National security, and civil-military relations, 1–3
National Security Act of 1947, 406; on JCS functions, 432, 433, 434, 435; on role of Secretary of Defense, 440; inadequate authority to Secretary, 448, 449, 451, 451 fn. National Security Act of 1949, 416
National Security Act Amendments of 1949, 404, 422, 431; established Comptroller, 438; extended authority of Secretary, 448
National Security Council, 337; plan for defense, 384; and JCS, 395–396; and Department of Defense, 429, 433, 434, 436, 445, 446, 447, 451
National Security Industrial Association, 365
National security policy, and JCS, 434
National Socialistische Fiihrungsoffiziere (NSFO), 118
National strategy, and interbranch rivalry, 418–421
National War College, praised by fusionists, 352
NATO, participation by military in, 355, 356–357; attitude of JCS under Truman, 382
Natural genius, concept of, 28, 30, 52, 108–109
Naval Academy (England), 23, 25
Naval Advisory Board, 250
Naval construction, congressional interest in, 401
Naval Institute, U.S., 232
Naval Operations, Office of the Chief of, 183, 248, 250–251, 301–302
Naval War College, 232, 237
Navy, advancement system by seniority, 206–207; prevalence of Southerners, 214; isolation and rejection, 226–229; reform movement, 236–237; on civilian control, 262; access to Congress, 414–415, 420; balanced system of organization, 429 fn.; unification views, 432–433
Navy, Secretary of, office of, 164
Navy Department, influence of Jeffersonian technicism in, 200–203; Board of Navy Commissioners, 201; expansion and reorganization after 1812, 201, 202; Naval Strategy Board, 202; need for reorganization, 236; organizational reform, 247–251; balanced organization, 298; civil-military relations after 1915, 301–303
Navy Organization Act of 1948, 429 fn.
Navy Personnel Act of 1899, 248
Nazis, 113–122
Nelson, Donald, 339, 340, 341, 343
Nelson, Lord Horatio, 66, 75
Neo-Hamiltonianism, nature of, 147 fn., 270–273; failure of, 270–288 passim
New Deal, under Truman, 376
New Model Army (of Oliver Cromwell), 21 fn., 47
New Republic, 292, 312; reforming tendencies of, 270, 271
New York Sun, 268
New York Times, 451 fn.
Nichols, Major General Kenneth D., 360 fn.
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 458
Nimitz, Fleet Admiral Chester W., 360 fn.
Nitze, Paul H., 377
Nixon, Richard M., 398–399
Nonmilitary values, and military obedience, 76–78
Noske, Gustav, 110
Nuclear weapons, 394
Nuremberg “higher loyalty” philosophy, 353
Objective civilian control, 189–192, 260–263
Occupation governments and JCS, 434–435
Occupation governorships, 355–356
Office of Economic Stabilization, 341
Office of Procurement and Material in the Navy, 339
Office of Production Management, 339, 340
Office of the Secretary of Defense
(OSD), structure and organization, 432 fn.; needs of, 448–455
Office of War Mobilization, 338, 341
Officer, literary image of the, 461–463
Officer corps, and the state, 3; professional character of, 7–8, 16–17, 74; and reservists and enlisted corps, 17–18; emergence of, 19, 20; entry and advancement into, 23; competence and esprit, 26–27; early development in Prussia, 32–33; and political power, 86–89, 180; effect of isolation period on, 229–230; shaky morale, 460–461
Officership, professionalism of, 11–22, 464. See also Professionalism Ohly, John, 443, 447
Okada, Admiral Keisuke, 136
OKW, 118
Olds, Irving, 376
Operating policy, 1
Operations Division of the General Staff, 324, 335
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 391
Ordnance, Bureau of (Navy), 413
Ordnance Department (Army), 413
Organisation Todt, 118
Organization problems of postwar decade, 428–432
Organizational pluralism, Congressional support for, 422–423
Osborne, naval school at, 44
Pacifism, in U.S., 151–153
Palestine, 383
Papen, Fritz von, 113
Patterson, Robert P., 271 fn., 301, 321, 377, 434
Paulding, James K., 201, 248
Paullin, C. O., 206
Paulsen, Friedrich, 105
Pershing, General John J., 280–281, 367, 389, 414
Petersen, Howard C., 377
Peurifoy, John E., 377
Pierce, Franklin, 158, 159
Pluralism, organizational, 422–423; budgetary, 423–427
Pluralistic military strategy, enhanced by separation of powers and cold war defense, 400, 418–427
Policy maker, Secretary of Defense as, 454–455
Policy strategy, function of Department of Defense, 428, 440–455 passim
Political ideologies, and professional military ethic, 89–94
Political influence, of high commands, 24; of officer corps, 86–89
Political-military fusion, 350–354
Political roles, substantive and advocatory, 374–375; of Joint Chiefs of Staff, 374–399
Politics, and military science, 70–72; military participation in, 207–208, 210, 259–260; tradition of neutrality, 231–232
Polk, James K., 183, 185
Pompadour, Madame de, 24
Popularism, roots in Jacksonians, 193; in American military tradition, 203–210 Power, definition, 86; forms of, 86–89
Power politics, new interest in, 459
Powers, separation of, 400–427 passim
Pratt, Admiral W. V., 301
Preparedness, military attitude on, 264–265
Preparedness Subcommittee, 405–406
President, and Joint Chiefs of Staff, 318–319, 416–417; versus Congress, 400–427 passim; and Department of Defense, 429, 433, 436, 440, 445–446; and Secretary of Defense, 448, 449
Proctor, Redfield, 183
Production Requirements Plan, 339
Profession, concept of, 7–10
Professional competence, versus military obedience, 74–76
Professional military ethic, formulation of, 55–58, 61–62, 254; with respect to basic values and perspectives, 62–64; with respect to military policy and state, 64–78; realistic and conservative, 79; compared with political ideologies, 89–94; compatibility with political ideology, 94–96; dominance in German military mind, 100; Seeckt’s formulation of, 111; and the Japanese military mind, 126–127, 129; American attitude toward, 153–154; elements in Neo-Hamiltonism of, 270; interwar, 303–309; abandonment by military, 355
Professional military function, of Defense Department, 428, 429–437
Professional organizations, 10
Professionalism, of modern officer, 7, 8–10, 19, 30–39; and universal service, 37–39; Upton’s summary of, 54; development affected by separation of powers, 177–184; Southern contribution to military tradition, 193, 211–214; Hamilton’s views on, 194–195; Calhoun’s efforts to cause, 214–217; and Military Enlightenment, 217–221; the creative core, 230–237; compared with other countries, 233; during interwar period, 289–290. See also Military, The
Promotion, system revised, 297
Promotion, congressional power over, 406
Property requirement, in military service, 23, 24
Prussia, 21; eighteenth-century aristocratic institutions in the military, 22–28; advancement, 23, 45; education, 24, 48–49; staff system, 25, 26, 50–51 ; ineptness of officer corps, 27; development of military professionalism, 30–34, 36–42, 53–54, 99; universal service, 37–38. See also Germany
Prytan
ée Militaire, 43
Public Advertiser, 219
Purchase system, in British and French armies, 23; abolished in England, 43, 47
Quartermaster Association, 365
Quartermaster Corps, 413
Quartermaster General, in early staffs, 26
Quemoy, 397
Radford, Admiral Arthur W., as Chairman of JCS, 396–399, 436; on congressional access, 417
Radio Corporation of America, 363 fn., 366 fn.
Rainbow war plans, 317
Randolph, Edmund, 166
Reform liberalism, 289, 290–291
Reich, armies under, 118. See also Germany and Prussia Reichstag, 102, 110
Religion, revival of popular interest in, 458
Republican Party, political vehicle of Neo-Hamiltonians, 270, 271; Eisenhower’s service to, 372–373; attack on JCS, 460; administration of, 392
Reserve corps, 17, 283. See also National Guard Reserve Officers Association, 174
Reston, James, 378
Retirement system, 207
Rhineland, reoccupation of, 115, 118
Richmond Whig, 219
Rickover, Captain Hyman, 406 fn.
Ridgway, General Matthew, 356, 367, 390; dissent with Eisenhower administration, 395, 396, 397, 417
Riehlman Military Operations Subcommittee, 407
Riley, Lieutenant General William E., 360 fn.
Ritter Akademie, 24–25
Rockefeller Committee on Defense Organization, 395, 449
Röhm, Ernst, 113
Rommel, Erwin, 119
Roosevelt, Theodore, 147 fn., 157, 158 fn.; 185, 233, 368, 380; Assistant Secretary of Navy, 183; Neo-Hamiltonianism, 270, 271, 272; Rough Riders, 279
Roosevelt, Franklin D., as a master strategist, 319–321, 322; his leadership qualities lacking in Truman, 383
Root, Elihu, 380, 453; army reform, 247, 251; Neo-Hamiltonianism and standpatism, 270, 271, 297
Root, Elihu, Jr., Neo-Hamiltonianism, 271 fn.
Rosinski, Herbert, 106
Rotation policy, 388–389
ROTC program, 283
Royal Military Academy (Prussia), 25
Royal Military College (Sandhurst, England), 43, 44, 49
Royal Naval College (Portsmouth, England), 44, 50
Royal Navy (England), 23, 43
Royce, Josiah, The Philosophy of Loyalty, 305
Ruggiero, Guido de, 149
Rundstedt, Karl von, 121, 353
Rutledge, John, 179
S. A., 113, 117
S.S., expansion of, 118
Saionji, Prince (Japan), 132
St. Cyr, Gouvion, 34, 37, 38, 42, 52
St. Cyr, 42–43, 49
Saito, Admiral Makoto, 136
Salisbury, Robert Cecil, Marquis of, 66
Samurai, 124, 125, 135–136; “the return of,” 367–373
Satsuma, support of the military, 135
Saxe, Marshal Herman de, 29, 30
Scharnhorst, Gerhard von, 31, 34, 45, 48, 50
Schleicher, Kurt von, 112, 113
Schlieffen, Alfred von, 100, 104
Schoenaich, General von, 109
Schwan, Theodore, 235
Scott, General Winfield, 158 fn., 159, 160, 183, 207, 210, 211, 213, 367
Secretaries of Army, Navy, and Air Force, 431 fn.
Secretary of Defense, function, 428; weakness of office, 432, 438; role of, 433, 440–448; relations with Chiefs of JCS, 436–437; and Comptroller, 438–440; needs of the office, 448–455
Security, the requisite for, 456–457;
and conservatism, 463–464
Security threats, military view on, 66–67. See also Military security Seeckt, Hans von, 51, 111–112
Seishin Kyoiku, “spiritual mobilization,” 128
Selective Service Act of 1940, 271 fn.
Senate Armed Services Committee, 403–407, 408, 410
Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 403–407
Senate Government Operations Committee, 403 fn.
Senate military appropriations subcommittee, 403, 407–412
Senate Permanent Investigations Subcommittee, 460
Separation of functions, versus separation of powers, 400–427 passim Separation of powers, 177–184, 412–418; and objective civilian control, 191; and Cold War defense, 400–427 passim, and strategic monism, 418-
Seven Years War, 24
Seward, William Henry, 453
Shakespeare, William, Henry V, 73
Sheridan, General Philip, 210
Sherman, Admiral Forrest, on Munitions Board, 435; attitude on staff for Secretary of Defense, 451 fn. Sherman, General William T., 54, 234, 236, 264, 367; professional reform movement, 230–231
Sherwood, Robert E., 328
Shinto, doctrines of, 124–125
Signal Corps, 413
Sims, Admiral William S., 233, 249, 296, 304
Sino-Japanese War, 346
Sloan, Alfred P., 363 fn.
Smith, Lieutenant General Walter Bedell, 360 fn., 362, 369
Social Darwinism, 264; source of business pacifism, 223–224; influence on Neo-Hamiltonian ideas, 273
Social sciences, growing conservatism, 458
Societal imperative, 2–3
Society, military influence in American, 354–373
Somervell, General Brehon, 301, 339
South (U.S.), contribution to the military tradition, 193, 211–221 passim; Military Enlightenment, 217–221
South Korea, maintaining independence of, 387
Southern Literary Messenger, 219
Spaatz-Towers Committee, 447 fn. Spain, German forces in, 115
Special Military School (France), 42
Speidel, Hans, 122
Spencer, Herbert, 222, 224–225, 270, 347, 349
Staff College (England), 50, 52
Staffs, arrested development, 25–26; in Prussia, 50–51; France, 51–52; England, 52–53
Standing Army (and Navy), emergence of, 21; France’s ideas on, 166–169
Standing Liaison Committee, 320 fn. Stanton, Edwin M., 210
State, Secretary of, 453
State Department, minor role in direction of war, 321; relations with JCS, 351, 352; liaison with Defense Department, 360–361, 447; conservativism under Truman, 380–381; unity with Eisenhower administration, 392
State Department Policy Planning group, new realism, 459
State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (SWNCC), 320
States Rights, National Guard identifies itself with, 173
Steam Engineering, Bureau of, 413
Stearns, Harold, 291, 293
Steelman, John R., 376
Stettinius, Edward R., 322
Stevenson, Adlai, 372
Stimson, Henry L., 317, 321, 326, 330, 332, 380, 442, 453; Neo-Hamiltonianism, 271 fn.
Strategic bombing, 445
Strategic monism, 418–427
Strategy, and national policy, 262. See also Military entries Stratemeyer, General George E., 390
Strunsky, Simeon, 293, 294
Summerall, General Charles P., 287
Summerfield, Arthur E., 392
Sumner, William Graham, business pacifist theory, 223; view on war, 225
Supplies and Accounts, Bureau of, 413
Supply Priorities and Allocations Board, 339, 340
Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE), 355, 356–357
Symington, Stuart, 377, 419
Taft, Robert A., 368, 372, 386
Talbott, Harold E., 444
Tanaka, Giichi, 136
Taylor, Admiral H. C., 233, 249
Taylor, Telford, 353
Taylor, Zachary, 158 fn., 183, 367
Technicism, a force in American militarism, 195–203; struggle against, 246–253
Technological specialization, and rise to professionalism, 32
Thayer, Sylvanus, 197, 205
Thiebault, General Paul, 51
Third Reich, civil-military relations, 113–122.
See also Germany Thirty Years War, 21
Tirpitz, Admiral Alfred von, 102
Tobin, Maurice, 376
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 35, 146, 204
Tojo, Hideki, 136
Totalitarian government, military control identified with, 82
Toulon (French Naval Schools), 42
Transmutation, U.S. policy of, 155, 156–157
Trietschke, Heinrich von, 105
Truman, Harry S., 359–361, 379–380; contrasted with F.D.R., 383; and Korean War, 387; impounding of Air Force funds, 426
Truman Administration, appointments of military officers, 358, 359, 360; Joint Chiefs in, 374–387, 435 fn. Truman Committee, 325
Tuetey, Louis, 25
Twining, General Nathan F., 396
Ugaki, General (Japan), 132
Unification controversy, 420; and Congress, 404, 422, 423; and JCS, 417, 432–433, 436
Uniform Code of Military Justice, proposed changes, 461
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, garrison-state tendencies, 348; Cold War rivalry with U.S., 456; conservatism of the military enhances peace, 463
United Nations Korean Command, 355, 356
United States, military professionalism, 35, 36–37; conscription, 38; historical constants of civil-military relations, 143; liberal approach to military affairs, 143–157 passim; absence of objective civilian control in Constitution, 163; need for emergence of conservative environment for military security, 463–464
United States Maritime Service, military officers in, 358
United States Military Academy (West Point, N.Y.), 198–199, 213; Jacksonian hostility toward, 204–205; congressional system of appointments, 205–206; proposed reorganization, 216–217; Sherman proposals of reform, 231; changes in curriculum, 296; the military ideal, 464–466
United States Naval Academy, 190, 200, 311; postgraduate school, 295 fn.; changes in curriculum at, 296; congressional system of appointments, 205–206; Southern flavor, 213
United States Naval Lyceum, 218
Universal military training (UMT), campaign for, 285–287
Universal service, and professionalism, 37–39
Upshur, Abel P., 200
Upton, Emory, 54; naval reform movement, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 236; The Armies of Europe and Asia and The Military Policy of the United States, 232
Utilitarianism, and business pacifism, 223
Vagts, Alfred, 101
Vandenberg, General Hoyt, on JCS and budget, 444
Van Fleet, General James A., 390, 391
Vegetius, 29
Versailles Treaty, 115
Vinson, Carl, 404–405, 419, 420; quoted on congressional access of JCS, 415, 415 fn., 416 fn.
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