, 3, 5, 23, 27, 36, 58–59, 68, 80–81, 82, 89, 159, 186–87, 212–13, 219
Great Plains, The (Webb), 38
Great Spirit, 45, 264–65, 266, 285
Gregg, Seander, 11, 244
Griffin, Fort, 261
Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 128–30
Hainais, 211
Hair-Bobbed-on-One-Side, Chief, 170–71
“half-breeds,” 7–8, 12, 21, 29, 55, 122, 205, 285, 286–87, 316–17, 319
Hall, Robert, 100
Haltom City, Tex., 182
Hamilton, Alexander, 235
Hanrahan, James, 268–69
Haworth, J. M., 267, 290, 291–92, 294, 339n
Hays, John Coffee “Jack,” 99, 138–50, 155, 159, 161, 166, 167, 169, 172
Hays Rangers, 140–50, 154–55, 158, 159, 160, 161, 165, 166, 167
Hears the Sunrise, Chief, 203, 279, 283, 290, 298
Henderson, John B., 226
Henry (Tonkawa scout), 279–80
Henry repeating rifles, 233
Herodotus, 46
Heyl, E. M., 243–44, 337n
Hibbons, Mrs., 15
hides, buffalo, 41, 80, 111, 137, 151–53, 175, 191, 198, 199, 219, 239, 248, 260–62, 267–72, 281, 292
High Plains, 5–6, 38–40, 91, 252–54, 263
Hoebel, E. Adamson, 45, 49, 134, 162, 205, 314, 328n
Honey Springs, Battle of, 208
Horse Back, Chief, 267, 290
horse meat, 29, 30, 48, 262, 284
Houston, Fort, 18–19
Houston, Sam, 13, 26, 74–75, 83, 90–91, 119, 120, 126–27, 145, 154, 170, 174, 185
Houston, Tex., 74–75, 125, 136
Houston County, Tex., 127, 158
Houston Telegraph and Texas Register, 90–91, 116
howitzers, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221
Hudson, Charles, 263, 265
Hunkpapa Sioux, 50
hunter-gatherer societies, 46, 105, 164, 233, 259–60
Huntsville, Tex., 124–25, 283
Hurons, 59
Huston, Felix, 98–99
Incas, 46
Indian Bureau, U.S., 233–34, 282, 301
Indian Commissioners, U.S., 107, 109, 116, 225, 313
Indian fighters, 165–70, 213–21, 235–49
see also specific fighters
Indian Removal Act (1830), 209–10
Indians, see Native Americans
Indian Territory, 5, 76, 108, 117, 130, 207, 208, 209, 210, 224
Indian wars, 1–4, 12–22, 26–35, 40, 148, 160–61, 222–34, 304–5
see also specific battles and conflicts
influenza, 192
Interior Department, U.S., 161, 233–34
Iowas, 210
Iroquois, 5, 27, 44, 59, 228
Isa-tai, 264–72, 285, 289, 290, 298, 300, 314
Isawaconi, Chief, 88
Isimanica, Chief, 87–88, 93
Jacksboro, Tex., 156, 203
Jackson, Andrew, 139
James, Thomas, 34
Jerome, David, 308, 309
Jerome Agreement, 310, 312
Jerome Commission, 308–10
Jicarilla Apaches, 56, 57, 58
Johnson, Britt, 120
Johnson, Middleton T., 154–55, 174
Johnston, Albert Sidney, 83, 98
Jumanos, 60
Kansas, 5, 14, 23, 25, 56, 58, 59, 207, 208, 209, 210, 262, 319
Kansas Indians, 28, 314
Karnes, Henry W., 83–84
Keechis, 16, 209
Kelliheir, Tom, 176, 177
Kellogg, Elizabeth, 17, 18, 22, 36, 119, 120
Kentucky, 80, 140
Kentucky rifles, 132, 137–38, 143, 144, 146
Ketumseh, Chief, 114
Kichais, 37, 77, 120, 211
Kickapoos, 35, 77, 122, 209, 211, 257, 276, 314
Kiowas, 3, 4, 16, 31, 33, 59, 93, 112, 113, 115, 158, 159, 163, 201, 208, 209, 212–19, 224, 225, 226, 230–33, 242, 251, 253–54, 259–68, 272, 274, 277, 281–84, 288, 290, 294–98, 300, 303, 312, 314
Koh-mats (Komantcia), 35
Kotsoteka Comanches, 49, 50, 70, 89, 93, 113, 118, 122, 158, 167–70, 203, 209, 229, 251, 254, 256, 258, 290, 297
Kwihnai (Eagle), 117
Lakota Sioux, 14–15, 50, 274
Lamar, Mirabeau Buonaparte, 73–77, 83, 88, 111, 114–15, 119, 125, 131, 145
land grants, 4, 13–14, 75, 77, 83, 139, 310
language, 24, 27, 34, 42, 48–49, 84, 92, 93, 103, 106, 117, 178, 184, 187–89, 191, 214, 258, 264
Laredo, Tex., 143
Lawton, Okla., 111
Leavenworth, Fort, 294
Leavenworth, J. H., 230–32, 233
Lee, Robert E., 207
Legion Valley, 202
Lehmann, Herman, 43–44, 134, 255, 293
Leupp, Francis E., 314
Lewis, Meriwether, 25
Lewis, M. G., 109
Lincoln, Abraham, 152, 185, 212, 215
Linn, John J., 96, 99–100, 327n
Linnville, Tex., raid (1840), 94–96, 100, 101, 111, 266, 327n
Lipan Apaches, 49, 57, 62, 64, 65, 68, 79, 80, 100, 141, 142, 144, 159
Little Bighorn, Battle of, 79, 217, 236, 245, 304
Little Buffalo, Chief, 212
Little Round Top, Battle of, 81
Little Wolf, Chief, 88, 93, 328n
Llano, Tex., 106, 202
Llano Estacado, 2, 6, 195, 202–3, 209, 214, 229, 233, 242, 246, 248, 252–54, 275, 278, 284, 312
Lockhart, Andrew, 81, 88
Lockhart, Matilda, 81, 84, 85, 87, 88, 104
Lockhart, William, 88
lodges, 7, 88, 100–101, 108, 111, 167, 193, 216–17, 219, 225, 242, 245, 255, 276, 281
Lone Wolf, Chief, 263, 272, 273, 283, 290, 298, 303, 314
looting, 66–67, 95–96, 99, 136–37, 177
Louis XIV, King of France, 160
Louisiana, 39, 59, 60, 108
Louisiana Purchase (1803), 40, 128
Lubbock, Tex., 39, 246, 283
Luster, Sarah, 104
Lynn, Isaac, 173–74
McCarthy, Cormac, v
McClellan’s Creek, 6–7, 254–57, 277, 294–95
McCulloch, Ben, 79, 93
–94, 98, 99, 146, 161, 166, 327n
Mackenzie, Ranald Slidell, 2–11, 79, 235–57, 258, 263, 275–87, 289, 290–91, 292, 293–94, 304–7, 317
Mackenzie’s Raiders, 2–11, 235–57, 275–87
McLaughlin, N. B., 276
Maman-ti, Chief, 281
Manassas, Second Battle of, 236, 237
Mandans, 112
Manifest Destiny, 23, 163–64, 212, 228
Marcy, Randolph, 3, 26, 117–18, 126, 201
Martinez, Anton, 177, 178, 182
Mason, A. B., 178–79
massacres, 82–88, 91, 92, 100–101, 111–12, 120, 164–81, 219–21, 223, 224, 238, 255
Masterson, William Barclay “Bat,” 270
Matagorda Bay, 95
Maverick, Mary, 84, 86, 97
medicine, 4, 45, 47, 92, 94, 98, 112, 143, 168, 199, 203, 224, 233, 264–72, 273, 281, 286
Medicine Dance, 286
Medicine Lodge treaty (1867), 224–34, 240–41, 309
medicine men (shamans), 4, 47, 143, 168, 264–72, 273, 281
Menard, Tex., 62
Mescalero Apaches, 57, 205, 214–15
Mesquiteville, Tex., 156
Mexia, Tex., 13
Mexican War, 69, 128–30, 138–39, 143, 147–49, 150, 159–60, 165–66, 170
Mexico, 6, 13, 19, 24, 27–28, 42, 50, 52, 54, 55, 58, 61, 63, 64, 77, 82, 83, 91, 95, 104, 108, 110, 114, 115, 126, 128–32, 133, 159, 160, 162, 201–2, 204, 224, 241, 257, 263, 276, 319
Mexico City, 20, 29, 69, 143
Mézières, Athanase de, 32–33
Milam, Fort, 137
Miles, Nelson A., 79, 275–77, 303
Military Division of the Missouri, 262
Milky Way, Chief, 203, 290
Miller family, 303–4
Minnesota, 211–12, 216
missions, Spanish, 13, 20, 55, 58, 61, 62–67, 82, 87–88
Mississippi rifles, 168
Missouri, 123, 129
Missouris, 28, 210
Modocs, 210
Monterrey, Mex., 58
Moore, John, 78–82, 84, 85, 100, 136, 137, 140
Morgan, T. J., 301–2
Mormons, 166
Mule Creek, 153, 155, 174, 181, 195
mules, 9, 34, 100, 105, 109, 110–11, 201, 202, 241, 262, 318
Murrah, Fort, 213
muskets, 33, 133, 160, 168, 204, 217, 223, 232–33, 245, 269
Muskogees, 77
mustangs, 26, 28, 30–31, 34, 56, 110, 133
Nacogdoches, Tex., 120
National Geographic Magazine, 190–91
Native American Church, 314
Native Americans:
agricultural programs for, 27–30, 31, 47, 55, 57, 77, 164, 210, 228, 229–33, 240–41, 286
alcoholism of, 262, 266
annuities for, 163, 226, 231–32, 240, 241, 288–89
assimilation of, 54, 55, 62–66, 69, 76–77, 89–90, 111, 164, 281, 301–4, 311, 313, 318, 319
battle tactics of, 238–39
“civilized tribes” of, 76–77, 90, 162, 209–11, 230–31
Confederate vs. Union, 210–11
dances of, 27, 199, 201, 202, 215, 216, 224, 227, 259, 266, 286, 299–300
diseases contracted by, 6, 54, 89, 91, 92, 103, 112–13, 116, 126, 164
eastern tribes of, 4–5, 26–27, 113, 133, 228
extermination of, 3, 23, 74, 75–77, 79, 83–88, 112–13, 209–10, 262, 273, 274–87
federal policy on, 75, 82–88, 107, 109, 116, 129–30, 158, 159–65, 208–9, 218, 220, 221, 222–34, 240–41, 255, 256–57, 308–10
food supplies for, 231–32, 288–89, 290, 291–92, 294, 339n
as hostages, 83–88
leadership of, 7–11, 12, 13, 21, 42–43, 49, 50–52, 84–88, 91–92, 107–8, 113–16, 142, 229; see also specific leaders
peace policy for, 2, 82–88, 159–65, 218, 220, 221, 222–34, 238, 240–42, 309
population of, 37, 60, 104, 204, 251, 258–60, 274, 339n
religious conversion of, 55, 62–66, 69
on reservations, 162, 164–65, 167, 169, 171, 204, 209–10, 212, 214, 226–33, 240–41, 251, 252, 256, 257, 266–67, 273, 274–75, 284–319, 339n
territories of, 3, 74–78, 164–65
treaties with, 6, 24, 49, 59, 62–66, 69, 71–72, 74, 75–77, 82–88, 107, 114–15, 133, 159–65, 170–71, 209, 222–34, 240–41, 283, 295–96, 309
villages of, 74–78, 92, 100–101, 111, 117, 142, 152–53, 159, 167–70, 174–76, 202, 215–21, 242–49, 254–57, 276–77, 280–82
see also specific tribes
Nautdah (Cynthia Ann Parker), 7–8, 12–22, 36, 37–38, 47, 74, 102–18, 120, 125–27, 135, 151–53, 157, 174, 177–93, 194, 196, 197, 200, 286–87, 290–91, 300, 316–17, 318
Navajos, 69, 71, 196–97, 213, 214–15, 229
Nebraska, 14, 24, 32, 274
Neeley, Bill, 337n
Neighbors, Robert, 49, 116, 126, 162, 164, 165
Nermernuh (People), 27, 28, 35, 48, 92, 96, 113, 131, 152, 209, 213, 215–16, 256, 258, 259, 263
New Mexico, 14, 19, 23, 24, 29–30, 35, 50–63, 69–70, 71, 75, 122, 128, 196–97, 200–201, 207, 214, 215, 223, 252, 253, 292, 295, 305
New Spain, 28–29, 59–60, 63, 67, 69, 70
New York Times, 307
98th meridian, 78, 129, 158–59, 201, 308
Nixon, L. D., 18
Nixon, Sarah Parker, 16
Nixon, Tom, 260
Nokoni Comanches, 37–38, 49, 50, 89, 93, 104, 118, 122, 158, 196–97, 203, 209, 229, 241, 251, 256, 265–66, 267, 290
Nolan, Nicholas, 292–93
nomads, 5–6, 21, 24–25, 27, 35, 46, 56–57, 78, 105–17, 152, 164, 195–97, 198, 233, 259–60, 318
Nooki, 255
Northern Arapahoes, 274
Northern Cheyennes, 274, 305
“northers,” 39–40, 143, 175, 196, 247–49
North Fork, 254–57, 278, 294–95
Nuevo León State, Mex., 115
Nye, W. S., 26
Office of Indian Affairs, U.S., 158, 161–62, 224, 230–34
Oglala Sioux, 44, 238–39
O-ha-ma-tai, Chief, 281
Oklahoma, 5, 14, 23, 25, 49, 56, 58, 59, 76, 108, 113, 117, 155, 165, 196, 200, 209, 230, 274, 297, 312
Oklahoma City, Okla., 25, 38
Old Bear, 205–6
Old Owl, Chief (Mopechucope), 88, 107, 115, 328n
Omahas, 28
Oñate, Don Juan de, 29
One Thousand Things Worth Knowing, 189
Opothle Yahola, Chief, 211
O’Quinn, J. R., 191, 192, 316
Oregon Trail, 5, 129, 224
Ortiz, Polonio, 252–54
Osages, 19, 21, 24, 26, 28, 59, 68, 210, 239
Otos, 210
Ottawas, 210
Outdoor Pastimes of the American Hunter (Roosevelt), 313