A People’s History of the World
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Washing machine 548
Washington, George 275
Warsaw Pact 546
Water wheel 34 ; in ancient Rome 84 ; use in Chinese industry 111
Watermill in medieval Europe 143 , 146
Waterways China 107 , 110
Watt, James 234 , 257
Wavell, Archibald 552
Weavers handloom 320
Webb, Beatrice and Sidney 385 ; on Soviet Union under Stalin 478
Weber, Max 141 , 182
Weimar Republic 466 (see also Germany 1919–21)
Welfare cuts in 1990s 588
Welfare dependency and Malthus 321–322
Welfare ‘reform’ in nineteenth century, in ‘long boom’, and in 1990s 549
Welfare state 549–550
Wells, H G support for war (1914) 385
Welles, Orson 518
Western Ukraine incorporated in Soviet Union 540
Wheel 34 , 45 , 318 ; use in Egypt 40 ; absence in Americas 167
Wheelbarrow reaches Europe 146
White Cloud 115
White Lotus 115 , 225
White Mountain, Battle of 198
White Terror France 1794–95 299
Wilberforce, William 311
Wildman, John 212 , 235 , 268
Willey, Gordon and Shimkin, Demitri quoted on collapse of Mayan civilisation 35
Williams, Eric 254 , 556
Wilson, Woodrow 456
Windmill 179 ; in Europe 143 ; industrial 233
Witchcraft convictions 241
Witches beliefs in 237
Wittfogel, Karl on ‘bourgeoisie’ in pre-imperial China 57
Wolfe Tone 303 , 308
Women ruling class 30 ; peasant 30 ; slave 30 ; seclusion of 122 ; position in early Islam 125 ; in German Peasants’ War 186 ; in English Civil War 208 ; in French Revolution 280 , 282 , 301 ; in 1848 Revolution 340 ; in Paris Commune 370 , 374 ; numbers married in paid employment 550
Women workers 322 ; in industrial revolution 381 ; low wages 383 ; in First World War 409 ; textile strike in February 1917 leads to revolution 413 ; growth of numbers in long boom 550–551 ; social results 551
Women’s liberation movement 583
Women’s oppression rise of 29–31
Women’s suffrage ideological resistance to 390 ; movements for 390
Woodhouse, C M on right-wing forces in Greece 538
Wool industry in Spain 194
Wordsworth, William 303
Workers, American struggles in 1880s, 1890s and early 1900s 398 ; Lawrence strike 402
Workers, British struggles of 1880s and 1890s 398–399 ; Great Unrest of 1910–14 402
Workers, Chinese after First World War 457–458 ; during Cultural Revolution 574–575
Workers, French struggles of 1880s and 1890s 399 ; key role in Resistance 536
Workers, German and Nazism 484 ; willingness to resist in January 1933 488 ; during Second World War 528
Workers in 1848 Revolution 335–340
Workers, Mexico numbers in 1910 460
Workers’ councils Germany (1918) 431 ; Austria (1919) 435 ; Hungary (1956) 564–566 (see also Soviets )
Workers’ Defence Committee 590
Workers’ governments 1923 443 ; China (1926–27) 458–459
Workers’ militias in Spain (1936) 503
Workers’ opposition 472 ; against Kronstadt rising 447
Workhouses 322 ; attacked 323
Working class creation and growth of in Britain 319–322 ; attitudes 321–323 ; struggles 323–325 ; character of in continental Europe in 1840s 337 ; Marx and Engels on 332–333 ; restructuring in 1890s and early 1900s 399 ; growth and restructuring in long boom 549
Working day reduced in Paris in 1848 338
Working hours in 1950s and 1960s 548
Working week forty hours won France (1936) 496
Worktime and rise of capitalism 321
World Bank 494 , 599
World financial crisis (1907) 460
Wright, Richard 517 , 519
Writing origins of 20 , 34 ; spread of 20
Wu of Han, Emperor 57
Wycliffe, John 178–179
Yalta conference 524 , 536 , 538
Yangtze Valley cultivation in 54 ; rise of rice cultivation 106 , 110
Yellow River and origins of Chinese civilisation 54
Yellow Turbans 61
Yeltsin, Boris 592
Yenan 555
Yeomen 204 , 210
Yorktown 265
Yuan Dynasty 115
Yuan Ts’ai 113–114
Yugoslavia, Resistance 540
Yugoslavia (1945–91) character of regime 540 ; 560 ; economic collapse and civil wars 595
Zamindars in Mogul India 225 , 228 ; become landowning class 356 ; 357 , 359 ; 455
Zanj revolt 135
Zapata, Emiliano 461
Zapotecs 20
Zealots 90
Zhou Enlai 576
Zhu De 554
Ziggurats 17
Zimbabwe liberation of 599
Zimbabwe, Great 138
Zinoviev, Grigori 472–473 ; opposes Bolsheviks taking power in 1917 422
Zionism 558–559
Zola, Émile 385
Zoroastrianism 97 , 108 , 126 , 128
Zulu wars British 394
Zwingli, Huldrych 178 , 183 , 188