88. Peter Eavis, “How Trump’s Tariffs Tripped up Alcoa,” New York Times, 19 July 2018.
89. Daniel Ren, “Half of US firms in China foresee acute pain from new tariffs as trade war escalates, AmCham survey finds,” South China Morning Post, 12 September 2018.
90. Marc Jones, “Markets suffer worst year since global financial crisis,” Reuters, 20 December 2018.
91. David Welch, “GM Falls Victim to Trump’s Trade War as Metal Prices Sink Profit,” Bloomberg, 25 July 2018.
92. Boeing Statement, “Boeing Raises Forecast for New Airplane Demand in China,” 6 September 2017.
93. Scott Cendrowski, “Inside China’s Global Spending Spree,” Fortune, 12 December 2016; Keith Bradsher, “US Firms Want In on China’s Global ‘One Belt, One Road’ Spending,” New York Times, 14 May 2017.
94. US Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Sanctions Russian Cyber Actors for Interference with the 2016 US Elections and Malicious Cyber-Attacks,” 15 March 2018.
95. Henry Sanderson, “Metal prices surge after US sanctions on Rusal,” Financial Times, 19 April 2018; Henry Sanderson, “Alumina price hits all-time high as US sanctions hit Irish refinery,” Financial Times, 18 April 2018.
96. Heather Long, “Foreign suppliers are flooding the US aluminium market,” Washington Post, 1 March 2018.
97. Julian Barnes and Matthew Rosenberg, “Kremlin sources go quiet, leaving CIA in the dark about Putin’s plans for midterms, New York Times, 24 Augut 2018.
98. “Iran tells Trump to stop tweeting about oil prices,” Associated Press, 5 July 2018.
99. Owen Matthews, “U.S. Gives Russia ‘Unexpected Present’ With Iran Sanctions and Oil Price Surge,” Newsweek, 30 May 2018.
100. David Lawder, “US Commerce Dept Probing Steel ‘Profiteering’ After Tariffs,” Reuters, 20 June 2018.
101. US Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Political and Security Situation in Afghanistan, 3 October 2017.
102. Peter Frankopan, “These Days All Roads Lead to Beijing,” New Perspectives Quarterly (2017).
103. Henny Sender and Kiran Stacey, “China takes ‘project of the century’ to Pakistan,” Financial Times, 17 May 2017.
104. Centre for Strategic and International Studies, “Defining Our Relationship with India for the Next Century: An Address by Secretary of State Rex Tillerson,” 18 October 2017.
105. “HASC Hearing on National Security Challenges,” 6 March 2018, op. cit.
106. Deb Riechmann, “CIA: China is waging a ‘quiet kind of cold war’ against US,” Associated Press, 21 July 2018.
107. Indian Express, “Donald Trump’s quotes on India: Narendra Modi is a great man, I am a fan of Hindus,” 16 October 2016.
108. White House, “Vice President Mike Pence Editorial: ‘Donald Trump’s New American Strategy for Afghanistan Will Undo Past Failures,’ ” 21 August 2017.
109. US Senate, Political and Security Situation in Afghanistan, 3 October 2017.
110. Andrew J. Pierre, The Global Politics of Arms Sales (Princeton, 1982), pp. 221–2.
111. Richard Staar, Foreign Policies of the Soviet Union (Stanford, 1991), p. 250.
112. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, “Asia and the Middle East lead rising trend in arms imports, US exports grow significantly, says SIPRI,” 12 March 2018.
113. Saurav Jha, “The India-Russia-US Energy Triangle,” The Diplomat, 12 July 2018.
114. US Senate, Political and Security Situation in Afghanistan, 3 October 2017.
115. US State Department, “Briefing on the Indo-Pacific Strategy,” 2 April 2018.
116. US Pacific Command, “Raisina Dialogue Remarks: Let’s Be Ambitious Together,” 2 March 2016.
117. Greg Torode, Jess Macy Yu, “Taiwan courts security ties with bigger friends as Beijing snatches allies,” Reuters, 14 September 2018.
118. Dipanjan Roy Chaudhury, “Old friends better than two new friends: PM Modi to Putin,” Economic Times, 16 October 2016.
119. Raj Kumar Sharma, “For Durable India-Russia Relationship, Trade Ties Need to Expand,” Observer Research Foundation, 20 October 2018.
120. The New Indian Express, “India Has an Independent Policy, Keen to Procure Weapons from Russia: Bipin Rawat,” 7 October 2018.
121. Business Standard, “No joint patrols with foreign navies for India: Manohar Parrikar,” 26 July 2016.
122. News18, “We’re the Piggy Bank Everybody Likes to Rob: Trump Targets India at G-7 Over 100% Tariff,” 11 June 2018.
123. Indrani Bagchi, “Amid trade war, India offers to buy 1,000 planes, more oil from US,” Times of India, 23 June 2018; Neha Dasgupta, Nidhi Verma, “India, top buyers of US almonds, hits back with higher duties,” Reuters, 21 June 2016.
124. Sujan Dutta, “India, US sign landmark military communications secrecy pact at historic meeting,” The Print, 6 September 2018.
125. Times of India, “I’m first Indian PM you came out of Beijing to receive: PM Narendra Modi to Xi Jinping in Wuhan,” 27 April 2018.
126. Ankit Panda, “How Far Can Sin-India Joint Economic Cooperation in Afghanistan Go?,” The Diplomat, 1 May 2018.
127. India Today, “India, China ink 2 MoUs on sharing of Brahmaputra river data and supply of non-Basmati rice,” 9 June 2018; The Hindu, “India, China militaries to set up hotline after Wuhan meeting,” 2 May 2018.
128. Brent D. Griffith, “Giuliani: Trump is ‘committed to’ regime change in Iran,” Politico, 5 May 2018.
129. White House, “Remarks by President Trump on the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action,” 8 May 2018.
130. US State Department, “After the Deal: A New Iran Strategy,” 21 May 2018.
131. Kenneth Katzman, Iran Sanctions, Congressional Research Service, 29 June 2018, p. 60.
132. Asa Fitch and Aresu Eqbali, “Iran’s Rial at Historic Low as US Sanctions Loom,” Wall Street Journal, 30 July 2018; Thomas Erdbrink, “Protests Pop Up Across Iran, Fueled by Daily Dissastisfaction,” New York Times, 4 August 2018.
133. Virginia Pietromarchi, “US Sanctions Hit Iranian Patients Once Again,” Al-Monitor, 8 November 2018.
134. S. Zaidi, “Child Mortality in Iraq,” Lancet 350.9084 (1997), 1105; but now also see Tim Dyson and Valeria Cetorelli, “Changing Views on Child Mortality and Economic Sanctions in Iraq: A History of Lies, Damned Lies and Statistics,” BMJ Global Health 2, 2017, pp. 1–5.
135. US Department of State, Interview with Hadi Nili of BBC Persian, 7 November 2018.
136. Asharq al-Awsat, “Iran arrests 67 people amid approval for special corruption courts,” 13 August 2018; Bozorgmehr Sharafedin, “Iran parliament censures Rouhani in sign pragmatists losing sway,” Reuters, 28 August 2018.
137. Entekhab.ir, , 22 November 2018.
138. Agence France-Presse, “Iran urges UN court to halt ‘economic strangulation’ by US,” 27 August 2018.
139. Paris Today, “US lawyer: ICJ ‘lacks prima facie jurisdiction to hear Iran’s claims,’ ” 28 August 2018.
140. US Department of State, “After the Deal: A New Iran Strategy,” 21 May 2018.
141. Reuters, “Destroying Iran deal would have unforeseeable consequences, China’s Li warns,” 9 July 2018.
142. Imran Khan, “The US, electricity and Iran: What’s behind the Iraq protests,” Al-Jazeera, 21 July 2018.
143. Rohollah Faghihi, “How Trump is uniting Rouhani and Iran’s Revolutionary Guards,” Al-Monitor, 9 July 2018.
144. Kommersant, “Иран не та страна, на которую можно давить,” 18 July 2018.
145. El’nar Bainazarov, “Из Севастополя — в Тегеран и Дамаск,” Izvestiya, 21 August 2018.
146. Gordon Duff, “Iran Promises Trump ‘The Mother of All Wars
,’ ” New Eastern Outlook, 29 July 2018.
147. IRNA, “Pakistani media widely covers President Rouhani’s remarks,” 23 July 2018.
148. Donald Trump tweet, 23 July 2018.
149. Amanda Macias, “No walkback this time: National security advisor John Bolton doubles down on Trump’s Iran threat,” CNBC, 23 July 2018.
150. Tasnim News, سرلشکر سلیمانی خطاب به ترامپ: شما تا امروز چه ن July 2018.
151. Times of India, “Countries that continue to deal with Iran could face US sanctions, warns John Bolton,” 13 May 2018.
152. Yashwant Raj, “US wants India to stop Iran oil imports by November 4, no waiver on sanctions,” 27 June 2018.
153. Heesu Lee and Debjit Chakraborty, “Iran Oil Waivers: How India, Other Buyers Are Lining Up After US Exemptions,” Economic Times, 8 November 2018.
154. Office of the Supreme Leader, Iran, “Ayatollah Khamenei: Let Muslims lead fight on terror,” 24 May 2016.
155. “India commits huge investment in Chabahar,” India Today, 23 May 2016.
156. Ritesh Kumar Singh, “India Pushes for Stronger Eurasian Linkages,” Brink News, 29 July 2018.
157. “India Gets US Waiver for Development of Strategic Chabahar Port in Iran,” Indian Express, 8 November 2018.
158. F. M. Shakil, “Chabahar Port lures Afghan traffic away from Karachi,” Asia Times, 2 February 2018.
159. BNE Intellinews, “US to tolerate India’s Iran trade corridor but demands end to oil imports,” 28 June 2018.
160. Atul Aneja, “India, Uzbekistan to route their trade through Chabahar,” The Hindu, 10 June 2018.
161. Reuters, “Turkey says will not cut off trade ties to Iran at behest of others,” 29 June 2018.
162. Islamic Republic News Agency, “Turkey to continue to trade with Iran: Minister of Economy,” 11 May 2018.
163. Vahap Munyar, “Turkey ‘won’t take step back against US: Erdoğan,’ ” Hürriet Daily News, 29 July 2018.
164. Rufiz Hafizoglu, “Turkey does not intend to stop relations with Iran for sake of US—Erdoğan,” Trend, 25 July 2018.
165. Sam Borden, “Nike withdraws Iran World Cup squad’s supply of boots due to sanctions,” ESPN, 11 June 2018.
166. Reuters, “Total marks return with South Pars gas deal,” 3 July 2017.
167. Reuters, “China’s CNPC replaces France’s Total in Iran’s South Pars gas project, 26 November 2018; Chen Aizhu, “CNPC suspends investment in Iran’s South Pars after US pressure: sources,” Reuters, 12 December 2018.
168. Steven Mufson and Damian Paletta, “Boeing, Airbus to lose $39 billion in contracts because of Trump sanctions on Iran,” Washington Post, 9 May 2018.
169. Reuters, “China says will maintain normal ties with Iran,” 21 June 2018.
170. Peter Siegenthaler and Dahai Shao, “Swiss firms pushed to put Tehran dreams on hold,” Swissinfo.ch, 14 June 2018.
171. United States Securities and Exchange Commission, “Exxon Mobil Corporation Form 10-K,” 28 February 2018.
172. Henry Foy, “Exxon says to withdraw from Russia JVs with Rosneft,” Financial Times, 1 March 2018.
173. Die Welt, “Neuer US-Botschafter Grenell sorgt in Berlin für Ärger,” 9 May 2018.
174. Frankfurter Allgemeine, “Wie hart Amerikas Forderung deutsche Unternehmen trifft,” 11 May 2018.
175. Der Spiegel, “Altmaier nennt Schutz deutscher Firmen vor US-Sanktionen schwierig,” 11 May 2018.
176. Hans von der Burchard, “EU to block Trump’s Iran sanctions by activating old law,” Politico, 17 May 2018.
177. Emmanuel Macron tweet, 9 June 2018.
178. Roberta Rampton, “Any agreement with North Korea will be ‘spur of the moment’—Trump,” Reuters, 9 June 2018.
179. Armin Arefi, “Strobe Talbott: ‘Trump, c’est l’Amérique toute seule,’ ” 28 June 2018.
THE ROADS TO THE FUTURE
1. Barbara Stephenson, “Time to Ask Why: President’s Views,” American Foreign Service Association, December 2017.
2. Bill Faries and Mira Rojanasakul, “At Trump’s State Department, Eight of Ten Top Jobs Are Empty,” Bloomberg, 2 February 2018; Robbie Gramer, “Mapped: 38 US Ambassadorships remain empty,” Foreign Policy, 9 April 2018.
3. James Hohmann, “The Daily 202: Trump has no nominees for 245 important jobs, including an ambassador to South Korea,” Washington Post, 12 January 2018.
4. Maggie Haberman, Helene Cooper and Ron Nixon, “Melania Trump Says an Aide ‘No Longer Deserves the Honor of Serving in This White House,’ ” New York Times, 13 November 2018.
5. Jonathan Stempel, “Saudi Arabia must face US lawsuits over September 11 attacks,” Reuters, 28 March 2018.
6. Bruce Riedel, “Saudi defense spending soars, but not to America’s benefit,” Al Monitor, 13 May 2018.
7. White House, “Remarks by President Trump and Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Before Bilateral Meeting,” 20 March 2018.
8. Ibid.
9. US State Department, “Remarks with Saudi Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir,” 29 April 2018.
10. White House, “Remarks by President Trump and Crown Prince Mohammed, op. cit.”
11. Tim Marcin, “Donald Trump pitched ‘beautiful’ weapons to Qatar, then suggested country supports “radical ideology,” Newsweek, 6 June 2017.
12. The National, “Saudi official hints at Qatar-canal announcement,” 1 September 2018.
13. Reuters, “Iran sends planes of food to Qatar amid concerns of shortages,” 11 June 2017.
14. Lawrence Delevingne, Nathan Layne, Karen Freifeld, “Inside Qatar’s charm offensive to win over Washington,” Reuters, 5 July 2018.
15. White House, “Remarks by President Trump and Crown Prince Mohammed, op. cit.”
16. White House, Statement from President Donald J. Trump on Standing with Saudi Arabia, 20 November 2018.
17. Katie Paul, Idrees Ali, “Saudi Arabia Says It Is Beacon of ‘Light’ Against Iran Despite Khashoggi Crisis,” Reuters, 27 October 2018.
18. Reuters, “Saudi Arabia to Exclude German Firms from Government Tenders—Spiegel,” 25 May 2018.
19. Michel Cabirol, “L’Arabie Saoudite bloque le contrat des corvettes Meko A200 en Egypte,” La Tribune, 5 November 2018.
20. Josh Dehaas, “Saudi Arabia’s Demand That Students Go Home Could Hurt Canada Economy,” 6 August 2018.
21. Ivan Safronov and Tatiana Edovina, “ ‘Триумф’ для монарха. От первого визита в Россию короля Саудовской Аравии ждут ракетного контракта,” Kommersant, 5 October 2017.
22. Marc Bennetts, “Putin: Syria war is priceless for testing weapons,” The Times (London), 8 June 2018.
23. Richard Mably and Yara Bayoumy, “Exclusive—OPEC, Russia consider 10- to 20-year oil alliance: Saudi Crown Prince,” Reuters, 27 March 2018.
24. TASS, “Путин и Эрдоган наметили пути развития сотрудничества России и Турции,” 4 April 2018.
25. Carlotta Gail and Andrew Higgins, “Turkey Signs Russian Missile Deal, Pivoting From NATO,” New York Times, 12 September 2017.
26. Xinhua, “Turkey inks deal to buy S-400 missile,” 25 July 2017.
27. Hürriyet Daily News, “Ankara, Moscow seal historic S-400 missile deal,” 29 December 2017.
28. Reuters, “US’s Pompeo presses Turkey on S-400 missiles purchase from Russia,” 27 April 2018.
29. TASS, “СМИ: Турция рассматривает возможность приобретения истребителей Су-57 вместо F-35,” 29 May 2018.
30. Hürriyet Daily News, “Turkish, Chinese
army officials to meet soon,” 28 July 2018.
31. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, “Xi, Erdgogan agree to enhance China-Turkey cooperation,” 27 July 2018.
32. Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, “A New Era Will Be Heralded in Our Region Based on Stability and Prosperity,” 14 May 2017.
33. Global Times, “Look at China-Turkey ties objectively,” 20 August 2018.
34. Joe Gould, “Top 3 takeaways from Mattis on Capitol Hill,” Defense News, 26 April 2018.
35. TASS, “Зариф: США, а не Иран играют деструктивную роль в Сирии,” 29 April 2018.
36. TASS, “Россия, Турция и Иран договорились стимулировать переговоры по новой сирийской конституции,” 29 April 2018.
37. Hürriyet Daily News, “Russia, Turkey, Iran stress unity at Syria talks,” 28 April 2018.
38. Mark Galeotti, “The international army games are decadent and depraved,” Foreign Policy, 24 August 2018.
39. Robert Hutton, “Russia Using KGB Tactics to Wage War on West, UK Lawmaker Says,” Bloomberg, 4 June 2018.
40. House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, “Moscow’s Gold: Russian Corruption in the UK,” 15 May 2018.
41. Sophie Tatum, Barbara Starr, Mike Conte, “Mattis: Putin ‘tried again to muck around in our elections,’ ” 1 December 2018.
42. The Tower, “New Turkish Reports, Statements Trigger Scrutiny of New-Ottoman Foreign Policy,” 25 April 2013.
43. Diyar Guldogan, “Turkish Republic continuation of Ottoman Empire,” Anadolu Agency, 10 February 2018.
44. Dilly Hussain, “Turkish TV’s new-found love for all things Ottoman,” Middle East Eye, 29 September 2017.
45. For the Ottoman revival, see Nick Danforth, “Turkey’s New Maps are Reclaiming the Ottoman Empire,” Foreign Policy, 23 October 2016. For responses to the US, see Dorian Jones, “Turkey’s Erdoğan Vows Not to Bow to US Threats,” Voice of America, 29 July 2018.
46. Ministry of External Affairs India, “Official Spokesperson’s response to query on participation of India in OBOR/BRI Forum,” 13 May 2017.
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