20. “Memoir of the Late Lieutenant-Colonel William Brereton,” United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine, 1831, Pt. 1 (London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1831), 516-517; H. G. Purdon, Memoirs of the Services of the 64th Regiment (London: W. H. Allen, 1882), 8ff.
21. My Heritage, “Joseph Henry Videau,” http://www.myheritage.com/person-3005506_114888091_114888091/joseph-henry-videau#!events; Leslie to Clinton, January 29, 1782, HMC, 2:389.
22. Marion to Greene, January 15, 1782, NG, 10:197n1.
23. Ellis, 8.
24. Ellis, 7.
25. Thompson to the Rev. Timothy Walker, December 24, 1774, Ellis, 68.
26. Samuel Curwen, May 24, 1781, Ellis, 114.
27. Thompson to Germain, January 15, 1782, Brown (1979), 328n12.
28. Marion to Greene, January 15, 1782, NG, 10:196.
29. Rivington’s Royal Gazette, April 13, 1782, Brown (1979), 83; Parker, 59; Rankin (1973), 272-273; NG, 10:499n2.
30. Thompson to Leslie, February 25, 1782, HMC, 2:406-407.
31. NG, 10:420-421n6.
32. Rankin (1973), 280-282; NBS, 3:74.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: “BLOODY BILL” CUNNINGHAM RAIDS THE BACKCOUNTRY
1. Ward (1845), 643, 648.
2. Moultrie, 302; Ward (1845), 646.
3. Selesky, 293; Lambert, 147; Ward (1845), 639.
4. Ward (1845), 640.
5. Thomas Sumter to Greene, November 14, 1781, NG, 9:575-576; Ward (1845), 644.
6. Lambert, 147-148.
7. Greene to Thomas Sumter, November 2, 1781, NG, 9:517-518.
8. Lambert, 148; NG, 9:651-653n3.
9. LeRoy Hammond to Greene, December 2, 1781, NG, 9:651-653.
10. Lambert, 148-149; John W. Gordon, South Carolina and the American Revolution: A Battlefield History (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2003), 171-172.
11. Ward (1845), 646.
12. Thomas Sumter to Greene, November 14, 1781, NG, 9:575-576.
13. Parker, 295.
14. NG, 9:651-653n4.
15. NBS, 3:387.
16. NBS, 3:387.
17. NBS, 3:401.
18. NG, 9:651-653n5.
19. Maham to Greene, May 20, 1782, NG, 11:226.
20. NBS, 4:96; McCrady, 630-631.
21. Ward (1845), 647; Wilbur H. Siebert, Loyalists in East Florida 1774 to 1785, vol. 2 (Deland: Florida State Historical Society, 1929), 315; Selesky, 293; J. B. O’Neal, “Random Recollections of Revolutionary Characters and Incidents,” Southern Literary Journal and Magazine of Arts, vol. 4, no. 1, July 1838, 40-45.
22. Leslie to Carleton, September 8, 1782, NG, 11:607-608n2-7.
23. Leslie to Carleton, September 8, 1782, NG, 11:607-608n2-7.
24. Marion to Greene, August 30, 1782, NG, 11:607.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: LAURENS AND HIS GLORY
1. Greene to Lee, December 21, 1781, NG, 10:85.
2. Leslie to Clinton, November 30, 1781, NG, 10:145n2.
3. McDowell, 311.
4. McDowell, 311-312.
5. Greene to John Rutledge, January 16, 1782, NG, 10:206.
6. Greene to Lee, April 22, 1782, NG, 11:90-91.
7. McDowell, 315-316.
8. Greene to Otho Williams, September 17, 1782, NG, 11:670; Greene to Lee, June 6, 1782, NG, 11:295; McDowell, 324.
9. Laurens to Greene, August 3, 1782, NG, 11:484.
10. Laurens to Greene, August 3, 1782, NG, 11:484; August 5, 1782, NG, 11:489-490; August 13, 1782, NG, 11:536.
11. Leslie to Greene, August 13, 1782, NG, 11:538.
12. Greene to John Hanson, August 28, 1782, NG, 11:584.
13. Leslie to Carlton, September 8, 1782, Leslie (1782).
14. Jeff Grigg, “A Brief History of Combahee Ferry for the Harriet Tubman Bridge Dedication, October 18, 2008,” http://sc150civilwar.palmettohistory.org/combaheehistory.pdf.
15. Leslie to Brereton, August 21, 1782, Leslie, Letterbooks, no. 15637.
16. Estimates are 500–1,200; 800 is in Johnson (1822), 336; “An Historical Sketch of the 64th Regiment,” Robertson.
17. William Pierce Jr. to Gist, August 23, 1782, NG, 11:570.
18. Selesky, 435-436; Richard J. Cox, “A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of the Mordecai Gist Papers,” Maryland Historical Society, 1975, http://www.mdhs.org/findingaid/gist-papers-1772-1813-ms-390.
19. Laurens to Greene, August 24, 1782, NG, 11:570.
20. Gist to Greene, August 27, 1782, NG, 11:579. Tar Bluff has also been called Chehaw Point, although it’s on the Combahee, not the Chehaw.
21. Gist to Greene, August 27, 1782, NG, 11:579; McDowell, 328.
22. Johnson (1822), 340.
23. Brereton to Leslie, August 27, 1782, NG, 11:581n3.
24. Gist to Greene, August 27, 1782, NG, 11:579.
25. Seymour, 392; Brereton to Leslie, August 27, 1782, NG, 11:581-582n5.
26. “An Historical Sketch of the 64th Regiment,” Robertson; Johnson (1822), 340.
27. Casualty numbers vary by source. NG, 11:582n9; Leslie to Carleton, September 8, 1782, Leslie (1782).
28. Gist to Greene, August 27, 1782, NG, 11:579-580.
29. Brereton to Leslie, August 27, 1782, NG, 11:581n7; Leslie to Carleton, September 8, 1782, Leslie (1782); NG, 11:581n3; “Memoir of the Late Lieutenant-Colonel William Brereton,” United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine, 1847:2 (London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1831), 516-517.
30. Gist to Greene, August 27, 1782, NG, 11:581.
31. Charlestown Royal Gazette, September 7, 1782, Wallace, 490-491.
32. Greene to Washington, August 29, 1782, Washington; Washington to Greene, October 18, 1782, GW.
33. Washington to William Gordon, March 8, 1785, GW.
34. Greene to Otho H. Williams, September 17, 1782, NG, 11:670.
35. Hamilton to Greene, October 12, 1782, FO.
36. Chernow (2004), 173.
37. Washington to Lafayette, October 20, 1782, GW.
38. Adams to Henry Laurens, November 6, 1782, FO.
39. Henry Laurens to Mary Laurens, December 20, 1782, Chesnutt, 110-112.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: AT LAST, THE EVACUATION
1. Greene to Thomas Burke, February 24, 1782, NG, 10:407.
2. Leslie to Clinton, December 27, 1781, DAR, 20:288.
3. Leslie to Greene, August 5, 1782, NG, 11:492; Greene to Leslie, August 9, 1782, NG, 11:508-509.
4. Prisoners aboard Lord Howe to Greene, August 12, 1782, NG, 11:529.
5. Washington to William Stephens Smith, January 22, 1783, Washington; Jones (1979), 277.
6. Royal Gazette, August 7, 1782, Lambert, 180.
7. Jones (1979), 270; Frey (1991), 177.
8. Leslie to Carleton, August 2, 1782, NG, 11:490n4; Leslie to Carleton, September 8, 1782, Leslie (1782).
9. Carleton to Leslie, August 15, 1782, HMC, 3:71; Leslie to Carleton, September 8, 1782, Leslie (1782); Leslie to Carleton, November 18, 1782, DAR, 21:40.
10. Greene to Anthony Wayne, December 12, 1782, NG, 12:281; Christopher Gadsden to Francis Marion, November 13, 1782, ed. John Bennett, “Marion–Gadsden Correspondence,” South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, 41:2, April 1940, 55, accessed via JSTOR.
11. Leslie to Carleton, November 18, 1782, DAR, 21:140.
12. Jones (1979), 273; Lambert, 172.
13. Parker, 56; Olwell, 31, 98.
14. Jasanoff, 74.
15. Leslie to Carleton, June 27, 1782, HMC, 2:544.
16. Leslie to Carleton, October 3, 1782, HMC, 3:150.
17. Leslie to Carleton, October 1782 (no date), HMC, 3:195.
18. Leslie to Carleton, October 18, 1782, HMC, 3:175-176.
19. Carleton to Leslie, July 15, 1782, HMC, 3:20.
20. Jasanoff, 75; Jones (1979), 274-275; Lambert, 181; Frey (1991), 178.
21. Leslie to Carleton, November 18, 1782, DAR, 21:140.
22. Jones (1979), 272.
23. George W. Kyte, “Thaddeus Kosciuszko at the Liberation o
f Charleston, 1782,” South Carolina Historical Magazine, 84:1, January 1983, 11-21.
24. Denny, 48.
25. Wayne to Greene, December 13, 1782, NG, 12:290.
26. NG, 12:291n2; Jones (1979), 278.
27. Denny, 49.
28. Bull to Thomas Townsend, January 19, 1783, DAR, 21:148.
29. Denny, 49.
30. Unnamed soldier, South Carolina Weekly Gazette, May 31, 1783, Barnwell, 11-12.
31. Schama, 133.
32. Rivington’s Royal Gazette, January 4, 1783, Barnwell, 15.
33. Lambert, 183; Bull to Thomas Townsend, January 19, 1783, Lambert, 184.
34. General orders, December 15, 1782, O’Kelley, 583.
35. Greene to Elias Boudinot, December 19, 1782, NG, 12:301; Greene to Washington, December 19, 1782, FO.
36. Morris to Greene, February 21, 1783, NG, 12:388.
37. Interview, E. Lee Spence, June 15, 2015, who cites South Carolina Weekly Advertiser, April 2, 1783; Gazette of the State of Georgia, April 10, 1783; South Carolina Weekly Gazette, April 5, 1783. Because of the different descriptions of type of ship, Spence believes there is no question that at least two vessels were destroyed. See also: Spence, “Spence’s List 1520-1865,” Shipwrecks of South Carolina and Georgia (Sullivan’s Island, SC: Sea Research Society, 1984), 268-269.
38. Ward (2002); Parker, 164-165; Schama, 125-126; Charles C. Jones Jr., The Life and Services of the Honorable Maj. Gen. Samuel Elbert of Georgia (Cambridge: Riverside Press, 1887), 47.
39. Coy, 2000, 9.
40. Greene to Charles Pettit, November 2, 1782, NG, 12:136-137; Greene to Gist, January 1, 1783, NG, 12:364.
41. General Orders, June 21, 1783, NG, 12:44-46.
42. Carbone, 234-235; Wayne to James Jackson: Charlton, 134; Washington to Rochambeau, July 31, 1786, NG, 13:701; Washington to Jeremiah Wadsworth, October 22, 1786, GW.
43. Wayne to Caty Greene, August 1, 1786, Stegeman, 153-154.
44. Stegeman, 161, 170.
45. http://batman.neoseeker.com/wiki/Batman.
46. John Kay, A Series of Original Portraits and Caricature Etchings, vol. 2, pt. 1 (Edinburgh: Hugh Paton, 1842), 79; Peter Charles Hoffer, Prelude to Revolution: The Salem Gunpowder Raid of 1775 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013), 105; Times, December 22, 1794, 1, accessed via Gale NewsVault.
47. True Briton, January 2, 1795, issue 629, 3, accessed via Gale NewsVault.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: INDIANS
1. Philbrick, 69, 71.
2. Calloway (1995), 1.
3. Johnson to William Tryon, October 22, 1773, O’Callaghan, 458-459.
4. Filson, 52-54.
5. Silver, 11; Calloway (1995), 19; Peter H. Wood, “The Changing Population of the Colonial South,” Powhatan’s Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, eds. Gregory A. Waselkov et al. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006), 61-62; Louise Phelps Kellogg, Frontier Retreat on the Upper Ohio, 1779–1781 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1917), 21.
6. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 1920), 4-6.
7. Delaware Indians to George Thomas, January 3, 1741, Silver, 8; Pachgantschihilas (Buckongahelas), April 1781, Sipe, 651.
8. Taylor, 43-45; Glatthaar, 69; Calloway (2013), 2-13, 73-75.
9. Thomas Gage to Lord Shelburne, June 13, 1767, Taylor, 42.
10. Washington to William Crawford, September 21, 1767, GW.
11. Johnson to Earl of Dartmouth, June 20, 1774, O’Callaghan, 459-461.
12. John Stuart, Calloway (1995), 23.
13. Franklin to John Sevier, December 16, 1787, BF; St. Clair to Territorial Legislature, November 5, 1800, William Henry Smith, The St. Clair Papers . . . (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke, 1882), 503.
14. Fauquier to Pennsylvania John Penn, December 11, 1766, Silver, 154.
15. Doddridge, 206.
16. Silver, 41-42, 56-58; Graymont, 18; Knowles, 188-190, 204, 208-214.
17. Heckewelder (1876), 217-219.
18. Stone, xii-xiv, xvi.
19. Adams to James Warren, June 7, 1775; Washington to Commissioners of Indian Affairs, March 13, 1778; Jefferson to Theodorick Bland, June 8, 1779, FO.
20. Silver, xix-xx, 85, 89, 195, 228.
21. Brackenridge, 36-38.
22. Lamb, 78.
23. Graymont, 237; William L. Stone, Border Wars of the American Revolution, vol. 2 (New York: A. L. Fowle, 1900), 173-174, 184.
24. “A Whig,” Pennsylvania Packet, August 5, 1779, Frank Moore, Diary of the American Revolution, vol. 2 (New York: Charles Scribner, 1860), 166-167.
25. William Bradford, Philbrick, 178; Knowles, 165.
26. Allan Maclean to Frederick Haldimand, December 16, 1782, Griffin (2007), 170.
27. Philbrick, 320; James Clinton to Goose Van Schaick, Stone, 404; Tiouganda, December 11, 1782, Taylor, 98.
28. Peter Oliver, Peter Oliver’s Origin and Progress of the American Rebellion, eds. Douglass Adair and John A. Scutz (San Marino: Huntington Library, 1961), 133.
29. Unnamed veteran, Calloway (1995), 124-125.
30. Heckewelder (1876), 342.
31. Hugh Percy to Thomas Gage, April 20, 1775, Graymont, 62.
32. Thomas Brown to Thomas Townshend, January 12, 1783, Griffin (2007), 170.
33. Sayenqueraghta, late 1782, Graymont, 256.
34. Oneidas to Jonathan Trumbull, March 1775, Graymont, 58.
35. Half King, Calloway (1995), 39.
36. Washington to Philip Schuyler, April 19, 1776, FO; Massachusetts Provincial Congress to Samuel Kirkland, Andrew McFarland Davis, “The Employment of Indian Auxiliaries in the American War,” English Historical Review, 2:8, October 1887, 714-715; George Rogers Clark, July 1778, Griffin (2007), 143; Allen, Graymont, 68.
37. Gage to Guy Johnson, February 5, 1775, Graymont, 61; John Butler to Iroquois council, late May or early June 1776, Graymont, 98.
38. Calloway (1995), 167-168; Griffin (2007), 152; Selesky, 551.
39. Calloway (1995), 49-54.
40. Charles Stedman, The History of the Origin, Progress, and Termination of the American War (London: J. Murray, 1794), 73.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: THE DEATH OF COLONEL BUTLER
1. WPA, New York: A Guide to the Empire State (New York: Oxford University Press, 1940), 317-319.
2. Glatthaar, 47, 62, 86, 73, 98, 106, 110, 123; Cruikshank (1893), 5.
3. Glatthaar, 87; Jasanoff, 40-41; Wilbur H. Siebert, The Loyalists and Six Nation Indians in the Niagara Peninsula, Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, series 3, vol. 9 (Ottawa: Royal Society of Canada, 1915), 83, 86.
4. Washington to Sullivan, May 31, 1779, FO.
5. Graymont, 235.
6. George Clinton to Congress, February 5, 1781, Graymont, 238; Johansen, 225; Graymont, 242-243; Glatthaar, 272-273, 284; Hanson, 111-112.
7. Marquis de Chastellux, Travels in North-America, in the Years 1780–’81–’82 (New York: White, Gallaher, and White, 1827), 182-184; Taylor, 102.
8. Willett, 11, 13-24; Ketcham, “Marinus Willett.”
9. Willett, 57-58.
10. Washington to Willett, February 2, 1783, FO; Willett, 72-73.
11. Willett to Washington, July 6, 1781, FO.
12. Hanson, 118-119.
13. Haldimand to Ross, September 1781, Cruikshank (1893), 98.
14. Preston.
15. Graymont, 247.
16. Haldimand to Lord Germain, November 1781, Cruikshank (1895), 298; John Johnson, July 16, 1778, Cruikshank (1895), 286-287; Haldimand to John Butler, February 12, 1780, Swiggett, 208.
17. Swiggett, ch. 11, 249, 266-267.
18. Swiggett, 21, 36-37; Ketcham, “Walter Butler”; Cruikshank (1895), 285.
19. Cruikshank (1895), 285.
20. Swiggett, 92, 96; Cruikshank (1895), 285.
21. Graymont, 164; Cruikshank (1895), 286.
22. Alexander Macomb to Henry Hamilton, February 4, 1779, Swiggett, 159; Butler to Bolton, November 17, 1778,
Cruikshank (1893), 56.
23. Butler to Philip Schuyler, November 12, 1778, Swiggett, 158; Butler to James Clinton, February 18, 1779, Cruikshank (1893), 57-58; Charters.
24. Willett, 87.
25. Haldimand to Germain, November 23, 1781, DAR, 20:262.
26. Willett to George Clinton, Willett to Clinton, November 16, 1781, Clinton (1904), 505; Haldimand to Germain, November 23, 1781, DAR, 20:262.
27. Cruikshank (1895), 99-101, 296.
28. Haldimand to Germain, November 23, 1781, DAR, 20:263; Graymont, 248.
29. Willett to George Clinton, November 2, 1781, Clinton (1904), 472-474.
30. Willett to George Clinton, November 2, 1781, Clinton (1904), 472-474.
31. Willett to George Clinton, November 2, 1781, Clinton (1904), 472-474; Cruikshank (1895), 297.
32. Haldimand to Ross, November 16, 1781, Swiggett, 244.
33. Leonard Gansevoort Jr. to Leonard Bronck, Ketcham, “Walter Butler.”
34. Willett, 88-89.
35. Swiggett, 279-280.
36. Preston.
37. Graymont, 251, 254; Willett to Washington, July 21, 1782, FO.
38. Washington to Frederick Visscher, June 30, 1782, FO.
39. James Duane to George Clinton: Glatthaar, 286.
40. Washington to Willett, December 18, 1782, FO.
41. Willett to Washington, February 19, 1782, FO; NG, 169-170.
42. Washington to Willett, March 5, 1782, FO.
43. Haldimand to Thomas Townsend, DAR, 21:163.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: MASSACRE AND REVENGE
1. Heckewelder (1820), 423-424, 427.
2. Biography, Daniel J. Brock, “David Zeisberger,” DCB; Bliss, viii-xx.
3. Colwell, 35; Silver, 265.
4. January 16, 1782, February 1, 1782, February 13, 1782, Bliss, 61, 64, 66.
5. William Croghan to Michael Gratz, April 26, 1782, Silver, 267-268, 276.
6. Von Pilchau, 293-294.
7. Dorsey Pentecost to William Moore, May 8, 1782, Pennsylvania Archives, series 1, 9:540, Silver, 268.
8. Contemporary descriptions based on two eyewitness accounts publicized by missionaries, Heckewelder (1820); Leonard Sadosky, “Rethinking the Gnadenhutten Massacre,” The Sixty Years’ War for the Great Lakes, 1754–1814, eds. David Curtis Skaggs and Larry L. Nelson (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2001), 198-199; Silver, 268-273.
9. Irvine to Anne Callender Irvine, April 12, 1782, Butterfield (1882), 343-344.
10. Croghan to William Davies, June [July] 6, 1782, James, Clark Papers, 71; Rose, May 28, 1782, Von Pilchau, 141.
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