The Three Kingdoms: Welcome the Tiger

by Luo Guanzhong

  “My grandfather, my father, and I have received much favor from the state,” sighed Zhuge Shang. “Now that my father has died in the battle against the enemy, can I still live?”

  He whipped his horse and dashed out into the thick of the fight. He, too, died on the battlefield. A poem was written to praise the father and son.

  Do not think that the loyal officers lacked skill;

  But Heaven had decreed against the house of Liu,

  Years before Zhuge Liang had left his fine offspring,

  Who preserved his nobleness and loyalty well.

  To mark their loyalty, Deng Ai had the father and son buried together.

  To follow up this success he began to storm the city. The three officers in the city, each leading a troop, made a sortie. However, they were outnumbered and their effort availed to nothing, and all three officers sacrificed their lives in the battle. Thus the city of Mianzhu fell. After rewarding his men, Deng Ai set out for the capital Chengdu.

  Observe the Second Ruler of Shu in his last days of rule,

  How similar he was to Liu Zhang when compelled to resign.

  The fate of Chengdu will be told in the next chapter.

  Footnote

  * The first line, “At the start of the two fires,” refers to the first year of the period Yan Xing in Shu (A.D. 263). The Chinese word for “Yan” is made of the two characters for “fire,” while that of “Xing” means “beginning.” The second line, “Someone will here stop by,” predicts the coming of Deng Ai. The third and fourth lines indicate that Deng Ai and Zhong Hui rival each other but will soon die.

  CHAPTER ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTEEN

  Weeping at the Ancestral Temple, a Filial Prince Dies

  Entering the West, Two Generals Fight for Merits

  In the Shu capital of Chengdu the Second Ruler was seized with panic when he heard of the fall of Mianzhu and the death in battle of Zhuge Zhan and his son. He hastened to summon a general council.

  One of the courtiers said, “Outside the city people are all fleeing for their lives, taking their young and old with them. Their cries of woe shake the country.”

  Hearing this the Second Ruler became even more alarmed. Soon reports came that the enemy was approaching the city. Many courtiers advised flight.

  “We have few officers and men to counter the enemy. It is better to abandon the city and flee to the seven districts of the south. The terrain is dangerous and easily defended. We can get the Mans to help us recover the territory.”

  But Qiao Zhou was opposed to this proposal. “No, that will not do,” he said. “The Mans are out-and-out rebels. Besides, we have not shown them any favor over the years. It will be a calamity if we seek their help now.”

  Then some officials proposed seeking refuge in Wu. “Wu is our ally. In this most critical situation we can go there for shelter.”

  But Qiao Zhou was also opposed to this. “In the whole course of history, no emperor has ever sought shelter in another state. So far as I can see, Wei will eventually absorb Wu, but not vice versa. To declare yourself a servant to Wu is a humiliation already. It will double the humiliation if Your Majesty has to bow to Wei again when Wu is devoured by Wei. Hence, it is better to yield to Wei, but not to Wu. Wei will surely split its territory and give Your Majesty an estate. Your Majesty will be able to preserve the ancestral temple on the one hand, and protect the people on the other. Pray reflect upon this.”

  Unable to make up his mind, the distracted ruler retired into his palace.

  The next day the same issue was discussed in court and opinions differed widely among the courtiers. Qiao Zhou, who saw how desperate the situation was, presented a written memorial urging the Second Ruler to yield to Wei. The Second Ruler accepted it and decided to submit.

  But from behind a screen stepped forward a man, who reproached Qiao Zhou severely: “You cowardly pedant! How dare you utter such nonsense over the fate of a dynasty? Never in history has any emperor yielded to an enemy!”

  The speaker was Liu Chen, fifth son of the Second Ruler and Prince of Beidi. The Second Ruler had seven sons, but all were weaklings except Liu Chen, who had showed exceptional intelligence from childhood.

  The Second Ruler turned to his son and said, “The ministers all agree that surrender is the best policy. Yet you alone say otherwise, relying on the boldness of youth. Do you want to drench the city in blood?”

  The prince said, “During the reign of the late Emperor, this Qiao Zhou had no voice in state policies. Now he improperly discusses the fate of the dynasty, using the most subversive language. This is outrageous. I know for certain that we still have tens of thousands of troops in the city, and Jiang Wei’s whole army is stationed in the Sword Pass. He will hasten to our rescue as soon as he hears of the enemy’s assault on the capital. Then we can join him in attacking the enemy from both the front and rear. Success will be ours. How can Your Majesty listen to the words of this degenerate pedant and abandon so lightly the kingdom founded by the late Emperor?”

  The Second Ruler scolded his son angrily: “Be silent! You are too young to understand the decree of Heaven.”

  The prince, weeping, beat his head upon the ground and implored his father to be strong. “If we have exhausted all our efforts and yet are unable to alter the situation, then when disaster is imminent both of us, father and son, ruler and his servant, should fight one last battle, with our backs against the city, and die for the dynasty. Thus we will be able to meet the late Emperor unashamedly in the afterlife. Why should we surrender?”

  But the appeal left the Second Ruler unmoved. The prince lamented bitterly, “It is with great pains that the late Emperor founded this kingdom. What a shame to give it up in one day! I would rather die than suffer the disgrace!”

  The Second Ruler told the courtiers to push the young man out of the palace. Then he ordered Qiao Zhou to prepare the letter of surrender. When it was written, Qiao Zhou and two others were sent to offer submission to Deng Ai, taking with them the letter and the imperial seal.

  Meanwhile, Deng Ai had hundreds of horsemen ride to Chengdu daily to reconnoiter the city. It was a happy day for him when they returned to report sighting the flag of surrender hoisted over the city wall. Soon the three Shu envoys arrived and were welcomed. Kneeling below the steps of the hall, they presented the letter of surrender and the imperial seal. Deng Ai read the letter with great exultation and accepted the seal. He treated the envoys very courteously and asked them to take back a letter to allay the anxiety of the people in the Shu capital. In due time they returned to the city, presented Deng Ai’s letter to the Second Ruler, and related in detail how well they had been treated at the Wei camp. The Second Ruler read the letter with much satisfaction and at once sent Jiang Xian with an edict to the Sword Pass, commanding Jiang Wei to surrender without delay.

  Next he ordered a minister named Li Hu to submit to Deng Ai the census records and a statement of the resources of the kingdom. Altogether there were 280,000 households, 914,000 male and female civilians, 102,000 armored men of all ranks, and 40,000 civil employees. Besides, there were 400,000 catties of grain, 2,000 catties each of gold and silver, and 200,000 rolls of silk of various types. There were also other items in the various storehouses, but there was not enough time to have them enumerated. The first day of the twelfth month of the year (A.D. 264) was chosen for the Second Ruler and his officials to go out of the city to surrender.

  The Prince of Beidi was beside himself with rage when he heard of all this. Sword in hand, he entered the palace.

  His wife Lady Cui asked him, “My lord, you look terribly angry today. What’s troubling you?”

  The prince replied, “The army of Wei is coming at any minute, and my father has offered to surrender. Tomorrow he and all his ministers are going out of the city to submit formally, and that will be the end of our dynasty. But rather than bend the knee to another, I will die first to meet the late Emperor in the realms below.”

  “How noble,
my lord! A most worthy death, indeed!” said Lady Cui. “But let me die first before you, my lord, depart.”

  “But why should you die?”

  “You, my lord, die for your father and I, for my husband. One principle guides both. When the husband dies the wife follows. No question is necessary.”

  So saying she dashed her head against a pillar, and so killed herself. Then the prince slew his three sons and cut off the head of his wife. Bearing the head of the princess in his hand, he went to the temple of the late Emperor Liu Bei, where he knelt down and said tearfully: “I will be ashamed to witness the surrender of our kingdom to an enemy. Therefore I have slain my wife and sons so as to rid myself of all worries. And now I will give my own life to you, grandfather. If your spirit can hear me, you will read my heart.”

  After this pronouncement he wept so copiously that blood ran from his eyes—then he cut his throat with his own sword. The men of Shu grieved deeply for him, and a poet celebrated his noble deed in a poem:

  Both king and courtiers, willing, bowed the knee,

  Except for one prince alone, who was grieved.

  The western Shu ceased to exist any more;

  A noble prince stood forth, for e’er renowned.

  He took his own life to save his forebear’s shame

  In deep sorrow he wept beneath the blue sky.

  His heroic image seems to be with us still

  Who can say that Han has perished.

  When the Second Ruler knew of the suicide of his son, he sent men to bury him.

  The next day the main body of the Wei army came up. The Second Ruler, leading his Heir Apparent, his other sons, and all his courtiers to the number of more than sixty, went out ten li from the north gate to bow their heads in submission. The Second Ruler bowed to the ground, his face turned to the victor, his hands tied behind his back, with a carriage bearing a coffin standing by his side. With his own hands Deng Ai helped the yielding Emperor, Liu Shan, to his feet, untied the cords binding his hands, and burned the coffin.

  Then the victorious general and the vanquished Emperor rode back into the city side by side.

  Into Shu marched the troops of Wei,

  But too cowardly was its ruler to end his own days.

  Without doubt Huang Hao was a traitor to his state;

  In vain Jiang Wei had the talents his land to save.

  How noble was the heart of the faithful warrior!

  How sad was the prince’s will to die than to bear the shame

  Of the dynasty his ancestor fought so hard to found!

  A lifetime’s effort was brought to nought in one day.

  The common people welcomed the men of Wei into the city with burning incense. The title of General of Cavalry was given to Liu Shan, the Second Ruler of Shu, and other ranks were given to the officials who had surrendered. Then he was asked to return to his palace and issue a proclamation to reassure the people. The granaries and storehouses were duly submitted to the conquerors. Two Shu officials were sent into the provinces to explain the new situation and call upon the local officers and people to surrender to Wei. Another envoy was sent to exhort Jiang Wei to yield. A report of the success was sent to Luoyang.

  Huang Hao’s wickedness was reported to Deng Ai, so he decided to put the eunuch to death. However, by bribing Deng Ai’s close attendants Huang Hao escaped the death penalty.

  Thus perished the House of Han. Reflecting on its end, a poet recalled the exploits of Zhuge Liang in the following poem.

  Apes and birds feared his written commands.

  And clouds and winds used to help him in his defense.

  But for naught did he bid his fine officers wield their mighty pens

  I see the fallen king born away to an alien land in the end.

  In gifts Zhuge was a peer of Guan Chong and Yue Yi;

  But little could he do, with Guan and Zhang no more.

  Some other year pass his shrine at Jinli I may

  The elegy composed, my sorrow will remain.*

  In due time the envoy reached the Sword Pass and gave the general the Second Ruler’s command to surrender to the invaders. Jiang Wei was so shocked that he could not even utter a word. All his officers ground their teeth with rage and mortification, their eyes glaring and their hair standing on end. Drawing their swords they slashed at stones and shouted, “We are here fighting so desperately. Why should he surrender first?”

  The roar of their angry lamentation was heard for scores of li. Seeing how loyal they were to the House of Han, Jiang Wei soothed them: “Don’t grieve, gentlemen. I have a plan to restore the House of Han.”

  All of them wanted to know his plan. Jiang Wei whispered something in their ears.

  He ordered flags of surrender hoisted up all around the Sword Pass, and sent a messenger to Zhong Hui’s camp to announce that he would lead his chief officers there to submit. Zhong Hui was overjoyed to hear this and sent his men to welcome them in.

  “Why have you been so long in coming?” said Zhong Hui when Jiang Wei came.

  With tears in his eyes, Jiang Wei said seriously, “With the whole army of the state in my command, my coming here today is far too soon.”

  Amazed at his remark, Zhong Hui stepped down from his seat and bowed to him. He treated Jiang Wei as an honored guest.

  Jiang Wei said persuasively, “I hear that since you left Huainan, General, you have accomplished all your plans. The Sima family owes to your efforts for their good fortune, and so I am willing to bow my head to you. Had it been Deng Ai, I would have fought him to the death. I would never surrender to him.”

  Zhong Hui broke an arrow in two, and swore brotherhood with Jiang Wei. He became very intimate with Jiang Wei and let him retain the command of his own army, at which the latter secretly rejoiced. The envoy was sent back to Chengdu.

  As conqueror, Deng Ai arranged for the administration of the newly-gained territory. He made Shi Zuan Governor of Yizhou and appointed others to various posts. He also built a tower in Mianzhu to honor his conquest and gave a great banquet, to which he invited many former Shu officials.

  In the middle of the banquet Deng Ai said patronizingly, pointing at his guests: “You are lucky to have met me. If it were some other general you would all have been put to death.”

  The officials rose in a body to bow to him in gratitude. Just at that moment the envoy returned from the Sword Pass to say that Jiang Wei and his army had surrendered to Zhong Hui. The news stirred up a deep hatred in Deng Ai’s heart for Zhong Hui, so he wrote a letter to Sima Zhao in Luoyang.

  “Your servant Ai thinks that in war military threats should precede an actual attack. Now that we have overcome Shu it seems the best time to wipe out Wu. But after a major campaign, both officers and men are weary and unfit for immediate service. It is better to employ 20,000 men of the Longyou force and an equal number of the newly acquired Shu forces to produce salt,* smelt iron, and build ships to be ready for an expedition down the river. When these preparations are complete, send an envoy to Wu to explain the real situation to its ruler and that country can be subdued without a battle.

  “At present it is advisable to treat Liu Shan, the Second Ruler of Shu, well so as to placate Sun Xiu, Emperor of Wu. If Liu Shan were to be removed to the capital now, the men of Wu, apprehensive of what might happen to them, would not be persuaded to yield to our rule. Therefore I will keep him here temporarily and send him on to the capital by winter next year. Let him be created Prince of Fufeng at once and granted a sufficient revenue to support his attendants, while his sons be given noble ranks, thus demonstrating that favorable treatment follows submission. The men of Wu will yield to us out of their fear of our might and respect of our virtue.”

  Having read this, a deep suspicion rose in Sima Zhao’s heart that Deng Ai intended to establish his own authority, so he first wrote a private letter to the army inspector, Wei Guan, and then sent an edict to the successful general. The edict ran as follows:

  General Deng Ai has p
erformed a glorious service, penetrating deeply into an enemy country and forcing a usurping potentate to submission. His army moved in good time and the battle was finished within the day. Swiftly the clouds of war rolled away and the regions of Ba and Shu were conquered. His merit surpasses that of Bai Qi, who subdued the mighty state of Chu, and of Han Xin, who overcame the powerful kingdom of Zhao. He is hereby created Tai-yu, and bestowed a fief of 20,000 households, and his two sons are to be ennobled, each with a fief of one thousand households.

  After Deng Ai received the edict Wei Guan produced the letter from Sima Zhao, in which he said that Deng Ai’s proposals were yet to be brought to the attention of the Emperor of Wei and forbade him to act on his own without permission.

  Deng Ai said, “A general in the field may disobey the order of his prince. I have the Emperor’s command to conquer the west—why should he hinder me from carrying out my proposals?”

  So he wrote a reply and sent it to the capital by the hand of the envoy. Meanwhile, in Luoyang courtiers all claimed that Deng Ai intended to rebel, and their words deepened Sima Zhao’s suspicion of his general. At this time the envoy returned with Deng Ai’s letter, which read:

  I, Ai, was commissioned to lead the expedition to the west. Now that the chief of our enemy has submitted it is appropriate to take expedient measures to pacify those who have recently joined our cause. To await government orders for every step means long delays. As the Spring and Autumn Annals instructs us, “When a minister is abroad, he has the authority to do whatever is of benefit to the security of the throne and the state.”

  Now Wu, still unconquered, is bound to align with Shu, and we must not lose a good opportunity by sticking to conventional rules. The Art of War says, “To advance without thinking of personal gain, and retreat without shirking the blame.” Though I do not possess the fortitude of the ancients, I will not undermine the benefit of the state because of fears for my own reputation.