After Yorktown

by Don Glickstein

  21. Carleton to Washington, April 6, 1783, FO.

  22. Washington to Carleton, April 9, 1783.

  23. Pennsylvania Packet, Schecter, 369; Schaukirk, 444; George III, December 5, 1782, John Heneage Jesse, Memoirs of King George the Third, vol. 3 (Boston: L. C. Page, 1902), 431.

  24. General Orders, transcript, April 18, 1783, GW.

  25. Chopra, 115.

  26. Jasanoff, 88-89; Ward (2002), 61; Evarts B. Greene and Virginia D. Harrington, American Population before the Federal Census of 1790 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1932), 102-104.

  27. Conference report by George Clinton, John Morin Scott, Engelbert Benson, and Jonathan Trumbull Jr., May 6, 1783, FO.

  28. Washington to Carleton, May 6, 1783, FO; Carleton to Washington, May 12, 1783; Quarles, 1966, 171.

  29. North to Carleton, August 8, 1783, DAR, 21:202.

  30. Chopra, 208, 214; Quarles, 1966, 172-173.

  FORTY-THREE: EVACUATION DAY

  1. Carleton to Washington, May 12, 1783, FO.

  2. Washington to Ralph Izard, June 14, 1783, FO.

  3. William Hull to GW, July 7, 1783; Washington to Hull, July 8, 1783, FO.

  4. August 11, 1783, HMC, 4:272.

  5. Orders to the Army, November 2, 1783, FO.

  6. Carleton to Washington, November 12, 1783, FO.

  7. Carleton to Washington, December 1, 1783; Washington to Carleton, December 2, 1783, FO.

  8. Jasanoff, 86; Carleton to Thomas Townshend Sydney, June 13, 1787, Nelson (2000), 207.

  9. J. [John] Clute, Annals of Staten Island from Its Discovery to the Present (New York: Chas. Vogt, 1877), 126-127.

  BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  I GREW UP IN NEW YORK’S MOHAWK VALLEY READING THE Schenectady Union-Star (1911–1969). Back then, compositors set type using hot lead to make printing plates. If there were odd spaces at the end of columns, they’d fill those spaces with, well, “fillers.” Usually, the fillers were one- or two-sentence trivia bits. One filler that stuck with me said the last battle of the revolution took place at Fort Henry, Virginia. The information wasn’t correct, but the concept led to this book. I am grateful for those newspapers still in business.

  I could not have researched the book without modern technology. I’m grateful to the institutions and companies that digitalize out-of-copyright publications, as well as online library card catalogs. Internet Archive, Google Books, WorldCat, the British National Archives database, “Founders Online” (sponsored by the U.S. National Archives and University of Virginia Press), and, yes, Wikipedia, are indispensable.

  The web also provides an outlet to unaffiliated researchers—I won’t use the term “amateur,” because their work is professional. Among them: John Robertson’s Gazetteer of the American Revolution; Marg Baskin’s Oatmeal for the Foxhounds; J. L. Bell’s Boston 1775; and Todd Andrlik, Hugh Harrington, and Don Hagist from the rigorous, but fun, online Journal of the American Revolution.

  I owe debts to libraries around the world, but especially to the great Seattle Public Library and the University of Washington Libraries. I also used Seattle University’s Lemieux Library and the New York Public Library. Among the individuals who helped are: Bob Sullivan, Schenectady Public Library; Melissa Tacke, Schenectady County Historical Society; Bonnie Johnson, Princeton, Indiana, Public Library; Patrick Kerwin, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress; Sandra Kroupa, University of Washington; and Thomas R. Evans, Rhode Island State Library.

  Park and museum staff were eager to share. They included Ashley Chapman, Colonial Dorchester State Historic Site, South Carolina; Alan Stello and John Young, The Powder Magazine, South Carolina; Judith Kramer and Gary Kaushaugen, Caw Caw Interpretive Center, South Carolina; Frank Doughman and Jason Collins, George Rogers Clark National Historical Park, Indiana; Robert Sherman, Middleton Place, South Carolina; and Joseph Herron, Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas.

  Academics also contributed. They included Gilbert C. Din, E. Lee Spence, Patrick D. Bellegard, Barbara Vance, Deborah Jenson, Nadève Ménard, Wendy Bennett, and Paul Young.

  Some unclassifiable folks also helped. Pulitzer Prize winner Joseph Ellis gave me valuable feedback on some early excerpts. Art dealer and military expert Christopher Bryant was an intermediary in getting certain permissions, but I’m also indebted to him for correcting some of my many errors. Ken Girty provided information about his ancestor, Simon. My friend, Jeff Siddiqui, offered perspectives about India. Al Oickle, my mentor when I was a college student and an inspiration as a historian, encouraged me all the way. My agent, Roger S. Williams, from New England Publishing Associates, is worth the price of a college education. Bruce H. Franklin of Westholme Publishing saw my potential, and he contributes greatly to our nation’s knowledge banks. Alex Kane, my editor, saved me from much embarassment.

  Finally, as they say, I stand on the shoulders of giants, including: Colonel Mark M. Boatner III and his Encyclopedia of the American Revolution (updated by Harold E. Selesky et al.); Dennis M. Conrad and other editors of The Papers of Nathanael Greene; Benjamin Quarles, who wrote the seminal history of African Americans in the Revolution; Piers Mackesy for British perspectives; Barbara Tuchman, whose books taught me important lessons about writing history; and Barbara Graymont and Colin G. Calloway for their groundbreaking work about Native Americans during the war.

  Note: Websites were accessed from 2009 through 2014. Conversions of eighteenth-century currency to 2011–2013 dollars were made using the conservative end of MeasuringWorth.com calculators.

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