The Soldier and the State

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The Soldier and the State Page 65

by Samuel P Huntington


  Forrestal-class carrier, 408, 411

  Foster, William C., 377

  France, 21; eighteenth-century aristocratic institutions in the military, 22–28; advancement, 23, 45–46; education, 24, 49; staff organization, 25, 26, 51–52; ineptness of officer corps, 27; growth of professionalism, 33, 37; conscription in, 38; emergence of professional institutions, 42–43; professional competence and esprit, 53; the “repository of military science,” 197

  Frederick the Great, of Prussia, 22, 24,

  Frederick William, of Prussia, 22

  Frémont, John Charles, 158 fn., 159, 160

  Friedrich, Carl J., 152, 425

  Fritsch, Werner von, 117, 119, 120, 121

  Functional imperative, 2–3

  Functions, separation of, 400–412; duplication of, 401–403

  Fusionist approach, 350–354, 430, 459–460

  Fusionist policy, of JCS, 397

  Garfield, James A., 158, 159, 209

  Garrison-state hypothesis, 346–350

  General Board of the Navy, 414–415

  General Councel’s office, Department of Defense, 439

  General Motors Corporation, 363 fn., 364 fn.

  General Staff Act of 1903, 252, 298-General Staff Corps, 252–253

  Generalships, eighteenth-century theory of, 30

  Geneva Conference, 456

  George III, of England, 24

  Germany, army in, 51; civil-military relations, 98–124 passim; high standard of professionalism, 98–101; imperial balance in civil-military relations, 99–103; naval officer corps, 101, 103; governmental authority, 101–103; military authority, 102–103; naval expansion, 103, 105; political influence of imperial officer corps, 103–105; nationalistic and aggressive ideology, 105–106; military dictatorship, 106–109; Weimar Republic, 109–112; civilianism triumphant in Third Reich, 113–114; destruction of the military, 116–122; source of ideas of professional reformers, 234–235, 251, 257; U.S. military governorship in, 355–356. See also Prussia

  Gerry, Elbridge, 144

  Gessler, Otto, 110, 112

  Gleason, S. Everett, 331

  Gneisenau, Count August von, 31

  Godkin, E. L., 258

  Goltz, Count August von der, 105, 235 fn.

  Göring, Hermann, 118

  Grant, Ulysses S., 182, 367

  Gray Board, Report of, 172, 173

  Great Britain, advanced education, 49–50; distribution of military powers, 164; influence on pattern of American constitution, 164, 177–178; civil-military relations, 187; military organization, 210, 433 fn.; system of conducting war compared with America’s, 328–329; Minister of Defense compared with Secretary of Defense, 451, 451 fn. See also England

  Greenwich (England) naval college at, 50

  Gregory, Major General Edmund B., 360 fn.

  Grey, Charles, Second Earl, 47

  Gröner, Wilhelm, 103, 112, 113

  Gruenther, General Alfred M., 356, 447

  G-2 (Military Intelligence), staff study by, 335

  Guderian, Heinz, 119

  Guibert, Comte Jacques de, 28, 29, 30

  Haeften, Count von, 107

  Hague Conferences, 264

  Halder, Franz, 115–116

  Hall, Captain R. A.,-68 fn.

  Halleck, General H. Wager, 197, 234; Elements of Military Art and Science, 221

  Halsey, Admiral William F., 362

  Hamaguchi, Premier Yuko, 138

  Hamilton, Alexander, 148, 178, 198, 430; abortive professionalism of, 194, 195

  Hancock, General Winfield Scott, 158 fn., 159, 160, 162

  Hannegan, Robert E., 376

  Harbord, General James G., 298, 363 fn.

  Hardy, Porter, 407

  Harriman, W. Averill, 377

  Harrison, W. H., 158 fn.

  Hart, Liddell, 57, 64

  Hartz, Louis, 458

  Hay, John M., 453

  Hayashi, General Senjuro, 132

  Heroes, in liberal politics, 157–160;

  prestige, 367–373

  Hertling, Count von, 107

  Heye, Colonel General Wilhelm, 112

  Highland Falls (N.Y.), 464–465

  Hilldring, Major General John H., 360 fn.

  Himmler, Heinrich, 117–118

  Hindenburg, Paul von, 106, 112

  Hines, Brigadier General Frank T., 360 fn.

  Hirota, Koki, 132

  Hitler, Adolf, 77, 113–116, 117

  Hitlerism, guilt of generals in, 353–354

  Hoffman, Paul, 377, 378, 385

  Holcomb, Major General Thomas, 360 fn.

  Holt, Colonel Lucius, 296

  Hooker, General Joseph, 181

  Hoover, Herbert, 93 fn., 386

  Hoover Commission Task Force, 451,

  Hopkins, Harry, 319, 323, 330

  House Armed Services Committee, 403–407, 408, 410, 416, 419, 426

  House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 403 fn.

  House Government Operations Committee, 403–407, 420, 422

  House military appropriations subcommittees, 403, 407–412, 423,

  House Naval Affairs Committee, increased power of, 404

  Hughes, Charles Evans, 453

  Huidekoper, Frederick Louis, The Military Unpreparedness of the United States, 280 fn.

  Hull, Cordell, Secretary of State, 317, 321, 322, 326, 333, 453

  Hundred Years War, 21

  Huzar, Elias, The Purse and the Sword, 424 fn.

  Hydrogen bomb, 383

  Ickes, Harold L., 330, 380

  Ideologies, and military ethic, 94–96

  Ikes and Macs, 367–373

  India, source of ideas of professional reformers, 235

  Indians, 211

  Individualism, attacks on, 258, 267

  Indochina, 393, 396, 398

  Industrial Mobilization Plan, 338

  Industrialism, and militarism, 224–226

  Infantry Journal, 268, 283, 288 fn.,

  Infantry School Quarterly, 294 fn. Ingles, Major General Harry C., 366 fn.

  Institutional policy, 1

  Intelligence coordination and JCS, 434

  Interbranch rivalry, 418–421

  Internal security policy, 1

  International military commands, 355, 356–357

  International politics, 305–307

  Interwar civil-military relations, 289–311 passim

  Inukai, Premier Ki, 138

  Investigations, 422

  Isherwood, Benjamin, 232

  Ismay, Hastings, 356

  Isolationalism, 271

  Item veto, 427

  Jackson, Andrew, 158 fn., 208, 270, 368

  Jacksonian democracy, 193

  Jacksonians, attitude on military affairs, 156, 193, 203–204; hostility toward West Point, 204–205; hostility to the military, 224; attitude on war, 225

  Japan, pattern of civil-military relations, 98–99; national ideology, 124–125; the Japanese military mind, 125–130; military authority in dual government, 130–134; National Mobilization Law, 134; clan support of the military, 134–135; navy, 135; popular support, 137; military’s terroristic methods, 137–138; destruction of officer corps, 138; future civil-military relations, 138–139; as a garrison state, 348; U.S. military governorship, 355–356

  Jefferson Thomas, 196–198, 270, 453

  Jeffersonians, views on military, 156, 224; contributions to military tradition, 193; attitude on war, 225

  Jenner subcommittee on conduct of the Korean War, 390, 418 fn.

  Jessup, Brigadier General T. S., 213

  Jodl, Alfred, 117, 119

  Johnson, Louis, as Secretary of Defense, 378, 442–444, 453–454; opposed to defense spending, 384; on impounding of Air Force funds, 426

  Johnson, Lyndon, Preparedness Subcommittee, 406

  Johnston, R. M., Arms and the Race, 280 fn.

  Joint Army-Navy Munitions Board, 317, 318–319, 330–331, 338, 339, 435; balance of power policy, 379

  Joint Chiefs of
Staff, 318–324, 336; World War II policies, 333–334; problems of administrative coordination with State Department, 351–352; political role in Truman administration, 374–387; in Korean War, 387–391; in Eisenhower administration, 391–399; congressional access of, 415–418; Chairman of, 422, 436–437; postwar function of, 429–432; legal form and political reality, 432–437; and Comptroller, 439–440, 444; and Secretary of Defense, 440–448, 449, 452–453; current attitude toward, 460

  Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 403 fn.

  Joint Intelligence Committee of JCS, 434

  Jomini, Baron Henri, 197, 255, 277

  Jones, James, From Here to Eternity, 462

  Jones, Colonel Roger, 213

  Jones, William, 200

  Joy, Admiral Turner, 390

  Judaism, 458

  Junker aristocracy, 103

  Kato, Admiral Tomosaburo, 136

  Keitel, Wilhelm, 117, 119

  Kennan, George, 377; “Sources of Soviet Conduct,” 381; appreciation of power politics, 383–384, 459

  Kentucky Military Institute, 219

  Kilday, Paul J., 404–405

  King, Admiral Ernest J., 302, 319, 336

  Kipling, Rudyard, 153, 462

  Kiralfy, Alexander, “Japanese Naval Strategy,” 128 fn.

  Kiyoura, Viscount, 132

  Knox, Frank, 321, 330; as military spokesman, 442

  Knox, Major General Henry, 143

  Kodo (the Imperial Way), 128

  Konoye, Prince Fumimaro, 132

  Korean War, 383, 384; attitude of JCS under Truman, 382, 386; attitude of generals, troops, and public, 387–391

  Kriegsakademie (Berlin), 48, 99

  Kuter, Major General Lawrence S., 360 fn.

  Kyes, Roger, 393, 444

  LaFollette, Robert M., 368

  Landwehr, Prussian militia, 38

  Langer, William L., 331

  Larned, Charles W., 227 fn.

  Lasswell, Harold, 11, 391; garrison-state hypothesis, 346–350

  League of Nations, 115, 118

  Leahy, Admiral William D., 334; Chief of Staff to Commander in Chief, 318; old associate of Roosevelt, 319; on JCS, 429; relations with General Gruenther, 447 fn.

  Leavy, Major General Edmond H., 358 fn.

  Lecoq, General von, 50

  Leeb, Wilhelm von, 121

  Liberalism, compared with military ethic, 90–91; prevalence in U.S., 143–148; difficulties in foreign affairs and defense, 148–151; hostility to military profession, 153–155; military policy, 155–157; victory over Neo-Hamiltonianism, 271; continued dominance and tension over security problem, 345–346, 456–457; of Truman domestic policy, 376; of defense under Eisenhower, 393–397; weakening in military matters of, 456–466 passim

  Lilienthal, David E., 376

  Lincoln, Abraham, 185

  Lincoln, Colonel G. A., 324

  Lippmann, Walter, 292, 458, 460

  Lloyd, Henry, on war, 28–30

  Locke, John, 383

  Lodge, Henry Cabot, 270

  Long, John Davis, 183

  Louis XV, of France, 24

  Lovett, Robert A., 431 fn.; importance in Truman administration, 377, 378, 380; political distrust of, 385; on Korea, 387; on budget, 438; policy strategist role, 443, 444, 446–448; on JCS, 448–449; on staff, 451 fn.; caliber, 453, 454

  Loyalty, significance of concern with, 304–305

  Luce, Rear Admiral Stephen B., 230, 232, 236, 248

  Ludendorff, Erich Friedrich Wilhelm, 103, 106, 108, 114, 317, 349, 372, 388; Der Totale Krieg, 108

  Luftwaffe, 118

  MacArthur, General Douglas, 77, 160, 285, 304, 323, 362; fusionist theory of, 353; military governorship of Japan, 356; prestige and political involvement, 367–373; firing of, 383, 385, 386; General Marshall on, 389; attitude on Korean War, 390, 391; hearings on relief of, 405, 460; on budget, 414

  McCarthy, Joseph R., 460

  McClellan, George B., 154, 158 fn., 159, 160, 181, 210, 367

  McCloy, John J., 377, 380

  McGranery, J. P., 376

  McGrath, J. Howard, 376

  McKay, Douglas, 392

  McLaughlin, Walter H., Jr., 363

  McMahon Act of 1946, 434

  McNarney, General Joseph T., 300

  McNarney Board, 439, 445

  McNeil, Wilfred J., 377, 439–440, 444

  Macs and Ikes, 367–373

  Madison, James, 166, 169, 185, 453

  Mahan, Admiral Alfred Thayer, 197, 212, 233, 236, 264, 278, 279; The Life of Nelson, 75 fn.; navy organization, 248; and Neo-Hamiltonianism, 270, 273, 278; The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783, 270, 275; at Naval War College, 274; views and discontent with naval profession, 275–278; popular writing, 278–279

  Mahan, Dennis Hart, 234, 258, 371; gospel of professionalism, 218, 219; writings, 220; contribution to American military professionalism, 220–221

  Mahon, George H., on impounding of Air Force funds, 426

  Mailer, Norman, The Naked and the Dead, 461–462

  Manhattan District Project (Army), 434

  March, General Peyton C., 282 fn.; Chief of Staff, 299

  Marine Corps Bill of 1952, 420

  Marine Corps controversy, 420, 421, 425, 426

  Marshall, General George C., 319, 325, 363 fn.; political appointments in Truman Cabinet, 359, 360–361; in anti-MacArthur group, 368–369, 389; importance to Truman foreign and defense policies, 377–380; returns to professional military ethic, 381; on Korean War, 387; on Pershing’s loyalty, 414; military spokesman role when Secretary of Defense, 442; high caliber, 453, 454

  Marxism, 92–93

  Mason, George, 165, 177–178

  Massenbach, Colonel Christian von, 50

  Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 218, 219, 232; views on naval organization, 219–220

  Maxim, Hudson, 293

  Mercenary system, 20–22

  Mexican punitive expedition of 1916, 389

  Meyer, George von L., 303

  Michaelis, Georg, 107

  Michels, Robert, Political Parties, 95

  Miles, General Nelson A., 210

  Militant Liberty, sponsored by Admiral Radford, 397

  Militarism, Jeffersonian contribution toward, 193; Southern sources of, 211–213; and religious moralism, 223; and industrialism, 224, 226; and democratic government, 260–261; pragmatic usages of, 290–294. See also Professionalism Military, definition of, 433 fn.

  Military, The, and the state, 70–78, 80–89; conservatism, 154, 257–258; participation in politics, 180–184, 367–373; business pacifist’s attitude toward, 226; professionalization of, 230–237; relations with society, 282–289; role within the government, 307–309; and civilian ethics, 309–310; and Congress, 324–325, 412–418; adjustment to wartime power and postwar plans, 326–337; rapprochement with business, 361–367; departmental structure of, 428–455 passim

  Military and Naval Construction Act of 1951, 405

  Military and Naval Magazine, 219

  Military Appropriations process, 407–412

  Military budget, congressional pluralism in, 423–427

  Military chiefs, congressional access of, 415–418

  Military conservatism, problem of postwar tension with liberalism, 345–346

  Military dictatorship, Germany, 106–109

  Military Enlightenment, 234

  Military ideal, 464–466

  Military integrity, 460–461

  Military literature, 28–30

  Military Magazine, 219

  Military mind, 59–61, 254–268

  Military obedience, and professional competence, 74–76

  Military officer, 7, 11–18; the Framers’ concept of, 165–166; in civil governmental positions, 355–361

  Military organization, executive and legislative positions on, 181–183

  Military power, basis of, 317, 318

  Military professionalism, developed by Prussia, 30–32; in modern Germany, 99–101; clash with Nazi approach,
114–116; and business reform hostility, 289–290; versus separation of powers, 412–418. See also Professional Military Ethic Military research and development, 434

  Military Review, 294 fn., 394 fn. Military schools, 24–25. See also individual schools by name Military science, 71; recognition of, 218

  Military security, postwar problem, 345–346; enhanced by Congress, 421; the requisite for, 456–457; and conservatism, 463–464

  Military Service Institution, 251; Journal of the, 235 fn.

  Military spokesman, Secretary of Defense as, 441–442

  Military strategy, 71, 72, 181

  Military strength, military view toward, 67–68; national politics respecting, 180–181; Eisenhower’s service toward reduction of, 371, 372, 373

  Military thinking, preprofessional, 28–30

  Militia, Framers* ideas on, 166–169; problems arising from militia clauses, 170–172

  Militia Act of 1792, 170

  Millis, Walter, on morale in Korean War, 391

  Moltke, Count Helmuth von, 47, 51, 64, 70, 100–101, 104, 114 fn., 264

  Monism, strategic, 418–427

  Morgenthau, Henry, 330

  Morgenthau, Hans J., 459

  Morley, Viscount John, 291

  Morris, Gouverneur, 166

  Mowrer, Edgar Ansel, 379

  Müller, Chancellor Hermann, 113

  Mumford, Lewis, 292

  Munich, 116

  Murphy, Charles J. V., 436 fn.

  M.V.D., 82

  Myrdal, Gunnar, 146

  Napoleon Bonaparte, 70; army of, 34

  Nation, 312

  Nation in arms, concept of, 37

  Nation State, factor in growth of professionalism, 32–33; primacy of the,

  National Association of Manufacturers, 363

  National Defense, Council of, 263

  National Defense Act, of 1916, 176, 298, 401, 415; of 1920, 174, 176, 283, 297, 300, 415

  National Defense Advisory Commission, 339

  National forces, dual control over, 177–184

  National Guard, 171–173, 191, 283; constitutional symbolism, 173–174; state and national representation, 174; congressional increases in, 425

  National Guard Association, formation and functions, 171–173; influence with Congress, 175–176

  National Guard Bureau, 174

  National Guardsman, 175

  National Mobilization Law (Japan), 134

  National policy, and strategy, 262–263; attitude of military toward, 263–264; World War II, 329–335

 

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