11. Zeisberger, March 14, 1782, March 23, 1782, Bliss, 73, 78-81.
12. Franklin to James Hutton, July 7, 1782, FO.
13. Irvine to Washington, February 2, 1782, FO.
14. Noncommissioned officers, 7th Virginia Regiment, to Irvine, March 1782, Butterfield (1882), 103n1; Albert (1916), 139.
15. Arthur Lee, late 1783, Albert (1916), 152.
16. Dorsey Pentecost to William Moore, May 8, 1782, Sipe, 658.
17. Irvine to Washington, May 21, 1782, FO.
18. Von Pilchau, 129-136.
19. Irvine to Washington, May 21, 1782, FO.
20. Crawford to Washington, December 6, 1770, May 5, 1772, May 8, 1774, FO.
21. Washington to Crawford, June 9, 1781, FO.
22. Von Pilchau, 293.
23. Washington to Crawford, February 2, 1777, FO.
24. Butterfield (1882), 367-378.
25. Cruikshank (1893), 106.
26. Von Pilchau, 148-151.
27. Tierney to DePeyster, June 7, 1782, DAR, 21:86; Angus McCoy, Dann, 312.
28. Von Pilchau, 151-152.
29. Williamson to Irvine, June 13, 1782, Butterfield (1882), 366.
30. Von Pilchau, 153-156.
31. Brackenridge, 8; Brown (1987), 60.
32. Heckewelder (1876), 284-288.
33. Brown (1987), 53-59.
34. Brackenridge, 9.
35. Butterfield (1890), 96; Heckewelder (1876), 152.
36. James T. Morehead, Butterfield (1890), 395.
37. John Mason Brown, An Oration: Delivered on the Occasion of the Centennial Commemoration of the Battle of Blue Licks (Frankfort: Major, Johnson, and Barrett, 1882), 9.
38. Grey, 183-184.
39. Butterfield (1890), 5; Colwell, 41n10; author interview with descendant Ken Girty, Renfrew, PA, November 11, 2013.
40. Butterfield (1890), 41, 45; Colwell, 32.
41. Kulina, 10; S[arepta] Kussart, The Early History of the 15th Ward of the City of Pittsburgh (Bellevue/Pittsburgh: Suburban Printing, 1925), 6-7; Butterfield (1890), 50, 52; Colwell, 32.
42. Butterfield (1890), 80, 98; Douglas Leighton, “Simon Girty,” DCB; Lofaro, 123; William K. Beall, “Journal of William K. Beall, July–August, 1812,” American Historical Review, 17:4, July 1912, 801 (IA); Grey, 183-184.
43. William Renwick Riddell, “Two Incidents of Revolutionary Time,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 12:2, 1921, 226-227; Leighton, op. cit.; Johansen, 112; Butterfield (1890), 95, 130-131, 323-324.
44. Brackenridge, 9-12.
45. Caldwell to A. S. DePeyster, June 11, 1782, Butterfield (1882), 370-371n.
46. Cruikshank (1893), 107.
47. Butterfield (1882), 372n; Irvine to Washington, July 11, 1782, FO; William Croghan, July 6, 1782, Colwell, 37-38; Mrs. Alexander McCormick, Colwell, 39; Brown (1987), 62; Johansen, 115; Butterfield (1890), 174-175; Kulina, 10.
48. DePeyster to Alexander McKee, June 6, 1782, Cruikshank (1893), 107; DePeyster to Haldimand, August 18, 1782, Butterfield (1882), 373n; Haldimand to Carleton, July 28, 1782, Butterfield (1882), 373n.
49. Caldwell to DePeyster, June 11, 1782, Butterfield (1882), 370-371n.
50. Washington to Irvine, July 10, 1782, FO.
51. Irvine to Lincoln, July 1, 1782, Butterfield (1882), 174-175; Irvine to Lincoln, April 16, 1783, Butterfield (1882), 187.
52. Albert, 1916, 290-291, 297-298.
53. Richard Coulter, Pennsylvania Argus, Greensburg, PA, 1836, Albert, 1916, 301-307.
54. Huffnagle to Irvine, July 14, 1782, July 17, 1782, Albert, 1916, 308-309.
CHAPTER NINETEEN: AMBUSH AT BLUE LICKS
1. Caldwell to DePeyster, August 26, 1782, Roosevelt, 2:393-394.
2. Biography, Kulisek; Recker.
3. John Butler, July 12, 1778, Selesky, 1288; Cruikshank (1893), 44-47, 52.
4. Cruikshank (1893), 53.
5. Calloway (1995), 22.
6. Calloway (2013), 86-87.
7. Calloway (1995), 190.
8. Lofaro, 143-144; William A. Galloway, “Daniel Boon,” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, 8:2, April 1904, 277.
9. McGary to Henry, February 27, 1777, Hammersmith, 127-128.
10. John Floyd to John May, April 8, 1782, Henry Steele Commager and Richard B. Morris, eds., The Spirit of ’Seventy-Six: The Story of the American Revolution as Told by Participants (Edison, NJ: Castle Books, 2002), 1057-1058.
11. Boone, “Autobiography,” Filson, 45.
12. Caldwell to DePeyster, August 26, 1782, Roosevelt, 2:393-394; Filson, 46.
13. Filson, 46-47.
14. Alexander McKee to DePeyster, August 28, 1782, DAR, 21:115.
15. Carter; Nancy O’Malley, “Perceiving Class Relations through Material Culture: Three Households from Kentucky,” University of Kentucky, no date given, http://www.uky.edu/~omalley/Papers/Considering%20Class%20SHA%202010%20latest.docx; Hammersmith, 116-117, 125-126, 142.
16. Levi Todd to Benjamin Harrison, September 11, 1782, Palmer, 3:300-301; Arthur Campbell to William Davies, October 3, 1782, Palmer, 3:337.
17. [William?] Madison, Hammersmith, 205.
18. Filson, 46-47.
19. Todd to Harrison, September 11, 1782, Palmer, 3:300-301.
20. Caldwell to DePeyster, August 26, 1782, Roosevelt, 2:393-394.
21. Peter Houston, in purported 1842 manuscript published in 1887, Lofaro, 128.
22. Boone et al. to Harrison, September 11, 1782, Palmer, 3:301.
23. Lofaro, 138-139; Hammersmith, 147-185, 256-267; Carter.
24. Recker; Kulisek.
CHAPTER TWENTY: FINAL FIGHTS ON THE OHIO
1. WPA, West Virginia: A Guide to the Mountain State (New York: Oxford University Press, 1941), 283.
2. De Hass, 332, 335; Thrapp, 3:1619; Washington diary, October 24, 1770, FO; Selesky, 1309.
3. Cole, 672; De Hass, 266, 277; A. B. Brooks, “Story of Fort Henry,” West Virginia History, 1:2, January 1940, http://www.wvculture.org/history/journal_wvh/wvh1-2.html.
4. Ebenezer Zane to William Irvine, July 22, 1782, Butterfield (1882), 390.
5. Butterfield (1890), 200.
6. “Captain Andrew Bradt’s Company,” Butler’s Rangers, http://iaw.on.ca/~awoolley/brang/brang.html; Cruikshank (1893), 91; Noelle [only name given], “U.E.L. Captain Andries ‘Andrew’ BRADTBRATT,” Rootsweb, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=nlbrown&id=I2377; Hanson, 137-139; Charters.
7. Zane to William Irvine, September 17, 1782, Butterfield (1882), 397-398; Charles McKnight, Our Western Border . . . (Philadelphia: J. C. McCurdy, 1875), 523-528.
8. Cole, 673, 675.
9. Zane Grey’s West Society, “The Genealogy of Zane Grey” by Thelma Frazier, http://www.zgws.org/sf8.php; Grey, 272, 275.
10. William Hintzen, “Betty Zane, Lydia Boggs, and Molly Scott: The Gunpowder Exploits at Fort Henry,” West Virginia History, vol. 55, 1996; Cole, 675.
11. Cole, 675; Thrapp, 3:1619; De Hass, 336; Selesky, 1309.
12. McKnight, op. cit.; De Hass, 263.
13. Albert (1916), 405; Sipe, 673-674; Doddridge, 217-219.
14. Cruikshank (1893), 109.
15. Irvine to Washington, October 29, 1782, FO.
16. Harrison to George Rogers Clark, March 24, 1782, James, Clark Papers, 49-50.
17. Clark memoir: Indiana Historical Bureau, http://www.in.gov/history/2426.htm; Calloway (1995), 48.
18. WPA, Ohio Guide (New York: Oxford University Press, 1940), 594.
19. Clark to Thomas Nelson, October 1, 1781, Connelley, 184; James, Clark Papers, xxxiv-xxxvi.
20. Boone et al. to Harrison, September 12, 1782, Connelley, 186; Arthur Campbell to William Davies, October 3, 1782, Palmer, 3:337; Harrison to William Fleming et al., October 16, 1782, James (1926), 131-132; Harrison to Levi Todd, October 14, 1782, James (1926), 128.
21. Clark to Harrison, November 20, 1782, James, Clark Papers, 161-163.
22. Clark to Oliver Pollock, October 25, 1782, James, Cl
ark Papers, 48.
23. Joseph Crockett to Harrison, October 24, 1782, James, Clark Papers, 142.
24. Connelley, 186-187; James, Clark Papers, liv-lv; Irvine to Clark, November 7, 1782, James, Clark Papers, 149.
25. Clark to Harrison, November 27, 1782, Palmer, 3:381; English, 758-759.
26. Wryneck, spring 1781, Calloway (1995), 172.
27. DePeyster, summer 1783, Calloway (1995), 173.
28. Supreme Executive Council of PA, April 29, 1783, Sipe, 682; John Cummins to John Dickinson, March 29, 1783, Sipe, 681.
29. English, 751-752.
30. Colwell, 41n19.
31. Butterfield (1890), 210.
32. Johansen, 115-117; Butterfield (1890), 210-286, 313-329.
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: SEVIER HUNTS FOR DRAGGING CANOE
1. WPA, Tennessee: A Guide to the State (New York: Viking Press, 1945), 31; Francis M. Turner, Life of General John Sevier (Washington, D.C.: Neale Publishing, 1910), 25.
2. Jefferson to Edmund Pendleton, August 13, 1776, FO.
3. Parmenter, 118; Dragging Canoe, reported by Henry Stuart, 1776, Calloway (1995), 191.
4. Cherokee Heritage Documentation Center, “Dragging Canoe,” http://cherokeeregistry.com/Dragging_Canoe.pdf; Alexander Cameron, 1774, Parmenter, 119; Black Fox’s eulogy for Dragging Canoe, June 28, 1792, Parmenter, 131.
5. WPA, Tennessee, 38-39; Parmenter, 125-126.
6. The Raven, 1781, Calloway (1995), 204.
7. Thomas Brown to Carleton, January 1, 1782, HMC, 3:326; to Lord Germain, April 6, 1782, DAR, 21:55.
8. Old Tassel to Martin, September 25, 1782, James R. Gilmore, The Rear-Guard of the Revolution (New York: D. Appleton, 1889), 310; Harrison to Martin, November 12, 1782, O’Donnell, 128.
9. Martin to John Sevier, February 11, 1782, Gilmore, op. cit., 308-309.
10. Richard J. Hooker, ed., The Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1953), 52, 56, 61.
11. Williams, 223.
12. George Washington Sevier, Sevier, 18, 22.
13. Roosevelt, 2:356-359.
14. July 28, 1781, Sevier, 53-54.
15. Sevier, 56; Greene, 11:635n7-8; Joseph Martin to Arthur Campbell, September 18, 1782, ed. Colyer Meriwether, “General Joseph Martin and the Cherokees,” Publications of the Southern History Association, 9:1, January 1905, 27, GB.
16. Maj. James Sevier, Sevier, 56.
17. Parmenter, 129-132.
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: ARKANSAS POST AND THE SPANISH FRONTIER
1. Calloway (1995), 213, 222.
2. St. Jean, 273-274.
3. Coleman (1987), 51-58; James Alton James, “Spanish Influence in the West during the American Revolution,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 4:2, September 1917, 195-199, 202.
4. Anna Lewis, Along the Arkansas (Dallas: Southwest Press, 1932), 172; James, op. cit.; Texas and the American Revolution (San Antonio: University of Texas at San Antonio, 1975), 26; J. Barton Starr, Tories, Dons, and Rebels: The American Revolution in British West Florida (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1976), 78-88.
5. Piomingo, Calloway (1995), 213; John Stuart, May 1777, Calloway (1995), 223; St. Jean, 276.
6. Calloway (1995), 214.
7. Colbert to Benjamin Harrison, July 25, 1783, Catherine ‘Erin’ Serafina Liora Spiceland, “James Logan Colbert,” http://www.geni.com/people/James-Logan-Colbert/6000000019790613785; Bearrs, 1974, 19; Guy B. Braden, “The Colberts and the Chickasaw Nation,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly, 17:3, September 1958, 223.
8. Congressional Committee on Indian Affairs, May 28, 1784, Journals of the Continental Congress, 462-463, Library of Congress, http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?hlaw:1:./temp/~ammem_CrXN::; Silbestre Labadie, May 1782, Bearrs, 1974, 34.
9. Floridablanca to Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes, March 30, 1779, Paul Chrisler Phillips, “The West in the Diplomacy of the American Revolution,” University of Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences, 11:2-3, October 1913, 93.
10. Lafayette to Robert Livingston, March 2, 1783, DCAR (1830), X:34, 37.
11. Jay to Samuel Huntington, May 26, 1780, Stahr, 132; John Adams to William Lee, April 13, 1780, FO; Rappleye, 207-209.
12. Lewis (1980), 83-84, 90-91.
13. Calloway (1995), 225; Din (1981), 9; Gálvez to Esteban Rodriguez Miró, July 21, 1782, Houck, 232-233.
14. Din (1981), 8-9.
15. Francisco Bouligney, 1782, Atkinson, 111-112.
16. Bernard Romans, A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida (New York: R. Aitken, 1776), 59-61.
17. St. Jean, 277.
18. Gilbert C. Din, “Esteban Rodríguez Miró,” The Louisiana Governors, ed. Joseph G. Dawson III (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990), 61.
19. Bearss, 25-25; Williams, 242.
20. Bearss, 24; D. C. [Duvon Clough] Corbitt, “James Colbert and the Spanish Claims to the East Bank of the Mississippi,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 24:4, March 1938, 458-459; Silbestre Labadie, May 1782: Bearss, 27-29.
21. Miró debriefing of Cruzat, May 30, 1782, Houck, 221-223, 227, 230.
22. Miro to Gálvez, June 5, 1782, Houck, 214-217.
23. Gálvez to Miró, July 21, 1782, Houck, 232-233.
24. Gálvez to José de Gálvez, Minister of the Indies, August 5, 1782, Houck, 211-212.
25. Colbert to Miró, October 6, 1782, Bearss, 41-42.
26. Bearss, 46-47; Atkinson, 112-114; Miró to Louis de Villars, October 18, 1782, Calloway (1995), 230.
27. Bearss, 47, 50; Din (1981), 22.
28. Din (1981), 4, 10.
29. Bearss, 61-62.
30. Arnold (1993), 70; Capt. Balthasar de Villiers to Gálvez, July 11, 1781, Bearss, 22, 68-69.
31. Din (1981), 21-22; Dubreuil to Miró, February 21, 1783, Bearss, 50.
32. Bearss, 25, 76; Din (1981), 18-19; Coleman (1987), 65; Arnold (1996), 64.
33. Unless noted, ensuing quotes are from Dubreuil to Miró, May 5, 1783, Lewis (September 1943), 262-265; Bearss, 54.
34. Din (1981), 25.
35. St. Jean, 278.
36. Din (1981), 25.
37. Bearss, 46.
38. Dubreuil to Colbert, [May?], Lewis (March 1943), 52-53.
39. Colbert to Dubreuil, August 3, 1783, Lewis (March 1943), 53-54; Bearss, 59.
40. Dubreuil to Miró, August 26, 1783, Lewis (March 1943), 54-55.
41. Rickey Butch Walker, Chickasaw Chief George Colbert: His Family and His County (Killen, AB: Bluewater Publications, 2012), 42-43.
42. Dubreuil to Miró, May 5, 1783, Lewis (September 1943), 266.
43. Gilbert C. Din, “‘For Defense of Country and the Glory of Arms’: Army Officers in Spanish Louisiana, 1766–1803,” Louisiana History, 43:1, Winter 2002, 24, 30; Lawrence and Lucia B. Kinnaird, “War Comes to San Marcos,” Florida Historical Quarterly, 62:1, July 1983, 26, 38; Roscoe R. Hill, Descriptive Catalogue of the Documents Relating to the History of the United States in the Papeles Procedentes de Cuba . . . (Washington: Carnegie Institution, 1916), xxxvii, GB.
44. Frey (1991), 182.
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: BETWEEN TWO HELLS
1. Brown to Shelburne, September 25, 1782, DAR, 21:122.
2. William Christian to Harrison, December 16, 1782, Palmer, 3:398.
3. July 9, 1782, O’Donnell, 125.
4. Brant to Johnson, December 25, 1782, E. [Ernest] Cruikshank, “Joseph Brant in the American Revolution,” Transactions of The Canadian Institute, vol. 7 (Toronto: Canadian Institute, 1904), 406-407.
5. Pennsylvania Packet, November 7, 1782, Silver, 263.
6. Irvine to Benjamin Lincoln, October 28, 1782, Burnett, 542n2.
7. Roosevelt, 2:373-374.
8. O’Donnell, 129-130.
9. Calloway (1995), 276.
10. Graymont, 260.
11. Calloway (1995), 273.
12. Haldimand to Lord North, June 2, 1783, DAR, 21:176.
13. Maclean to Hald
imand, May 18, 1783, Taylor, 112-113.
14. McArthur to Carleton, May 19, 1783, HMC, 4:89.
15. [Hansard], The Parliamentary History of England from the Earliest Period to the Year 1803, vol. 23 (London: T. C. Hansard, 1814), 382, 384-385, 410.
16. Worcester vs. Georgia, 31 U.S. 542-543 (1832).
17. Worcester vs. Georgia, 31 U.S. 538-539 (1832); Wikipedia, “Cherokee treaties,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_treaties_of_the_Cherokee.
18. Captain Johnny, May 18, 1785, Colin G. Calloway, “‘We have always been the frontier’: The American revolution in Shawnee country,” American Indian Quarterly, 16:1 (Winter 1992), 174.
19. News release, Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo, May 16, 2013, http://www.governor.ny.gov/press/05162013-agreement-with-state-oneida-nation-and-oneida-and-madison-counties.
TWENTY-FOUR: RICHES
1. NG, 11:173n3.
2. Leslie to Clinton, May 9, 1782, HMC, 2:485; NG, 11:141n2; HMC, 2:450; Edward Mathew to Carleton, July 2, 1782, HMC, 3:2.
3. DNB, 42:61-62.
4. William Hotham, William D. Griffin, “General Charles O’Hara,” Irish Sword, 10:179, Summer 1972, 187; “Obituary, with Anecdotes, of Remarkable Persons,” Gentleman’s Magazine, 72:1, March 1802, 278.
5. O’Shaughnessy (2000), 32.
6. Blane, 203; James, British Navy, 86; O’Shaughnessy (2000), 32.
7. Blane, 90, 203.
8. George Rodney reporting about Adm. Samuel Graves to Joshua Rowley, June 30, 1782, Rodney, 475-476.
9. Smith (1904), IV.7.76; Dunn, 312.
10. Deerr, 1:116-119.
11. James, British Navy, 86.
12. O’Shaughnessy (2000), 60-62, 72.
13. Smith (1904), I.11.42; Charles Leslie, 1739: T. G. Burnard, “‘Prodigious riches’: the wealth of Jamaica before the American Revolution,” Economic History Review, 54:3, 2001, 506, 520.
14. Tuchman (1988), 139.
15. James, British Navy, 85; Robert and Isabelle Tombs, That Sweet Enemy: The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007), 111; Killion, 68-69.
16. Smith (1904), III.2.10.
17. George III to John Montagu, Earl of Sandwich, 1779: Tuchman (1988), 136.
18. O’Shaughnessy (2013), 295-296.
19. Patton, 71; O’Shaughnessy (2000), 158.
20. George Macartney to Germain, October 22, 1777, O’Shaughnessy (2013), 296, 49; Samuel Hood, Mackesy, 228.
After Yorktown Page 42