Maps and Legends

by Michael Chabon

  One might go further and argue not only that the superhero costume has (and needs) no referent in the world of textiles and latex but also that, even within its own proper comic-book context, it can be said not to exist, not to want to exist—can be said to advertise, even to revel in, its own notional status. This illusionary quality of the drawn costume can readily be seen if we attempt to delimit the elements of the superhero wardrobe, to inventory its minimum or requisite components.

  The Silver Gluteal Cleft of the Spaceways

  We cart start by throwing away our masks. Superman, arguably the first and the greatest of all costumed heroes, has never bothered with one, nor have Captain Marvel, Luke Cage, Wonder Woman, Valkyrie, and Supergirl. All those individuals, like many of their peers (Hawkman, Giant-Man), also go around barehanded, which suggests that we can safely dispense with our gauntlets (whether finned, rolled, or worn with a jaunty slash at the cuff). Capes have been an object of scorn among discerning superheroes at least since 1974, when Captain America, having abandoned his old career in protest over Watergate, briefly took on the nom de guerre Nomad, dressed himself in a piratical ensemble of midnight-blue and gold, and brought his first exploit as a stateless hero to an inglorious end by tripping over his own flowing cloak.

  So let’s lose the cape. As for the boots—we are not married to the boots. After all, Iron Fist sports a pair of kung-fu slippers, the Spirit wears brown brogues, Zatanna works her magic in stiletto heels, and Beast, Ka-Zar, and Mantis wear no shoes at all. Perhaps, though, we had better hold on to our unitards, crafted of some nameless but readily available fabric that, like a thin matte layer, at once coats and divulges the splendor of our musculature. Assemble the collective, all-time memberships of the Justice League of America, the Justice Society of America, the Avengers, the Defenders, the Invaders, the X-Men, and the Legion of Super-Heroes (and let us not forget the Legion of Substitute Heroes), and you will probably find that almost all of them, from Nighthawk to the Chlorophyll Kid, arrive wearing some version of the classic leotard-tights ensemble. And yet—not everyone. Not Wonder Woman, in her star-spangled hot pants and eagle bustier; not the Incredible Hulk or Martian Manhunter or the Sub-Mariner.

  Consideration of the last named leads us to cast a critical eye, finally, on our little swim trunks, typically worn with a belt, pioneered by Kit Walker,* the Phantom of the old newspaper strip, and popularized by the super-trendsetter of Metropolis. The Sub-Mariner wears nothing but a Eurotrashy green Speedo, suggesting that, at least by the decency standards of the old Comics Code, this minimal garment marks the zero degree of superheroic attire. And yet, of course, the Flash, Green Lantern, and many others make do without trunks over their tights; the forgoing of trunks in favor of a continuous flow of fabric from legs to torso is frequently employed to lend a suggestion of speed, sleekness, a kind of uncluttered modernism. And the Hulk never goes around in anything but those tattered purple trousers.

  So we are left with, literally, nothing at all: the human form, unadorned, smooth, muscled, and ready, let’s say, to sail the starry ocean of the cosmos on the deck of a gleaming surfboard. A naked spacefarer, sheathed in a silvery pseudoskin that affords all the protection one needs from radiation and cosmic dust while meeting Code standards by neatly neutering one, the shining void between the legs serving to signify that one is not (as one often appears to be when seen from behind) naked as an interstellar jaybird.

  Here is a central paradox of superhero attire: From panther-black to lantern-green, from the faintly Hapsburg pomp of the fifties-era Legion of Super-Heroes costumes to the “Mad Max” space grunge of Lobo, from sexy fishnet to vibranium—for all the mad recombinant play of color, style, and materials that the superhero costume makes with its limited number of standard components, it, ultimately takes its deepest meaning and serves its primary function in the depiction of the naked human form, unfettered, perfect, and free. The superheroic wardrobe resembles a wildly permutated alphabet of ideograms conceived only to express the eloquent power of silence.

  * For the Ghost Who Walks.

  Gotham Is Burning

  A public amnesia, an avowed lack of history, is the standard pretense of the costumed superhero. From the point of view of the man or woman or child in the street, gaping up at the sky and skyscrapers, the appearance of a new hero over Metropolis or New York or Astro City is always a matter of perfect astonishment. There have been no portents or warnings, and afterward one never learns anything new or gains any explanations.

  The story of a superhero’s origin must be kept secret, occulted as rigorously from public knowledge as the alter ego, as if it were a source of shame. Superman conceals, archived in the Fortress of Solitude and accessible only to him, not only his own history—the facts and tokens of his birth and arrival on Earth, of his Smallville childhood, of his exploits and adventures—but the history of his Kryptonian family and, indeed, of his entire race. Batman similarly hides his story and its proofs in the trophy chambers of the Batcave.

  In theory, the costume forms part of the strategy of concealment. But in fact the superhero’s costume often functions as a kind of magic screen onto which the repressed narrative may be projected. No matter how well he or she hides its traces, the secret narrative of transformation, of rebirth, is given up by the costume. Sometimes this secret is betrayed through the allusion of style or form: Robin’s gaudy uniform hints at the murder of his circus-acrobat parents, Iron Man’s at the flawed heart that requires a life-support device, which is the primary function of his armor.

  More often, the secret narrative is hinted at with a kind of enigmatic, dreamlike obviousness right on the hero’s chest or belt buckle, in the form of the requisite insignia. Superman’s “S,” we have been told, only coincidentally stands for Superman: in fact, the emblem is the coat of arms of the ancient Kryptonian House of El, from which he descends. A stylized bat alludes to the animal whose chance flight through a window sealed Bruce Wayne’s fate; a lightning bolt encapsulates the secret history of Captain Marvel; an eight-legged glyph immortalizes the bug whose bite doomed Peter Parker to his glorious and woebegone career.

  We say “secret identity,” and adopt a series of cloaking strategies to preserve it, but what we are actually trying to conceal is a narrative: not who we are but the story of how we got that way—and, by implication, of all that we lacked, and all that we were not, before the spider bit us. Yet our costume conceals nothing, reveals everything: it is our secret skin, exposed and exposing us for all the world to see. Superheroism is a kind of transvestism; our superdrag serves at once to obscure the exterior self that no longer defines us while betraying, with half-unconscious panache, the truth of the story we carry in our hearts, the story of our transformation, of our story’s recommencement, of our rebirth into the world of adventure, of story itself.

  My Secret Origin

  I became Aztec in the summer of 1973, in Columbia, Maryland, a planned suburban Utopia halfway between Smallville and Metropolis. It happened one summer day as I was walking to the swimming pool with a friend. He wore a pair of midnight-blue bathing trunks; my trunks were loud, with patches of pink, orange, gold, and brown overprinted with abstract patterns that we took for Aztec (though they were probably Polynesian). In those days, a pair of bathing trunks did not in the least resemble the baggy board shorts that boys and men wear swimming today. Ours were made of stretchy polyester doubleknit that came down the thigh just past the level of the crotch, and fashion fitted them with a sewn-on false belt of elastic webbing that buckled at the front with a metal clasp. They looked, in other words, just like the trunks favored by costumed heroes ever since the last son of Krypton came voguing down the super-catwalk, back in 1938. Around our throats we knotted our beach towels (his was blue, mine a fine 1973 shade of burnt orange), those enchanted cloaks whose power Mr. Spector had failed to understand or to recall from his own childhood. They fluttered out behind us, catching the breeze from our imaginations, as Darklord and Aztec walked
along.

  Darklord carried a sword, and wore a Barbuta helmet, with a flowing crusader cloak and invulnerable chain mail of “lunar steel.” Aztec wore tights and a feathered cloak and wielded a magic staff tipped with obsidian. We had begun the journey that day, through the street-melting, shimmering green Maryland summer morning, as a pair of lonely boys with nothing in common but that loneliness, which we shared with Superman and Batman, who shared it with each other—a fundamental loneliness and a wild aptitude for transformation. But with every step we became Darklord and Aztec a little more surely, a little more irrevocably, transformed by the lantern-green rays of fancy, by the spider bite of inspiration, by the story we were telling one another and ourselves about two costumed superheroes, about the new selves that had been revealed by our secret skin.

  Talking, retying the knots of our capes, flip-flops slapping against the soles of our feet, we transformed not only ourselves. In the space of that walk to the pool we also transformed the world, shaping it into a place in which such things were possible: the reincarnation of an Arthurian knight could find solace and partnership in the company of a latter-day Mesoamerican wizard. An entire world of superheroic adventure could be dreamed up by a couple of boys from Columbia, or Cleveland. And the self you knew you contained, the story you knew you had inside you, might find its way like an emblem onto the spot right over your heart. All we needed to do was accept the standing invitation that superhero comics extended to us by means of a towel. It was an invitation to enter into the world of story, to join in the ongoing business of comic books, and, with the knotting of a magical beach towel, to begin to wear what we knew to be hidden inside us.

  Earlier versions of “Secret Skin: An Essay in Unitard Theory” appeared in The New Yorker (March 10, 2008) and in the introduction of Superheroes, published by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2008.

  A Biography of Michael Chabon

  Michael Chabon is an acclaimed and bestselling author whose works include the Pulitzer Prize–winning novel The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay (2000). One of America’s most distinctive voices, Chabon has been called “a magical prose stylist” by the New York Times Book Review, and is known for his lively writing, nostalgia for bygone modes of storytelling, and deep empathy for the human predicament.

  Born to two lawyers, Robert and Sharon, in Washington, DC, in 1963, Chabon was raised in Columbia, Maryland. As a young boy, he became interested in writing and storytelling through the encouragement of his teachers. His parents divorced when he was eleven, and his father moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Until Chabon graduated high school, he would spend nine months a year with his mother in Maryland and summers with his father in Pittsburgh. He then moved to Pittsburgh fulltime to attend Carnegie Mellon and Pittsburgh universities.

  After receiving his undergraduate degree, Chabon sought an MFA in creative writing from the University of California at Irvine. His master’s thesis attracted the attention of professor Donald Heiney, an award-winning author, who sent the manuscript to his agent without telling Chabon beforehand. The book, The Mysteries of Pittsburgh (1988), set off a bidding war among publishers and earned Chabon a large advance and bestselling success at the age of twenty-four. The experience was gratifying but disorienting. Chabon worked for the next five years on a novel called Fountain City, a sprawling manuscript that he never completed.

  After abandoning work on his would-be second novel, and ending his first marriage to poet Lollie Groth, Chabon poured his frustrations into a new manuscript, about a writer struggling to complete a 2,611-page book after a string of previous successes. The novel, Wonder Boys (1995), was another bestseller and became a film of the same name in 2000, starring Michael Douglas, Frances McDormand, and Robert Downey, Jr. His story collections A Model World and Other Stories (1991) and Werewolves in Their Youth (1999) further displayed Chabon’s literary talents, but he cemented his place among the country’s foremost novelists with the publication of The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay. The book, which chronicles the adventures of two Jewish cousins in New York City against the backdrop of World War II, earned Chabon a Pulitzer Prize, among other accolades. His subsequent novels include The Yiddish Policemen’s Union (2007), which also met with critical and commercial success and won the Nebula, Hugo, and Locus awards for science fiction, among other honors.

  Chabon married the novelist Ayelet Waldman in 1993, and the couple has four children. Aside from narrative fiction, Chabon has worked as a screenwriter, helping with adaptations of his work and with movie projects such as Spider-Man 2. He has also contributed essays to magazines such as Harper’s and the New Yorker. An outspoken proponent of genre fiction, Chabon published Maps and Legends, a collection of critical essays defending literature as a vehicle for entertainment, in 2008.

  Chabon lives in Berkeley, California.

  Index with Recommended Reading

  Index prepared by author

  A | B | C | D | E

  F | G | H | I | J

  K | L | M | N | O

  P | R | S | T

  V | W | Z

  Abelard, Peter, 2

  Acker, Kathy, 9

  Adams, Neal, 90, 129

  Aickman, Robert, 13

  Alexander, Lloyd, 20

  The Book of Three. New York: Henry Holt, 2006.

  Andersen, Hans Christian, 112

  Asimov, Isaac, 9

  Austen, Jane, 10

  Auster, Paul, 9

  Babel, Isaac, 153

  Baker, Kyle, 90

  Ballard, J.G., 87, 97, 136

  Balzac, Honoré de, 7, 109

  Baring-Gould, William, 43, 44

  Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street. New York: Random House, 1995.

  Bartel, Dennis, 134

  Barthelme, Donald, 136, 177

  Bender, Aimee, 13

  Benford, Gregory, 177

  Across the Sea of Suns. New York: Warner, 2004.

  Timescape. New York: Bantam, 1992. Benjamin, Walter, 11

  “The Storyteller.” Selected Writings, Vol. 3, 1935–1938. Trans. Edmund Jephcott, Howard Eiland, et al. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006

  Bester, Alfred, 86–88

  The Demolished Man. New York: Vintage, 1996

  The Stars of My Destination. New York: Vintage, 1996

  Blackwood, Algernon, 110

  Blake, William, 71

  Blume, Judy, 192

  Borges, Jorge Luis, 13, 117, 124, 136

  Bradbury, Ray, 141, 176

  Brookner, Anita, 13

  Brooks, Peter, 34

  Reading for the Plot. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992.

  Brunner, John, 87

  Buchan, John, 65

  Buckler, Rich, 87

  Buckler, Rich and Doug Moench.

  Astonishing Tales Featuring Deathlok the Demolisher! #25 (Aug. 1974), Marvel Comics.

  Burroughs, Edgar Rice, 38

  Burroughs, William S., 87

  Byatt, A.S., 13

  Byrne, John, 83

  Calvino, Italo, 13, 136, 142

  Invisible Cities. Trans. William Weaver. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978.

  Caniff, Milton, 89

  Capp, Al, 90

  Carlyle, Thomas, 29

  Carter, Angela, 11

  Cervantes, Miguel de, 27, 40

  Don Quixote. Trans. Edith Grossman. New York: Ecco, 2003.

  Chabon, Michael, 130, 139, 146, 149, 150, 154, 178, 193, 209

  The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay. New York: Picador, 2000.

  The Mysteries of Pittsburgh. New York: HarperCollins, 2005.

  Wonder Boys. New York: Random House, 2008.

  The Yiddish Policemen’s Union. New York: HarperCollins, 2007.

  Chandler, Raymond, 7, 9, 33, 38, 56, 92, 176, 177

  “The King in Yellow.” Collected Stories. New York: Knopf, 2002.

  The Long Goodbye. New York: Vintage, 1988.

  Chaykin, Howard, 85–93

  American Flag
g! Berkeley: Image Comics, 2008.

  Ironwolf #l (1986), DC Comics.

  The Scorpion #1 (Feb. 1975), Atlas Comics.

  Cheever, John, 7

  Chekhov, Anton, 120

  Cheuse, Alan, 98

  Christopher, John, 97

  No Blade of Grass. New York: Avon, 1986.

  Claremont, Chris, 83

  Clarke, Arthur C., 91

  Clute, John, 56

  Colby, C. B. (Joseph Adler, Victor Fischer), 192–199, 202–205, 207, 209

  Strangely Enough! New York: Scholastic, 1963.

  Collier, John, 97

  Tom’s A-Cold. London: Macmillan, 1933.

  Conrad, Joseph, 7, 18, 37

  The Heart of Darkness. New York: Norton, 2005.

  Cooper, James Fenimore, 56

  Cooper, Susan, 67

  The Dark Is Rising. New York: Simon Pulse, 2007.

  Coover, Robert, 153

  The Universal Baseball Association, Inc., J. Henry Waugh, Prop. New York: New American Library, 1971.

  Coppard, Alfred Edgar, 7

  Crowley, John, 13

  d’Aulaire, Edgar Parin and Ingri, 47–51, 53

  D’Aulaires’ Book of Norse Myths. New York: New York Review Books, 2005.

  Defoe, Daniel, 104, 105

  Robinson Crusoe. New York: Penguin, 2003.

  Dent, Lester, 189

  Doc Savage Magazine #1 (Mar. 1933), Street and Smith.

  Dick, Philip K., 87, 88

  Dickens, Charles, 29, 119

  Bleak House. New York: Penguin, 2003.

  The Old Curiosity Shop. New York: Knopf, 1995.

  Ditko, Steve, 126, 129

  Doyle, Arthur Conan, 23, 24, 26–44, 65, 158, 176, 190, 191

  The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. New York: Scholastic, 2004.