by David Isaacs
Severn, Joseph 99–100
sexually transmitted disease
hepatitis B 136–137, 234–235
HIV see HIV
HPV seen as 230, 234–235
Shakespeare, William 28, 102, 149
shark-liver oil in vaccines 194
Shaw, George Bernard 225–226
Shenton, Joan 230
shingles 147–148, 149
definition 327
elderly people 180–183, 186
statistics 180, 182–183
vaccine 181–183, 245
side effects of vaccines see adverse effects of vaccines
Sidney, Lady Mary 28
Sidney, Sir Henry 28
silkworm disease 60
Sipuleucel-T 165–166
Sister Kenny Institute 83
skin vaccines 291–293
jet injectors 291–292
patches 292
slave trade 30
yellow fever 196
small head see microcephaly
smallpox 2, 9–10, 25–57, 120, 282, 293
anti-vaccination movement 225–226
compared with chickenpox 149
compared with measles 143
early history 25–40
eradication 2, 25, 51–57, 279,140
New Jersey tragedy 188
statistics 2, 29–30, 51, 57
symptoms 25–26
vaccine 120, 230, 253, 295
variola major 30, 54–55
variola minor 55
Smallpox Eradication Unit (SEU) 52, 94
Smith, Edwin 121–122
snuff and cancer 153
soaps in vaccines 194
Soccer World Cup 91
social media 236, 260 see also media
anti-vaccination movement 222
HPV vaccine 231, 233–234
social trust 254, 260–261
Socrates 126
soil and tetanus 122–125
Sontag, Susan 98
soot and cancer 153
sorbitol in vaccines 193
South Africa
BCG vaccine 291
childhood immunisation 279
HPV vaccine 163
South America
polio eradication 93
smallpox 25
yellow fever 195–196
South Sudan vaccine tragedy 192
South Wales smallpox outbreak 53–54
Southeast Asia
hepatitis B 157
rubella 147
Soviet Union
diphtheria immunisation 117
polio immunisation 87–88
soy beans, edible vaccines 289
Spanish influenza pandemic 10–12
Sparta 7
spastic cerebral palsy 238
speckled monster see smallpox
spine deformity see gibbus deformity
Spinney, Laura 10
Spooner Act 196
sport and hepatitis B 137
squalene oil in vaccines 194
Staphylococcus aureus see golden staph
‘State of the World’s Children, The’ (UNICEF) 268
statistics
dementia 287
diphtheria 118
DTP vaccine 268, 279
foreign aid 275–276
gastroenteritis 139
Hib 130–131
HIV 286
HPV vaccine 229–231
immunisation 262–263
malaria 285
measles 20–21, 141–142, 264, 274, 268, 279
MMR vaccine 215, 221
neonatal tetanus 174
pneumococcus 185
pneumonia 134
polio 2, 88, 90–92, 96, 203, 279
rotavirus 217
rubella 147
shingles 182–183
smallpox 2, 29–30, 51, 57, 109
yellow fever 195
STD see sexually transmitted disease
sterility 145
Stevenson, Juliet 209
Stewart, Gordon 22–23
Stewart, Mary 84
sticking plaster vaccines see patch vaccines
stillbirth 177
stomach
cancer 289
ulcers see gastric ulcers
strangler, the see diphtheria
strangulations, year of 112
Strategic Autism Initiative 221
Stravinsky, Igor 100
Streptococcus pneumoniae see pneumococcus
streptomycin 107
stroke 282
sucrose in vaccines 193
suicide and shingles 181, 182
surface antigen 289
surgery, tuberculosis 105
surveillance of vaccines 189, 204, 216–217, 219
Sushruta Samhita (ancient text) 26
Sutherland, Donald 76
Sweden
compensation for vaccine injuries 260
foreign aid 276
swine flu pandemic 326
Sylvia Stretcher 80–81
symbiotic organisms 13
syphilis
smallpox vaccine 48
Tuskegee studies 242–243, 246
tainted research 242–245
Nazi Germany 242
Tuskegee syphilis studies 242–243, 246
Willowbrook hepatitis studies 244–245
Taiwan, hepatitis B 158
Taliban, the 94–95
Tantalus 285
Tanzania, childhood immunisation 264
tau protein 287
TB see tuberculosis
Tdap-IPV vaccine 178
Tebb, William 40
telescoping of bowel see intussusception
Tench, Watkin 32–33
terminated pregnancies and vaccines 245–246
testicles
atrophy 145
swelling 144, 145
tetanus 2, 24, 121–125
antitoxin 187
Australia 255–256
developing countries 271
diphtheria antitoxin contaminated with 188
early history 121–122
elderly people 186
Expanded Programme on Immunization 264
neonatal see neonatal tetanus
smallpox vaccine contaminated with 188
symptoms 122–123
toxin 326
toxoid 326
vaccine 17, 119, 173, 295 see also DTP vaccine, Tdap-IPV vaccine
war and 121–124
thalidomide 168
Theresienstadt concentration camp 123
thimerosal see thiomersal
thiomersal
anti-vaccination movement 225
use in vaccines 192–193
third-world countries see developing countries
Thompson, JV 46
thoracoplasty 105
Thoreau, Henry David 97
Thoughtful House Center for Children, Texas 221
throat cancer 162, 257
thrush 9
Thucydides 7–8, 15, 34
Timoni, Emanuele 35, 37
tinea 9
tobacco
cancer 153
pneumonia 134
vaccines 289–290
tolerance, immunological 155–156
tomatoes, edible vaccines 289
Tommey, Polly 221
toxins
anti-vaccination movement 225
definition 326
diphtheria 113–114, 188, 326
tetanus 123–124, 326
toxoid vaccines
definition 326
diphtheria 113–114, 115–116, 123, 326
tetanus 123–124, 324, 326
tracheostomy 112–113
traffic accidents as cause of death 282
tragedies of immunisation 187–219, 226
Bundaberg (1926–1927) 190–192
compensation 258–260
Lübeck (1929–1930) 189–190
New Jersey (1909) 188
St Louis (1909) 188
/>
South Sudan (2017) 192
yellow fever 195–198
tragedy of the commons 17
Transfer Factor 211
transfusions, right to refuse 247–248
trials see clinical trials
Trump, Donald 223
trust in vaccines 222–223, 235–237, 260–261
tuberculin testing 103
tuberculosis 9, 20, 24, 97–109, 153, 282, 295
BCG vaccine 165
bovine 103–104, 165
early history 100–103
Expanded Programme on Immunization 264
developing countries 107–109, 271
pneumonia 135
statistics 100, 104–105, 109
symptoms 98, 101–103
treatment 105–107
vaccine 120, 189, 228
vaccine contaminated with 189–190
Turkey, variolation 35–38, 293
Tuskegee syphilis study 242–243, 245, 246
Tutu, Desmond 91
Twain, Mark see Clemens, Samuel
tweets see Twitter
23v-PPV vaccine 185
Twitter 233–234 see also social media
typhoid 8, 19, 60
vaccine 19
ulcers, stomach see stomach ulcers
umbilical stump and tetanus 125, 172, 173–174
UNICEF 265–269
Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative 267
immunisation 267–268
Kaye, Danny 266–267
United Kingdom, foreign aid 274–275
United Nations 280, 327
Children’s Fund see UNICEF
United States
BCG vaccine 190
foreign aid 276
HPV vaccine 230–235
MMR–autism controversy 222
unnatural, vaccines seen as 18, 226
USSR see Soviet Union
Vaccination Act 1853 (UK) 48–49
vaccination see also immunisation, vaccine
definition 326–327
development 40–47
origin of word 61
vaccine see also immunisation, vaccination, individual vaccines
adverse effects see adverse effects of vaccines
boosters see boosters
cold chain 192, 265–267, 293
contaminated 48, 51, 95, 188, 189, 191–192, 197, 219, 225, 245
controversies see controversies
cost see cost of vaccines
definition 327
dementia 286–288
developing countries 276–279
edible 289–290
future 295–296
immune system and 228
injury compensation programs 259–260
manufacturers see pharmaceutical companies
nasal 290–291
oral 288–289
patches 292–293
polysaccharide see polysaccharide vaccines
skin 291–293
surveillance 216–217
wish list 283–288
Vaccine Safety, Global Advisory Committee on see Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety
vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) 88–89, 96
vaccinia virus 40
‘Vaccinov’ 45
van Lom, Joost 111–112
VAPP see vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis
Varghese, Mathew 92–93
varicella see chickenpox
varicella zoster virus (VZV) 147, 181–182, 327 see also chickenpox, shingles
definition 327
variola
major 30, 54–55
minor 55
variolae vaccinae see cowpox
variolation 34–41, 293
Vatican, the 245–246
Vaxxed (film) 221
Veale, Henry 146
Verdi, Giuseppe 100
verrucas 160
Villareal, Juan de see de Villareal, Juan
viral infections 9–10
virgin soil outbreak 30
Virginia Historical Society (US) 47
virus, definition 327
Voice of America (radio show) 87
Voltaire 35
von Behring, Emil 114–115, 187–188
von Bokay, Janus 149
Vone, Theodore 66
VZV see varicella zoster virus
Wakefield, Andrew
MMR–autism study 23, 205–213, 221
move to Texas 221–222
struck off medical register 213–215, 221
Trump, Donald 223
Walker-Smith, John 212–214
Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne 161
war 12
effect on immunisation 55, 93–95, 195, 265, 279
spending on see military spending
tetanus and 121–124
Ward, Walter 203
ward of court, child as see child protection laws
Warm Springs Foundation (US) 72–73
Warren, Guy 75–76
Warren, Robin 164, 288
warts 160
Washington, George 196
Watergate 202
weapons, spending on see military spending
Wellcome Research Laboratories 115
Westmead Children’s Hospital see Children’s Hospital at Westmead
white death see tuberculosis
white plague see tuberculosis
WHO see World Health Organization (WHO)
whole-cell pertussis vaccine 128, 177
whooping cough see pertussis
Williams, Anna 116
Willowbrook hepatitis studies 244–245
Winfrey, Oprah 220–221
wish list, vaccines 283–288
workplace immunisation 258
World Health Assembly 57
World Health Organization (WHO) 51, 90–91, 93, 95–96, 280
congenital rubella syndrome 172
definition 327
developing countries 263
Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) see Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI)
foreign aid target 275
Global Polio Eradication Initiative
(GPEI) see Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI)
hepatitis B 158, 273
HPV vaccine 230
immunisation statistics 262–263
influenza 176
malaria 285
measles 20–21, 143, 274
neonatal tetanus 174
pneumococcus vaccine 185
rotavirus 139
Smallpox Eradication Unit (SEU) 52, 94
top 10 causes of death 282, 287
vaccine safety 219
worldwide vaccine target 274
yellow fever 195, 198
World War I
Spanish influenza pandemic 10
tetanus 124
World War II
Nazi Party see Nazi Party
tetanus 123–124
yellow fever 197–198
Wortley Montagu see Montagu
wounds and tetanus 124–125
Wyeth 199, 201–202
year of strangulations 112
yellow fever 295
statistics 195, 198
vaccine tragedies 195–198
yellow jack see yellow fever
Yersin, Alexandre 113
Young, Neil 76
Youngner, Julius 200–201
Zhou, Jian see Jian Zhou
zoster see shingles
Zukerman, Pinchas 76
zur Hausen, Harald 161–162
Photos Section
Willie Lincoln, son of Abraham Lincoln, who died of typhoid, aged 11, in 1862. (Library of Congress)
Author Roald Dahl with his wife, Patricia Neal, and their three children – from left to right, Theo, Tessa and Olivia. Seven-year-old Olivia died of measles in 1962. (Alamy)
A miniature from the Toggenburg Bible (Switzerland), dating from 1411, showing smallpox victims and a priest trying to treat them,
probably with herbs – aromatherapy was then a common remedy. (Wikimedia Commons)
Edward Jenner performing his first smallpox vaccination, on eight-year-old James Phipps, on 14 May 1796; painting by Ernest Board (1877–1934). (Wellcome Collection: CC BY)
In his famous 1802 cartoon The CowPock – or – the Wonderful Effects of the New Inoculation!, English satirist James Gillray depicted cows emerging from the bodies of people being vaccinated with the new cowpox vaccine. (Wellcome Collection: CC BY)
Lady Montagu in Turkish Dress by Jean-Etienne Liotard, c. 1756; Palace on the Water (Royal Baths Museum), Warsaw. While living in Turkey between 1716 and 1718, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu learned about the use of variolation to inoculate against smallpox. On her return to England she became a staunch promoter of the practice. (Wikimedia Commons)
A todlder with smallpox in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1970s. (Wellcome Collection: CC BY)
DA Henderson (second left), head of the WHO’s Intensive Smallpox Eradication Programme, visiting a vaccination clinic in Ethiopia in the 1970s. (Alamy)
Louis Pasteur at work in his laboratory (top) and in the field (above), inoculating sheep against anthrax in a field trial at Pouilly-le-Fort, France, 1881. (Both Wellcome Collection CC BY)
Flugelman with Wingman, Guy Warren’s 1985 Archibald Prize–winning portrait of fellow artist Bert Flugelman, who bravely battled polio. (Courtesy of Guy Warren/Art Gallery of New South Wales)
Spanish artist Joaquín Sorolla’s 1899 painting Sad Inheritance shows a monk helping two youngsters affected by polio to bathe in the sea near Valencia with other children. A polio epidemic had struck the city some years earlier. (Wikimedia Commons)
Australian nurse Sister Elizabeth Kenny (at left) won international fame for her unconventional polio treatments. (State Library of Queensland)
Such was Sister Kenny’s popularity in the United States that a Hollywood movie was made about her in 1946. The glamorous Rosalind Russell played Sister Kenny. (Alamy)
Polio patients in iron lungs, Rancho Los Amigos Respirator Center, California, 1953. Most recovered within days but some remained in an iron lung for the rest of their lives. (Alamy)
Actor Robert Young helped promote the March of Dimes campaign for polio prevention. Founded in 1938 by President Franklin Roosevelt, who himself was a victim of the disease, the March of Dimes did much to raise awareness in the United States of the benefits of immunisation. (Alamy)
In 1946 a special dime was issued to commemorate Roosevelt’s efforts to fight polio. (Wikimedia Commons)
Scientists Jonas Salk (left) and Albert Sabin (right) developed different polio vaccines in the 1950s and competed with each other for the rest of their lives. Between them, they saved millions from dying of or being crippled by polio. (Wikimedia Commons/Alamy)
Cartoons and candies sweetened the deal for younger children during the 1950s United States polio vaccination campaign, though this young lady does not look convinced the jab won’t hurt. (Alamy)