Socrates
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Spiegelberg, Herbert. The Socratic Enigma. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc. 1964.
Stone, I. F. The Trial of Socrates. Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown and Company. 1988.
Trapp, Michael ed. Socrates from Antiquity to the Enlightenment. Aldershot, Hampshire and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company. 2007a.
__________, ed. Socrates in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Aldershot, Hampshire and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. 2007b.
Trivigno, Franco. “The Moral and Literary Character of Hippias in Plato's Hippias Major.” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 50 (2016), 31–65.
Vlastos, Gregory. “Introduction: the Paradox of Socrates,” in Vlastos, ed. The Philosophy of Socrates, 1–21.
__________. “The Historical Socrates and Athenian Democracy.” Political Theory 11 (1983), 495–516.
__________. Socrates: Ironist and Moral Philosopher. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1991.
__________. ed. The Philosophy of Socrates. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, Doubleday & Company. 1971.
Wiseman, T. P., ed. Classics in Progress: Essays on Ancient Greece and Rome. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 2002.
Wood E. M., and Wood, N. “Socrates and Democracy: A Reply to Gregory Vlastos,” Political Theory 14 (1986), 55–86.
Recommended Reading
The literature on Socrates is enormous. The Bibliography is limited to works actually cited in the text. Rather than attempting to provide a complete listing of relevant works, which would take many pages and which might well prove impossible, I want to mention a few books that the reader might wish to look at in taking the next step beyond this volume. I do not list below books or articles that are already mentioned in the Bibliography.
General historical background
John Boardman, Jasper Griffin, and Oswyn Murray, eds. The Oxford History of the Classical World (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1986)
On Socrates’ Athens
Bettany Hughes, The Hemlock Cup: Socrates, Athens and the Search for the Good Life (London: Random House, 2010)
On Athenian law
Douglas M. MacDowell, The Law in Classical Athens (Cornell: Cornell University Press, 1978)
On Socratic piety
Mark McPherran, The Religion of Socrates (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996)
On definition and Forms
R. M. Dancy, Plato's Introduction of Forms (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)
On reverence
Paul Woodruff, Reverence: Renewing a Forgotten Virtue, 2nd edn. (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014)
On the Gorgias
E. R. Dodds, Plato: Gorgias (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959). Introduction and Appendix
On Socratic perplexity
Gareth B. Matthews, Socratic Perplexity (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999)
On ancient philosophy as a way of life
Pierre Hadot, Philosophy as a Way of Life (Oxford and Cambridge, MA, 1995)
On Socratic moral psychology
Thomas C. Brickhouse and Nicholas D. Smith, Socratic Moral Psychology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010)
On the Republic
Julia Annas, An Introduction to Plato's Republic (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981)
On the death of Socrates, with special emphasis on its treatment through history
Emily Wilson, The Death of Socrates (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007)
Index
academic skeptics, 159–160
Aeschylus, 170
after-life, 109, 137, 138, 148–150
agnosticism, 3–4
Alcibiades, 2, 8, 112, 157, 161, 176
Allen, R.E., 140–141
Anaxagoras, 4–5
Antisthenes, 124, 158
Anytus, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 157
Apology of Socrates (Plato) challenge to Athenians, 38, 83, 101, 153
civil disobedience, 116
education of youth, 50
Euthyphro and, 55
I.F. Stone on, 175
immortality, 148, 149
irony, 52
knowledge of virtue, 42–43, 121, 146
Meno and, 22, 35
nature of gods, 65
Nietzsche and, 170
obedience to superiors, 114
polemic, 157
politics, 119, 122–124, 125
recollection, 36–37
Republic and, 136–138
service to the god, 63
Socrates’ innocence, 11
Socratic method, 20–27, 30, 35, 36, 37
source of information, 6, 8
trial account, 13–15
virtue and happiness, 90–91, 151
wisdom, 93, 144–145
Xenophon and, 18
See trial
Arcesilaus of Pitane, 160
Archelaus, 98, 99, 109, 118, 131
Arginusae, Battle of (406 BCE), 122
Aristippus, 124, 158
Aristophanes, 9, 10–11, 14, 17–18, 19, 51–52, 157, 166, 175
Aristotle De Sophisticis Elenchis,, 42
Metaphysics,, 20, 40, 57, 139
Middle Ages, 162
Nicomachean Ethics,, 20
Plato and Forms, 18, 20, 55, 57, 139 metaphysics vs. ethics, 139
Poetics,, 18
Socrates and, 158, 162 method, 18, 68
source of information on Socrates, 17–19
Aristoxenus, 158
Athens 5th century intellectual revolution, 3–5
history, 2–3
religion, 6–8
beauty, 45, 47, 85, 139, 141–142, 145–146
Berkeley, George, 163
Callias, 4
cave allegory, 140, 141, 142, 145 See also Republic
Charmides, 26, 28–30, 161, 173, 175
Charmides,, 21, 25–26, 27–30, 37, 81, 127, 161
Christianity, 155, 160–170
Chrysippus of Soli, 159
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 1, 160, 162, 163
Cimon, 107, 124
citizenship, 73, 121, 151
civil disobedience, 116–117
Clement of Alexandria, 160
Collins, Anthony, 163
comedy, 51–52
corruption of youth, 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11–12, 50, 161
courage, 2, 12, 25, 38, 41, 47, 69–71, 72, 74, 76–79, 85, 100, 108, 111, 151, 154
Cratylus,, 21, 135, 142, 153
Critias, 8, 26, 28–30, 37, 112, 157, 173, 175
Crito civil disobedience, 116–117
happiness (good life), 94, 99, 153
health, 96, 100, 107
immortality, 148, 149
knowledge and happiness, 92–96
Latin translation, 162
politics, 14, 113–122, 125, 130
Protagoras and, 111
setting, 93
social contract, 117, 120, 148
Socrates as speaker, 21
Socratic dialogue, 30, 93–94
speech of the laws, 113–117, 130
Cynic school, 158, 159
Cyrenaic school, 158
Daedalus, 1–2, 61
Darius, King, 2
death penalty, 12–14
definitions Form and, 20, 82–84, 139–40
I.F. Stone on, 175
knowledge and, 40–41, 58
piety, 58–61, 64–66
priority of definition principle, 40–41, 49, 57
virtue, 81–84
democracy Athens, 2–3, 5, 12
Gorgias,, 102
Socrates’ critique, 8, 9, 11–12, 14, 69–70, 112, 120–122, 134
twentieth-century view of Socrates, 172–176
demons, 161, 166
Descartes, René, 163
Devereux, Daniel, 111
dialectic. See elenchus
Diogenes Laertius, 63, 157
Diogenes of Sinope, 158
/> divine command theory, 59, 60, 116
elenchus Christianity and, 162
comedy and, 51–52
dialogues, 22–23, 30, 42 “middle” dialogues, 135–141, 153–154
ethics and metaphysics, 139
Euthyphro,, 51
examination of slave, 33–35, 84, 147
Hegel and, 165–166
issues, 30–31
logic, 25–26
Meno,, 21, 30–36, 138–139
method, 21–36, 138–139
Nietzsche and, 171–172
Plato's Apology,, 22–24, 35, 36, 37
Charmides,, 27–30
Sophist,, 26–27, 31
recollection, 33, 35, 36, 43
two-sided method, 35–36, 37
Xenophon and, 156
Enlightenment, 163
Epictetus, 159
Epicureans, 157
Epicurus, 157
Erasmus, Desiderius, 162–163
ethics Hegel, 164, 166, 168
Kierkegaard, 168–169
modern ethics, 102, 118–119
moral experts, 124–126, 134, 151–152, 153
nature of right and wrong, 59
reflectivity, 166
Socrates’ moral theory, 150
See also piety; virtue
Euclid, 147
Euripides, 170
Euthydemus,, 21, 36, 91, 92, 126, 153, 159
Euthyphro case and justification, 53–55
comedy and, 51–52
conclusion, 62–63
definition of piety, 49, 58–61, 64–66
elenctic dialogue, 51
Forms, 55–58, 82, 137
Hegel and, 165
impartial justice, 53, 54
knowledge, 52–53
other dialogues and, 66–67
perplexity, 61
piety, 49–67, 71, 75, 139, 146
setting, 50
Socrates and, 36 constructive contribution, 61–62
method, 21, 30
subject, 11, 14, 25
exceptional persons, 102–103
Ficino, Marsilio, 162
Forms being and becoming, 140–141
concept, 50
definition and, 82–84
Euthyphro,, 55–58, 82, 137
from Socrates to Plato, 152–153
goodness, 142–144
intelligible, 146, 147, 149, 152
Phaedo,, 21, 36, 140, 153
Republic,, 21, 137, 141
separate Forms, 20–21, 36, 45, 50, 55, 57, 135, 136, 137, 139–144, 152, 153
Franklin, Benjamin, 163
free speech, 1, 5, 121, 174, 175
goodness, Form, 142–144
Gorgias after-life, 109, 137, 138
Callicles, 25, 31, 93, 96–97, 100, 101–111, 120, 132, 172
conventional vs. natural justice, 101–103
critique of philosophy, 103
goodness, 142
happiness, justice and, 83, 113, 127, 153
hedonism, 104–105, 106, 126, 158
immortality, 148, 149
knowledge, 39, 43, 144, 147
method, 30, 31
parts of the soul, 110, 132, 150
politics, 88, 109, 123–124, 126, 151
Polus, 25, 93, 96, 97–100, 101, 102, 103, 110, 118, 120, 131
principle, 120
Protagoras and, 88–89, 111
rhetoric, 96–97, 106–107, 113
self-control, 100, 104, 105–106, 107–109, 110, 111, 137–138, 149, 150
Socrates and, 21 self-description, 88
subject, 14, 25, 36
virtue and happiness, 92–93, 96–111
Haldane, E.S., 164
happiness (good life) Crito,, 92–96, 107, 111, 153
eudaimonia,, 38, 39, 40, 91
Euthydemus,, 92, 153
See also Gorgias
health, 96, 100, 107, 150
hedonism, 76–80, 100, 104–105, 106, 126, 158
Hegel, Georg, 163–169, 173
Herodotus, 2
Hippias of Elis, 4
Hippias Major,, 21, 30, 57, 139
Hippias Minor,, 21, 30, 41
Hobbes, Thomas, 163
Homer, 4, 6, 11, 13, 87, 126, 148, 174
humanism, 162
Hume, David, 163
ignorance. See knowledge
immortality, 36, 109, 137, 148–150, 160–161, 169
impiety. See piety
intellectual revolution, Athens in 5th century, 3–5
Ion,, 21, 30
irony, 44–48, 49, 52, 63, 128–129, 138, 157, 165, 168, 169
justice conventional vs. natural justice, 101–103
definition, 128
happiness and, 110, 118–119, 150
impartiality, 53, 54
piety and, 61–62, 65, 75
wealth and, 127–128
See also politics; Republic
Justin Martyr, 160
Kahn, Charles, 138
Kant, Immanuel, 102, 118–119, 120, 163
Kierkegaard, Søren, 163–164, 168–170
King, Martin Luther, 116
knowledge Alicibiades and, 45–48
barren vs. fertile Socrates, 42–48, 49–50, 68, 90, 136, 137, 152, 155, 159, 161
belief and perplexity, 41
definitions and, 40–41, 58
epistemology, 141, 144–147
Euthyphro,, 52–53
expert knowledge, 54, 55, 73–74, 96, 125–6, 134, 174
happiness and, 92–96
hedonism and, 76–80
nature, 38–41
Plato's theory, 144–147
right opinion, 86–88, 126, 138, 144, 153
skeptics, 160
Socrates as midwife, 42, 43, 165
Socrates’ profession of ignorance, 37–38, 40–41, 44–45, 48, 49, 157, 170
Socratic fallacy, 41
Thrasymachus, 44–45
virtue as, 66, 68, 69, 71–72, 75–80, 90, 100, 171 practical wisdom, 66, 81–88
Stoics, 159
Laches, 2
Laches, 2, 16, 26, 69–72, 77, 82, 146 courage, 25, 69–71, 77
politics, 125
Socrates and, 36
Socrates as speaker, 21
Socratic dialogue, 16, 30, 127
virtue, 66, 68–72, 73, 77
Lane, Melissa, 173–174
Laws,, 149, 173
legacy 19th century, 155, 163–172
20th century, 172–176
ancient world, 155, 157–160
Christianity, 155, 160–170
Enlightenment, 163
Middle Ages, 162
overview, 155–176
perceptions of Socrates, 155–156
Reformation, 162–163
Renaissance, 162
scholarship, 155–156
Xenophon, 156–157, 158
Leibniz, Gottfried, 163
Leon of Salamis, 123
Locke, John, 163
Long, A.A., 159, 176
Luther, Martin, 163
Lycon, 5, 8
Lysias, 10
Lysis,, 21, 30, 142–143, 153
McCarthyism, 174
Marathon, Battle of (490 BCE), 2
martyr, 1, 14, 155, 162
Marx, Karl, 173
Meletus, 5, 8, 22, 50, 51, 57, 63, 119, 158
Menexenus,, 21, 23
Meno Apology and, 22, 35
examination of slave, 33–35, 43, 84, 147
Forms, 57, 139
happiness, 92
immortality, 148, 149
knowledge, 39, 84, 88, 89, 121, 126, 144, 147, 153
method, 30–36, 138–139
politics, 126
recollection, 33, 35, 36, 43, 84, 90, 121, 136, 137–138, 141, 144
Socrates as speaker, 21
Socrates’ trick, 100
Socratic perplexity, 25
virtue, 25, 26, 40, 66, 68–69, 81–89, 90, 91, 121, 126, 159
See also definit
ion
metaphysics See Forms
method Hegel and, 165–166
Nietzsche and, 171–172
recollection, 33, 35, 36, 84
Socrates’ trial and, 10
See also elenchus; irony
Miltiades, 107, 124
Montaigne, Michel de, 163
moral experts, 14–16, 124–8, 134, 151–152, 153
moral weakness, 20, 21, 68, 77–80, 88
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 163–164, 168, 170–172
open society, 173, 174
oracles, 13, 23–24
Origen, 160
Parmenides,, 140
Paul, Saint, 160
Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE), 2, 4
Pericles, 86, 92, 107, 120, 122, 124, 173
perplexity, 12, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 35, 40, 41, 61, 69, 84, 137, 138, 156, 165
Phaedo Forms, 21, 36, 140, 153
goodness, 142
immortality, 148, 149
Latin translation, 162
“middle” dialogue, 135
Nietszche and, 171
portrait of Socrates, 15
recollection, 36, 144
Phaedrus,, 21, 35–36, 140, 144, 149
Phainarete, 2, 42
philosopher-king, 12, 88, 126, 127, 134, 137, 152, 153 See also politics; Republic
piety care of the gods, 61–62, 63, 65