14. Greene to Chevalier de la Luzerne, April 28, 1781, NG, 8:168; Greene to Jeremiah Wadsworth, July 8, 1781, NG, 9:41; Knox to John Adams, October 21, 1781, FO.
15. John Mathews, April 12, 1782, Massey (2000), 216.
16. William McDowell, March 23, 1782; May 5, 1782; May 28, 1782; July 2, 1782, McDowell, 314-325.
17. Greene to Benjamin Lincoln, February 6, 1782, NG, 10:322.
18. Greene to Washington, January 24, 1782, NG, 10:256; March 9, 1782, NG, 10:471-472.
19. Greene to John Hanson, NG, 11:50.
20. Greene to John Mathews, April 1, 1782, NG, 10:568.
21. Greene to Robert Morris, April 22, 1782, NG, 11:93-94.
22. Greene to Jeremiah Wadsworth, February 9, 1782, NG, 10:338.
23. Greene to Joseph Reed, February 27, 1782, NG, 10:414.
24. Oscar Reiss, Medicine and the American Revolution (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1998), 3-31; J. R. McNeill, Mosquito Empires; Ecology and War in the Greater Caribbean, 1620–1914 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 43, 52-53.
25. Denny, 46-47; William McDowell, diary, NG, 11:679n1; Greene to Leslie, September 24, 1782, NG, 11:694; McCrady, 487.
26. Greene to Charles Pettit, November 2, 1782, NG, 11:398n1.
CHAPTER SEVEN: THE “BLOODIEST, CRUEL WAR”
1. O’Hara to Grafton, January 6, 1781, O’Hara, 171.
2. James Henry Craig to Cornwallis, May 28, 1781, Lawrence E. Babits and Joshua B. Howard, Long, Obstinate, and Bloody: The Battle of Guilford Courthouse (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 5; Gray, 145; John Doyle to Francis Marion, November 20, 1781, NG, 9:595.
3. William Pierce to St. George Tucker, July 20, 1781, Pierce, 434; Aedanus Burke to Arthur Middleton, January 25, 1782, Middleton, 192.
4. January 8, 1782, A. S. Salley Jr., ed., Journal of the House of Representatives of South Carolina, January 8, 1782–February 26, 1782 (Columbia: Historical Commission of SC: 1916), 9-10.
5. Greene to Rev. Ezra Stiles, September 29, 1782, NG, 11:708; Greene to Caty Greene, January 12, 1781, NG, 7:103.
6. Anthony Wayne, March 20, 1782, F. D. Lee and J. L. Agnew, Historical Record of the City of Savannah (Savannah: J. H. Estill, 1869), 66; Justin S. Liles, “The Reluctant Partisan: Nathanael Greene’s Southern Campaigns, 1780–1783,” MA thesis, University of North Texas, May 2005, 28; Nisbet Balfour, March 3, 1781; Francis Marion, March 7, 1781, Ben Rubin, “The Rhetoric of Revenge: Atrocity and Identity in the Revolutionary Carolinas,” Journal of Backcountry Studies, 5:2, Fall 2010, 8; Wayne E. Lee, Crowds and Soldiers in Revolutionary North Carolina (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2001), 179; William Pierce to St. George Tucker, July 20, 1781, Pierce, 434; Stephen Drayton to Thomas Burke, July 16, 1781: Clark, 15:512; Moses Hall, Dann, 202-203; Henry Reid, 1787 statement, Lee (2001), 190.
7. Ward (2002), 225, 226ff; William Henry Foote, Sketches of North Carolina (New York: Robert Carter, 1846), 279; Moultrie, 299-300.
8. John Marshall, The Life of George Washington, vol. 4 (Philadelphia: G. P. Wayne, 1805), 537.
9. Moultrie, 1802, 301, 303.
10. Pastor Simpson, November 5, 1783; George Howe, History of the Presbyterian Church in South Carolina, vol. 1 (Columbia: Duffie and Chapman, 1870), 465; Moultrie, 354-355.
11. Greene to John Rutledge, December 19, 1781, NG, 10:20-21.
12. Greene to John Steward, December 26, 1781, NG, 10:107; to John Rutledge, January 21, 1782, NG, 10:229; Lee (1812), 445.
13. Greene to Washington, May 19, 1782, NG, 11:213.
14. Washington to Greene, September 23, 1782, NG, 11:693.
15. Washington to Greene, April 23, 1782, NG, 11:110; Greene to John Eager Howard, June 6, 1782, NG, 11:294.
16. Clinton to Germain, October 29, 1781, DAR, 20:252; Francisco de Miranda, NG, 9:642-643; Leslie to Clinton, December 1, 1781, Davies, 1979, 267-268.
17. Leslie to Clinton, November 30, 1781, Clinton (1954), 589.
18. Leslie proclamation, December 15, 1782, Scots Magazine (Edinburgh: A. Murray and J. Cochran, 1782), 44:28-29.
19. Leslie to Germain, April 23, 1782, HMC, 2:463.
20. Leslie to Clinton, March 27, 1782, HMC, 2:434; to Carleton, June 27, 1782, HMC, 2:543-544.
21. Earl of Shelburne, prime minister, to Guy Carleton, April 4, 1782, DAR, 21:53.
22. Leslie to Carleton, June 27, 1782, HMC, 2:543-544.
23. James Chastillier, NG, 11:117; Leslie to Clinton, January 29, 1782, HMC, 2:388; Hans von Knoblauch–Baron von Jumgkenn, March 9, 1782, NG, 10:419n3.
CHAPTER EIGHT: NORTH CAROLINA: TWO COMBUSTIBLE COMMANDERS
1. Mcgeachy, 8.
2. Leslie to Germain, November 13, 1781, HMC, 2:348.
3. MacDonald, 139; Mcgeachy, 24.
4. Jean-Pierre Wallot, “Sir James Henry Craig,” DCB; Henry Bunbury, Narratives of Some Passages in the Great War with France from 1790 to 1810 (London: Richard Bentley, 1854), 182-183.
5. Hairr, 92; Mcgeachy, 4-5.
6. William Dickson, McGeachy, 6-7.
7. Caruthers (1856), 352.
8. Graham, 355.
9. Craig to Nisbet Balfour, May 28, 1781, Mcgeachy, 7; Greene to Alexander Martin, September 27, 1781, NG, 9:400.
10. Gray, 156.
11. Royal Gazette, Charlestown, SC, February 20, 1782, Ward (2002), 225; Archibald Maclaine to George Hopper, ca. 1783, Clark, 16:966.
12. Greene to Rutherford, October 18, 1781, NG, 9:452.
13. Samuel A. Ashe et al., eds., “Griffith Rutherford,” Biographical History of North Carolina from Colonial Times to the Present (Greensboro: Charles L. Van Noppen, 1905), 381-385; Harding; MacDonald, 14-15.
14. Harding; Ashe, op. cit.; MacDonald, 8, 18-19, 22.
15. Ashe, op. cit.; MacDonald, 42, 47-48.
16. MacDonald, 57; Ashe, op. cit.; Harding.
17. Rutherford to William Christian, August 5, 1776, MacDonald, 73.
18. Cornwallis to Henry Clinton, August 29, 1780, Clark, 15:276.
19. Hairr, 156-157; MacDonald, 128-132, 138, 143.
20. Graham, 55-56; NBS, 3:375-376; MacDonald, 147-148; NG, 9:484; Craig to Nesbit Balfour, October 22, 1781, Hairr, 160.
21. Graham, 369-370.
22. John D. Jones in Mcgeachy, 24.
23. NBS, 3:395-397.
24. MacDonald, 162-164, 176; Harding.
25. Hairr, 65; Allen; Selesky, 351; Johnson (1851), 569; NCHP; Caruthers (1854), 144-145.
26. OED; Fanning (1865), x.
27. Caruthers (1854), 140.
28. Caruthers (1854), 145; NCHP; Hairr, 10-13.
29. Fanning (1865), x; Fanning (1908), 9.
30. NCHP; Fanning (1908), 13.
31. NCHP; Caruthers (1854), 157.
32. Caruthers (1854), 165-168, 194.
33. Fanning (1908), 23-24.
34. Craig to Nesbit Balfour, October 22, 1781, Hairr, 163-164.
35. Fanning (1908), 18-19.
36. Fanning (1908), 27-32; NBS, 3:40-44.
37. NBS, 3:59-60; Hairr, 183-189.
38. NCHP; Allen.
CHAPTER NINE: GEORGIA: “MAKING BRICKS WITHOUT STRAW”
1. Greene to Washington, January 24, 1782, NG, 10:256.
2. Evan Edwards to Walter Stewart, February 1, 1782, NG, 10:176.
3. Alastair W. Massie, “Clarke, Sir Alured (1744–1832),” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, [2004] 2008); DNB, “Clark, Alured,” 10:415; Peter Burroughs, “Sir Alured Clarke,” DCB.
4. HMC, 2:128.
5. Moultrie, 336; Greene to John Martin, January 9, 1782, NG, 10:173.
6. Foster, 16; Jones (1883), 496.
7. Charlton, 3, 59, 63-64.
8. Charlton, 1, 7; Selesky, 561-562.
9. Foster, 17-20; Peckham, 92; Jackson to Nathan Brownson, November 7, 1781, Jackson, 56.
10. DAR, 20:260.
11. John Twiggs to Greene, December 3, 1781, NG, 10:67, NG, 10:19n5.
12. James Wright to George Germain, December 18
, 1781, DAR, 20:279.
13. Jones (1883), 506; Daniel T. and Rita Folse Elliott, Seasons in the Sun: 1989 and 1990 Excavations at New Ebenezer (Savannah: LAMAR Institute, 1991), 6.
14. NG, 10:177n1.
15. [Isaac Wayne], “Biography of General Wayne,” Casket, 4:11, November 1829, 498.
16. Wayne to Greene, April 28, 1782, NG, 11:139.
17. Wayne to Washington, July 4, 1779, Nelson (1985), 3.
18. Alexander Graydon, Nelson (1985), 3; Greene to James McHenry, July 24, 1781; Hugh F. Rankin, “Anthony Wayne: Military Romanticist,” George Washington’s Generals, ed. George Athan Billias (New York: William Morrow, 1965), 282; Lee (1827), 443.
19. Ebenezer Elmer, 1776, Nelson (1985), 2.
20. Washington, March 9, 1792, Opinion of General Officers, GW.
21. John Armstrong, “Life of Anthony Wayne,” The Library of American Biography, vol. 4 (Boston: Hilliard, Gray, 1835), 4.
22. Stillé, 8-10.
23. Nelson (1985), 57-58; Washington, November 1, 1777, General Orders.
24. Wayne to Walter Stewart, June 7, 1779, Register of Pennsylvania, 4:3, July 18, 1829, 34.
25. Nelson (1985), 137.
26. Greene to Wayne, January 9, 1782, NG, 10:175.
27. Greene to Wayne, January 22, 1782, NG, 10:236.
28. Charlton, 38; Foster, 18.
29. Wayne to Greene, February 6, 1782, NG, 10:326; February 22, 1782, NG, 10:397-398; February 28, 1782, NG, 10:423.
30. James Wright to Germain, January 23, 1782, DAR, 21:29; Wayne to Greene, January 26, 1782, NG, 10:267; Harrington, 32.
31. NG, 10:302-303.
32. Stillé, 289; Harrington, 33; Jones (1883), 507.
33. Benjamin Fishbourne to Greene, March 25, 1782, NG, 11:537.
34. Peckham, 95; NG, 11:76n1, 3; Wayne to Greene, April 18, 1782, NG, 11:76n1, 3; NG, 11:169-170n1; Wayne to Greene, May 7, 1782, NG, 11:169.
35. William Gordon, The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment of the Independence of the United States of America (London, Charles Dilly: 1788), 299.
36. Wayne to Greene, June 24, 1782, NG, 11:365-367; Capt. Alexander Parker, from Lee, NG, 11:3675.
37. Wayne to Greene, June 24, 1782, NG, 11:366; Thomas Brown to the Earl of Shelburne, September 23, 1782, NG, 11:367n1.
38. Harrington, 33; NG, 10:397n3. Sir Patrick is sometimes confused with his father of the same name, who died before the war.
39. Wayne to Greene, March 11, 1782, NG, 10:486; Nelson (1985), 169; Kenneth Coleman, The American Revolution in Georgia, 1763–1789 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1958), 143.
40. Leslie to Clinton, March 12, 1782, HMC, 2:418.
41. Nelson (1985), 172-173.
42. Smith (2007).
43. Wayne to Greene, July 12, 1782, NG, 11:440.
44. Jackson, 60.
45. Jasanoff, 70-72; Harrington, 34; NG, 11:346n2.
46. Henry Nase, July 11, 1782: Jasanoff, 70.
47. Nelson (1985), 178; Smith (2007).
48. Greene to Wayne, August 2, 1782, NG, 11:479-482.
49. Lossing, 741.
50. Wayne to Greene, February 28, 1782, NG, 10:423.
51. Foster, vii-viii, 22.
CHAPTER TEN: LESLIE’S WORK
1. A. S. Salley Jr., “Col. Miles Brewton and Some of His Descendants,” South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, 2:2, April 1901, 142-143; Josiah Quincy Jr., March 7, 1773, George C. Rogers Jr., Charleston in the Age of the Pinckneys (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1980), 69-70; Esther Singleton, The Furniture of Our Forefathers, Part VII (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1906), 494.
2. Coy, 28.
3. Lambert, 137, 162-163.
4. Leslie to Carleton, July 17, 1782, HMC, 3:24; Leslie to Carleton, June 10, 1782, HMC, 2:518.
5. McCrady, 492-493, NG, 9:xlvii.
6. Leslie to Don Juan Manuel Cagigal, June 12, 1782, Leslie, Letterbooks, 15593.
7. Ramsay, 62-63, 229, 234, 243.
8. Ramsay, 121; John André, 1780: Quarles, 112.
9. Quarles, 157.
10. Birkin, 2005, 125; Schama, 8-9; Selesky, 923; Quarles, 122-126.
11. Frey (1991), 121-123, 138; Olwell, 255; Farley, 75-76.
12. Schama, 124.
13. Thomas Sumter to Francis Marion, February 20, 1781, Frey (1991), 139; Pinckney to Arthur Middleton, August 13, 1782, Olwell, 259; William Matthews, January 17, 1782, Olwell, 258-259; William Bull to Germain, March 25, 1782, DAR, 21:51.
14. NG, 11:91-92n7; Olwell, 259; William Seymour, Seymour, 393.
15. Greene to Washington, April 15, 1782, NG, 11:65.
16. Leslie to Carlton, June 27, 1782, Farley, 84.
17. Leslie to Francis Marion, April 4, 1782, Gibbes, 153.
18. Leslie to Greene, April 4, 1782; Mathews to Leslie, April 12, 1782, NG, 10:583-584n3.
19. Leslie to Francis Marion, April 4, 1782, Gibbes, 153; Leslie to Thomas Fraser, March 27, 1782, Frey (1991), 137.
20. Carleton to Leslie, May 23, 1782, Leslie, Letterbooks, no. 15587; Carleton to Leslie, July 15, 1782, HMC, 3:19-20.
21. Franklin to Joseph Galloway, May 11, 1782, DAR, 21:73.
22. Leslie to Greene, May 23, 1782, NG, 11:235.
23. Greene to President John Hanson, May 21, 1782, NG, 11:227-228.
24. Washington to Lafayette, October 20, 1782, GW.
CHAPTER ELEVEN: “HOWLINGS OF A TRIPLE-HEADED MONSTER”
1. NG, 10:xi.
2. John Laurens to Washington, June 11, 1782, GW; Wayne to Robert Morris, September 2, 1782, Nelson (1985), 180; O’Kelley, 579; General Orders, April 20, 1782, NG, 11:80; April 22, 1782, NG, 11:87-88.
3. Greene to Marion, April 28, 1782, NG, 11:134.
4. Seymour, 387-391.
5. Lee to Greene, January 26, 1782, NG, 10:264; Rankin (1973), 275-277.
6. Chorlton, 119-120; Clifton, 281-282; Edelson, 200.
7. Henry Laurens to Smith and Clifton, July 17, 1755; Henry Laurens to John Laurens, August 14, 1776, Chorlton, 120.
8. Martha Laurens to Adams, January 16, 1782, JA, n1.
9. Wallace, 464-465.
10. Laurens to James Laurens, April 17, 1772, Simms (1867), 13-14; Massey (2000), 68-69.
11. Lafayette to John Lewis Gervais, October 8, 1777, Massey (2000), 75.
12. James McHenry to Elias Boudinot, July 2, 1778, Massey (2000), 110.
13. John Laurens to Henry Laurens, January 22, 1778, Simms (1867), 110-111; Henry Laurens to John Laurens, July 26, 1778, Massey (2000), 113.
14. Massey (2000), 125; Nancy Isenberg, Fallen Founder: The Life of Aaron Burr (New York: Viking Penguin, 2007), 47.
15. Caroline V. Hamilton, “The Erotic Charisma of Alexander Hamilton,” Journal of American Studies, 45:1, April 12, 2010, 14-15; Chernow (2004), 95; Hamilton to Laurens, April 1779, Chernow (2004), 123; Laurens to Hamilton, July 14, 1779, FO.
16. Moultrie, 1:402-404.
17. Laurens to Washington, May 25, 1780, GW.
18. Lafayette to Adrienne de Noialles de Lafayette, February 2, 1781, Idzerda, 3:310.
19. Lafayette to Laurens, February 3, 1781, Idzerda, 3:315.
20. Hamilton to Laurens, February 4, 1781, Massey (2000), 176.
21. Vergennes to Lafayette, April 19, 1781, Wallace, 482; Vergennes to La Luzerne, May 11, 1781, Perkins, 335.
22. Franklin to William Carmichael, August 24, 1781, FO.
23. Franklin to Robert Livingston, July 22, 1783, FO; Adams to Robert Livingston, February 21, 1782, FO.
24. 1 livre is equivalent to 18 cents (Hamilton to Ternant, June 23, 1792, FO); Wallace, 484-486; Laurens to John Adams, April 28, 1781, JA, n2-3; Rappleye, 241; Franklin to William Carmichael, August 24, 1781, FO; Perkins, 335-336.
25. Hamilton to Lafayette, October 15, 1781, FO.
26. Laurens to Francis Kinloch, spring 1776, Wallace, 475; John Laurens to Henry Laurens, January 14, 1778, Simms (1867), 108.
27. David Ramsey to William Henry Drayton, September 1, 1779, Farley, 81
.
28. Chernow (2010), 212-213; Washington to Laurens, February 18, 1782, FO.
29. Greene to John Rutledge, December 9, 1781, NG, 10:22.
30. Aedanus Burke to Arthur Middleton, February 5, 1782, Middleton, 194.
31. Rutledge to Arthur Middleton, February 8, 1782, NG, 10:229n4.
32. William Pierce to St. George Tucker, February 6, 1782, NG, 10:230n4; Greene to Robert Livingston, April 12, 1782, NG, 11:35.
33. Laurens to Washington, May 19, 1782, GW; Washington to Laurens, July 10, 1782, GW.
34. Coy, 44; Farley, 85; Leslie to Clinton, March 12, 1782, HMC, 2:417; Quarles, 108.
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE SWAMP FOX MEETS HIS MATCH
1. McDowell, 319.
2. Tilden, 217.
3. Moultrie, 341.
4. Leslie (1782).
5. Pennsylvania Gazette, July 31, 1782, Ward (2002), 175-176.
6. Lee (1812), 415; NG, 11:86n1.
7. Dorchester background, Daniel J. Bell, Old Dorchester State Park Visitor’s Guide (South Carolina: SC Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism, 1995); Steven and Mindy Steele, “Early Dorchester,” Swamp Fox Brigade: South Carolina in the American Revolution, http://swampfoxbrigade.blogspot.com/2011/11/early-dorchester.html.
8. Greene to John Rutledge, December 3, 1781, NG, 10:3-4.
9. In the mid-twentieth century, Walt Disney produced a TV series about the Swamp Fox that was short-lived, but often rerun. In 2000, The Patriot, with superstar Mel Gibson, showed Marion as a nonslaveholder (contrary to facts) and “exaggerated the Swamp Fox legend for a whole new generation.” Amy Crawford, “The Swamp Fox,” Smithsonian, July 1, 2007, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/fox.html.
10. William Dobein James, A Sketch of the Life of Brig. Gen. Francis Marion, ed. Alan R. Light (Charleston: Gould and Riley, 1821), ch. 2.
11. William Moultrie, James, op. cit., ch. 1.
12. Rankin (1973), 45.
13. Greene to Marion, December 4, 1780, NG, 6:520.
14. Otho Williams, “A Narrative of the Campaign of 1780,” rpt. in William Johnson, Sketches of the Life and Correspondence of Nathanael Greene (Charleston: A. E. Miller, 1822), 488.
15. Henry Lee IV, son of Henry “Light-Horse Harry” Lee, Lee (1827), 433.
16. John W. T. Watson, Lossing, 772.
17. Cornwallis to Henry Clinton, December 3, 1780, Tarleton, 205; Tarleton, 174; Gray, 144.
18. Marion to Greene, November 18, 1781, NG, 9:589-590.
19. Adjutant general of Alexander Stewart, McCardy, 1902, 489-490.
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