21. “Chevaliér de Goussencourt,” a pseudonym, Bradford, 107.
22. “Martinique,” Jewish Encyclopedia, http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10444-martinique; O’Shaughnessy (2000), 30, 298-299; Andrews, 135-138.
23. O’Shaughnessy (2000), 29; Chartrand (2008), 34-35; Maria Alessandra Bollettino, “Slavery, War, and Britain’s Atlantic Empire: Black Soldiers, Sailors, and Rebels in the Seven Years’ War,” Ph.D. diss., University of Texas, December 2009, 3, 12.
24. Smith (1904), IV.7.76; Ramsay, 52-53; Dunn, 224; Andrews, 127.
25. Deerr, 2:289.
26. George Rodney, Mundy, 425-429.
27. Dunn, 224; Deerr, 2:278-280; Bryan Edwards, The History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies, abridged edition (London: B. Crosby, 1798), 121-122.
28. Deerr, 2:317 and Ch. 20; Jamaican assembly to George III, December 31, 1773, O’Shaughnessy (2000), 51, 152; Goslinga, 464-492.
29. George Germain to John Vaughan, February 2, 1780, O’Shaughnessy (2013), 178; Lewis (1980), 84-85; Mackesy, 309-310.
TWENTY-FIVE: THE GOLDEN ROCK
1. Morse, “Eustatius”; Burke, May 14, 1781, Burke, 247.
2. A. Grenfell Price, “White Settlement in Saba Island, Dutch West Indies,” Geographical Review, 24:1, January 1934, 42; Burke, May 14, 1781, Burke, 247; Tuchman (1988), 21; Goslinga, 141; Beatson, 5:163.
3. Andrews, 135-138.
4. Jameson, 685-686; Tuchman (1988); the first salute to any Whig ship, in this case, a privateer, was the month before in Danish St. Croix: “U.S. Took Ownership of the Virgin Islands March 31, 1917,” Library of Congress, http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/jazz/jb_jazz_virgin_3.html; O’Shaughnessy (2013), 291; Goslinga, 146; James, British Navy, 255; Patton, 217.
5. O’Shaughnessy (2013), 291; George Rodney to Philip Stephens, August 12, 1780, Rodney, 5.
6. Manifesto, December 20, 1780, Parliamentary Register . . . during the First Session of the Fifteenth Parliament, vol. 1 (London: J. Almon and J. Debrett, 1781), 315-318, GB.
7. Lord Sandwich et al. to Rodney, December 20, 1780, Mundy, 8; Beatson, 5:161; Rodney to Stephens, February 4, 1781, Mundy, 9-11; Johannes de Graaf and Jacobus Seys to Rodney and Vaughan, February 3, 1781, Beatson, 5:164; O’Shaughnessy (2013), 300-301.
8. Spinney, 146; Mundy, 370.
9. Breen, 230-234.
10. John Marr to Lord Northampton, March 23, 1772, Spinney, 257; Robert Gregson to Shelburne, Mackesy, 320.
11. Richard Cumberland, Memoirs of Richard Cumblerland . . . , vol. 1 (London: Lackington, Allen, 1807), 405.
12. Sandwich to Rodney, July 7, 1781, Rodger, 284-287.
13. Rodney to Bayard, March 29, 1781, Spinney, 369; Rodney to Stephens, March 6, 1781, Mundy, 43-44.
14. Rodney to Lady Rodney, February 7, 1781, Mundy, 18-19; Dull (1975), 238; Rodney to George Germain, February 6, 1781, Mundy, 15-16; James, British Navy, 255; O’Shaughnessy (2013), 304.
15. Jameson, 705; Goslinga, 150; Burke, 250-256.
16. Burke, May 14, 1781: Burke, 248, 261; Horace Walpole to Horace Mann, October 18, 1781, Jameson, 706.
17. Jameson, 706-707; Beatson, 5:170; Duffy, 257-258; Mackesy, 417.
18. Rodney to Bouillé, March 23, 1781, Mundy, 73.
19. Bouillé to Rodney, March [ND] 1781, Mundy, 74-75.
20. Balch, 62-63; Anti-Jacobin, 225.
21. Bouillé (1906), 15-16.
22. L. G. [Louis] Gabriel] Michaud, “Bouillé,” Biographie Universelle, vol. 5 (Paris: Chez Michaud Frères, Libraires, 1812), 511-513.
23. Anti-Jacobin, 226; Speech, February 4, 1782, Burke, 326.
24. Goslinga, 151; Beatson, 5:201.
25. Beatson, 5:203; Lafayette to Washington, January 18, 1782, FO.
26. Goslinga, 152; Beatson, 5:204.
27. Rodney to Lady Rodney, March 9, 1782, Mundy, 199-200; Beatson, 5:201; Fortescue (1911), 414.
28. Rodway, History, 116-118; “Lieutenant Colonel Cockburn,” 112-116; Beatson, 5:204-205; DNB, “Cockburn, James,” 11:188; Robert and Harry A. Cockburn, The Records of the Cockburn Family (London: T. N. Foulis, 1913), 96-97.
TWENTY-SIX: MORE BRITISH HUMILIATIONS
1. R. Montgomery Martin, History of the West Indies . . . , vol. 2 (London: Whittaker, 1837), 8-9, ch. 4.
2. Raynal, 1798, 239; Martin, op. cit., 3; De Villiers, 8-12, 19.
3. C. A. Harris and J. A. J. de Villiers, Storm’s Gravesande: The Rise of British Guiana, vol. 1 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1911), 104; Goslinga, 432, 440, 443; Raymond T. Smith, British Guiana (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), 18-19; De Villiers, 14; Laurens Storm van ’s Gravesande, 1772, De Villiers, 18.
4. Beatson, 5:172-174, 6:259-260; Goslinga, 455.
5. EB, “Kersaint,” 15:759.
6. Beatson, 5:459-460; Rodway, 1-4.
7. Rodney to Stephens, March 14, 1782, Rodney, 289-290; Schomberg, 5:358; British National Archives, ADM 6/342/6, ff, 26-29, Sarah Tahourdin, widow of William Tahourdin, Captain Royal Navy who died 1 May 1804; Will of William Tahourdin of Byfleet, May 30, 1804, PROB 11/1409/229.
8. Rodway, 11-18.
9. George Washington Parke Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington (Philadelphia: J. W. Bradley, 1861), GB.
10. “Account of the Life and Military Service of the Comte de Grasse,” European Magazine and London Review, August 1782, 83-84.
11. Louis Guillouet, Comte d’Orvilliers, Lewis (1945), 49; Léon Guéron, Histoire Maritime de la France, 1844, Bradford, 21.
12. Grasse to Rochambeau, October 28, 1781, Lewis (1945), 197.
13. Morse, “Christophers”; Andrews, 120, 130; Tornquist, 81.
14. Lewis (1945), 208-209; Clowes, 3:510; Beatson, 5:458.
15. James, British Navy, 322; Tornquist, 81; Robertson, “Saint Kitts” by Chris Woolf; G. E. [George Edward] Cokayne, ed., Complete Baronetage, vol. 5 (Exeter: William Pollard, 1906), 252.
16. John Montagu, Earl of Sandwich, to Rodney, September 25, 1780, Breen, 240; Duffy, 257.
17. Hood to Rodney, April 1, 1781, Hannay, 17.
18. Hood to Middleton, April 16, 1782, March 31, 1782, April 3, 1782, August 9, 1782, Barham, 151-154, 157, 164, 206.
19. Hood to Jackson, June 24, 1781, April 16, 1782, Hannay, 22-23, 105-106; Hood to Stephens, December 10, 1781, Hannay, 50; August 30, 1782, Barham, lxii.
20. Hood to Middleton, May 4, 1781, Barham, 108-109; Hood to Jackson, May 21, 1781, Breen, 239.
21. Nelson to Frances Nelson, September 12, 1794, Nicolas, 487; Adm. William Hotham: A. M. W. Stirling, Pages and Portraits from the Past, vol. 2 (London: Herbert Jenkins, 1919), 43-44.
22. Jenkins, 172-173; James, British Navy, 323, 325.
23. Robert Manners to Duke of Rutland, February 8, 1782, James, British Navy, 325; Lewis (1945), 214-217.
24. Mackesy, 456; “Chevaliér de Goussencourt,” a pseudonym, Bradford, 103.
25. Fraser, February 24, 1782: Beatson, 6:327-328n278.
26. Bradford, 105; Lewis (1945), 219-220.
27. Duffy, 260.
28. Rodney to Stephens, March 15, 1782, Rodney, 295; Mahan, 202; Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon History (Boston: Little, Brown, 1891), 476.
TWENTY-SEVEN: BATTLE OF THE SAINTES
1. Wraxall (1904), 457.
2. A common spelling was “François,” reflecting an older pronunciation, but still meaning “French,” not a man’s name.
3. Hood to Jackson, March 31, 1782, Hannay, 95; Rodney to Hood, March 29, 1782, Rodney, 329.
4. Duffy, 261; James, British Navy, 331-333; Tornquist, 88.
5. Bradford, 101-102n1.
6. Hood to Jackson, April 16, 1782, James, British Navy, 335.
7. Tornquist, 90.
8. Tuchman (1988), 117, 123-124; O’Shaughnessy (2013), 314; Sébastien-François Bigot de Morogues, Tactique Navale, 1763, Killion, 24.
9. Breen, 244; John Creswell, British Admirals of the Eighteenth Century (Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1972), 163.
&nb
sp; 10. Charles Douglas to Middleton, April 28, 1782, Barham, 280; Lewis (1945), 246.
11. “Notes on Sailing Warships: Cannon and Carronades,” https://web.archive.org/web/20070528195028/http://www.cronab.demon.co.uk/gen1.htm; Hood to Middleton, April 13, 1782, Barham, 160-161.
12. Jenkins, 179.
13. Jenkins, 179; Memoirs, Lewis (1945), 247.
14. Lord Cranston, Wraxall (1904), 463.
15. Sir Gilbert Blane to Lord Dalrymple, April 22, 1782, Mundy, 236-237.
16. Blane, 479; Spinney, 443-445; Beatson, 5:473-474, 6:336n287.
17. Bouillé (1797), 1-2, 24-25.
18. Journal, June 15, 1782, BF; Washington to Rochambeau, April 28, 1788, FO.
19. Hood to Jackson, April 30, 1782, Hannay, 136-137; Mundy, 248-250; Hood to Middleton, April 16, 1782, Barham, 162; Rodney to Philip Stephens, Secretary of the Admiralty, April 14, 1782, Rodney, 357-358.
20. Wraxall (1904), 460-462, 467.
21. Rodney, March 1788, Spinney, 422; O’Shaughnessy (2013), 318-319.
22. Royal Naval Museum Library, “Biography: Samuel Hood,” http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_samuel_hood.htm; Daniel A. Baugh, “Sir Samuel Hood: Superior Subordinate,” rpt. in George Washington’s Opponents, ed. George Athan Billias (New York: William Morrow, 1969), 319; Duffy, 261.
23. Adams to Robert Livingston, June 9, 1782, FO.
24. Francisco de Saavedra, April 21, 1782, Padrón, 320.
25. Greene to Henry Knox, May, 20, 1782, NG, 11:217.
26. Mundy, 245n.
TWENTY-EIGHT: FLIP-FLOPS IN CENTRAL AMERICA
1. David W. Jones and Carlyle A. Glean, “The English-speaking Communities of Honduras and Nicaragua,” Caribbean Quarterly, 17:2, June 1971, 50; Floyd, 59; Dawson, 677.
2. Morse, “Black River”; Floyd, 56; Dawson, 678-679, 682.
3. Journal, August 5, 1780, Kemble, 36; O’Shaughnessy (2000), 189.
4. John Dalling to Honduras governor, May 29, 1780, Kemble, 236.
5. Albert, “Gálvez.”
6. Chávez, 162-163; Floyd, 156.
7. Archibald Campbell to Rodney, June 4, 1782, Rodney, 440; Jay, 131-133.
8. Charles Oman, The Unfortunate Colonel Despard and Other Studies (New York: Burt Franklin, 1922), 2ff; Jay, 85, 135ff; Floyd, 160-161; Dawson, 701.
9. Albert, “Gálvez”; Chávez, 165.
TWENTY-NINE: A FUTURE HERO
1. Yves-Joseph Kerguelen[-Trémarec], Histoires des Évènements de la Guerre Maritimes . . . (Paris: Imprimerie de Patris, 1796), 337, GB; Beatson, 6:258n1.
2. Archibald Duncan, The British Trident . . . , vol. 3 (London: James Cundee, 1805), 132-133; Marley, 346; Nelson to Hood, March 9, 1783, Nicolas, 74.
3. Nicolas, 70n7.
4. Marley, 346; Nelson to Hood, March 9, 1783, Nicolas, 74.
5. James Trevenen to his mother, April 5, 1783, Christopher Lloyd and R. C. Anderson, eds., A Memoir of James Trevenen (London: Navy Records Society, 1959), 56-57.
6. Dull (1975), 299-301.
7. Tornquist, 122.
8. Georges Lacour-Gayet, La marine militaire de la France sous le règne de Louis XVI (Paris: Honoré Campion, 1905), 436-437; Barham, 406; Tornquist, 123.
9. Balch, 246-248.
10. His cousin with a similar name, Juan Manuel Cagigal y Niño, was a future governor of Cuba. See Caicedo, AGEOD Forums, “Spanish commanders,” October 27, 2008, http://www.ageod-forum.com/archive/index.php/t-11158.html; Lewis (1991), 4-5, 8; Padrón, 100n72; Beerman, 83.
11. Gillon biography, Coy, 9, 39; D. E. Huger Smith, “Commodore Alexander Gillon and the Frigate South Carolina,” South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, 9:4, October 1908, 189-216; Beerman, 85-90; Lewis (1991), 10-17, 21-33; Chávez, 208.
12. Gálvez to José de Gálvez, January 23, 1782, Beerman, 86.
13. John Maxwell to Thomas Townsend, May 14, 1782, Remembrancer, 2:148; Lewis (1991), 29.
14. Chávez, 209; Beerman, 93; Caicedo; Lewis (1991), ch. 3.
15. Claraco, May 6, 1782, Craton, 169; Lewis (1991), 55-59, 66.
16. Craton, 169; Johnson (1851), 175-179; Edward Rutledge to Arthur Middleton, March 16, 1782, The Papers of Eliza Lucas Pinckney and Harriott Pinckney Horry Digital Edition, ed. Constance Schulz, http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/PIHO-01-01-02-0538; Deveaux to Carleton, June 3, 1783, Crary, 356-357.
17. Johnson (1851), 179-180; Craton, 170; Lewis (1991), 63-67; Crary, 355.
18. Lewis (1991), 76-78.
19. Craton, 171; Lewis (1991), ch. 6.
THIRTY: BRITANNIA DOESN’T RULE THE WAVES
1. May 18, 1782, Wraxall (1904), 461.
2. O’Shaughnessy (2013), 330; Clowes, 3:339; Conrad.
3. Clowes, 4:112-116; Greenwood (1915), 136.
4. Tuchman (1988), 129; Blane, 79, 86, 209-210.
5. Blane, 83-84.
6. Henry Atwill Carper, May 16, 1782, Rodney, 406-408; Blane, 203-204.
7. James, British Navy, 85-86; Killion, 25.
8. Rodger, 273.
9. E. Gordon Bowen-Hassell, Dennis M. Conrad, and Mark L. Hayes, Sea Raiders of the American Revolution: The Continental Navy in European Waters (Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 2003), 34.
10. Eller, 265; Bowen-Hassell, op. cit.
11. Patton, 230, 236; Maclay, viii-ix; Selesky, 940; Patton, 241.
12. Benjamin Rush to Richard Henry Lee, December 21, 1776, Patton, 124; D. Hamilton Hurd, History of Essex County, Massachusetts, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: J. W. Lewis, 1888), 192-193; Patton, 111-112.
13. Maclay, 7.
14. Quarles, 83-92, 152-154.
15. Maclay, 114; Eller, 280; Conrad.
16. Kellow.
17. O’Shaughnessy (2013), 332.
THIRTY-ONE: FRENCH DISASTER, BRITISH TRAGEDY
1. William Langewiesche, “Storm Island,” Atlantic, December 1, 2001, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/12/storm-island/302357/?single_page=true.
2. Jenkins, 171; Syrett, 150, says the convoy had 100 ships.
3. Jenkins, 182; EB, “Guichen,” 12:686.
4. Syrett, 149.
5. Syrett, 62; Charles Middleton, Mackesy, 283; DNB, “Kempenfelt, Richard,” 30:395-396.
6. Kempenfelt to Middleton, December 28 [1779?], Barham, 308; Edward Hawke Locker, Memoirs of Celebrated Naval Commanders (London: Harding and Lepard, 1832), 8.
7. Kempenfelt to Middleton, August 9, 1779, October 17, 1779, Barham, 294, 302.
8. Kempenfelt to Stephens, December 14, 1781, Remembrancer, 1:50.
9. Barham, 360; Syrett, 150; accounts vary on prisoner numbers; Kempenfelt to Stephens, January 1782, Remembrancer, 1:117.
10. Kempenfelt to Stephens, December 14, 1781, Remembrancer, 1:50; Kempenfelt to Middleton, December 14, 1781, Barham, 357.
11. Jenkins, 172; Mackesy, 450.
12. Washington to John Laurens, March 22, 1782, FO.
13. Franklin to Robert R. Livingston, March 4, 1782, FO.
14. William Cowper, Loss of the Royal George, http://www.bartleby.com/106/129.html.
15. Barrington to Stephens, April 25, 1782, Remembrancer, 1:316.
16. Cust, 335; Clowes, 4:82; Mackesy, 478.
THIRTY-TWO: SECRET MISSION TO THE ARCTIC
1. Dunmore, 133-134; Tornquist, 106.
2. Ann M. Carlos and Frank D. Lewis, “Agents of Their Own Desires,” University of Colorado at Boulder, 2001, http://www.colorado.edu/economics/papers/papers01/wp01-10.pdf.
3. Mackinnon.
4. David Thompson, David Thompson’s Narrative of His Explorations in Western America, 1784–1812, ed. J. B. Tyrrell (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1916), 10-14, 24; Umfreville, 11-13.
5. Thompson, op. cit.; Mackinnon.
6. Dunmore, 152-155; Umfreville, 136-137.
7. Umfreville, 138-139; Mackinnon.
8. Umfreville, 127-129; Elizabeth A. Fenn, Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775–’82 (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001), 189-191.
9. Dunmore, 158.
/> 10. Madison to Edmund Randolph, December 10, 1782, FO, n13; Dunmore, 151.
11. Umfreville, 134.
12. Mackinnon.
13. Dunmore, 168; Étienne Taillemite, “Jean-François de Galaup, Comte de Lapérouse,” DCB.
THIRTY-THREE: COASTAL WAR: HALIFAX TO BOSTON
1. L. F. S. Upton, “John Julien,” DCB; WPA, Maine: A Guide ‘Down East’ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1937), 302.
2. Samuel Phillips Jr., February 8, 1783, to Washington, FO.
3. Clinton to Francis McLean, February 11, 1779, HMC, 1904, 381; Norman Desmarais, The Guide to the American Revolutionary War in Canada and New England (Ithaca: Busca, 2009), 51.
4. HMC, 1906, 13.
5. Abigail Adams to James Lovell, December 13, 1779, FO.
6. James Phinney Baxter, ed., Documentary History of the State of Maine, vol. 19 (Portland: Lefavor-Tower, 1914), 423-425.
7. New England Chronicle, Boston, October 3, 1782, 15:761, 1; Sharon Cummins, “The Revolutionary War Battle of Cape Porpoise, Maine,” http://mykennebunks.com/revolution.htm.
8. Rochambeau to Vaudreuil, July 30, 1782 (attachment to Washington, July 30, 1782), FO; Vaudreuil to Washington, July 26, 1782, FO; Washington to Vaudreuil, August 18, 1782, FO.
9. Washington to Lafayette, March 23, 1783, FO.
10. Hamond to Percy Brett, April 21, 1782, May 8, 1782, Gwyn, 74.
11. Julian Gwyn, Frigates and Foremasts: The North American Squadron in Nova Scotia Waters (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2003), 74-75.
12. Nova Scotia Archives, “Lunenburg by the Sea: 250 Years; Lunenburg before 1800,” http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/lunenburg/results.asp?SearchList1=1&Language=English; DesBrisay, 22.
13. DesBrisay, 62-65, 434.
14. J. Murray Beck, “John Creighton,” DCB.
15. “Sack of Lunenburg, 1 July 1782,” American War of Independence at Sea, http://www.awiatsea.com/incidents/1782-07-01%20Sack%20of%20Lunenburg.html; Leonard C. Rudolf, July 1, 1782, DesBrisay, 63-64.
16. Ralph M. Eastman, Some Famous Privateers of New England (Boston: State Street Trust, 1928), 61-62.
THIRTY-FOUR: COASTAL WAR: DELAWARE TO CHESAPEAKE
1. Morse, “Baltimore”; Selesky, 903.
2. Richard Barnes to Thomas Sim Lee, February 18, 1781, Eller, 234; Unnamed, August 1, 1782, Eller, 280.
3. “Vessels of the Continental Navy,” U.S. Navy, Naval History Center, http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/revwar/contships.htm.
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