by Ron Chernow
32. MMW Frz II, letter from Fritz Warburg to Herr von Trobe, December 15, 1919.
33. MMW Frz II, undated memo of Max Warburg.
34. MMW Frz IL “Eine Unterhaltung in Paxopolis.” Also letter from Dr. Fritz Warburg to Lucius von Stödten, July 3, 1923.
35. MMW Frz II. Letter from Herr von Jagow to Dr. Fritz Warburg, November 18, 1919.
36. Fritsch, Mein Streit mit dem Hause Warburg, p. 77.
37. Warburg, Aus Meinen Aufzeichnungen, p. 45.
38. EL, letter from Paul to Max Warburg, December 1916.
39. Warburg, Aus Meinen Aufzeichnungen, p. 54.
40. FW. B171 F24, letter to Nina Warburg, April 10, 1916.
41. Warburg, Aus Meinen Aufzeichnungen, p. 7.
42. Adler, Jacob H. Schiff, Vol. II, p. 201.
43. Ibid, Vol. II, p. 204.
44. Roberts, “A Conflict of Loyalties,” p. 28.
45. Warburg, Letters to His Sons, letter to Gerald Warburg, February 7, 1917.
46. Warburg, Germany: Key to Peace, p. xiii.
47. PW. SI B4 F57, letter to Colonel House, August 4, 1917.
48. Brandeis, Letters, Vol. IV, p. 317.
49. CUOH-JW, p. 4.
50. Warburg, Germany—Bridge or Battleground?, p. 136.
51. Warburg, The Long Road Home, p. 31.
52. CUOH-JW, p. 10.
53. Warburg, The Long Road Home, p. 38.
54. FW. “Corrections for Farrer book.”
55. CUOH-JW, p. 21.
56. Warburg, Germany: Key to Peace, p. xiii.
57. Katharine Weber, interview with author.
58. BW, letter from Paul Warburg, February 16, 1920.
59. Warburg, The Long Road Home, p. 50.
60. Ibid., p. 49.
61. FW, B179 F33, letter to John Warburg, March 27, 1918.
62. Warburg, Letters to His Sons, letter to Frederick Warburg, July 10, 1917.
63. Ibid., letter to Gerald Warburg, August 5, 1918.
64. Warburg, The Federal Reserve System, Vol. I, p. 453.
65. Ibid., Vol. I, p. 447.
66. PW. SII B7 F92. Unpublished chapter on Federal Reserve Board.
67. Ibid.
68. Ibid.
69. The Evening Sun, March 14, 1918.
70. EH. SI B144 F4019, letter from Paul Warburg to Treasury Secretary McAdoo, April 7, 1918.
71. Ibid.
72. Warburg, The Federal Reserve System, Vol. II, p. 803.
73. The New York Times, August 12, 1918.
74. Ibid., August 18, 1918.
75. PW. SI B4 F57, letter to Colonel House, October 17, 1918.
76. Ibid.
CHAPTER 14
1. Letter from Eric Warburg to James Warburg, February 9, 1917.(Courtesy of Marie Warburg.)
2. Warburg, Zeiten und Gezeiten, p. 42.
3. Videotape of Eric Warburg interview. (Courtesy of Marie Warburg.)
4. Koelbl, Jüdische Portraits, p. 252.
5. AW Kopierbuch 6 26(7) Hamburg Transcript, letter to Wilhelm Hertz, October 1, 1916.
6. BW, letter from Jim Loeb to Nina Warburg, March 26, 1916.
7. Mnemosyne, p. 44.
8. Gombrich, Aby Warburg, p. 207.
9. AW Kopierbuch 6 26(7) Hamburg Transcript, letter to Anna Warburg, November 18, 1917.
10. AW Kopierbuch 6 26(7) Hamburg Transcript, letter to Aby S. Warburg, July 22, 1915.
11. AW Kopierbuch 6 26(7) Hamburg Transcript, letter to Bode, January 12, 1917.
12. AW Kopierbuch 6 26(7) Hamburg Transcript, letter to Dr. Orbaan, April 5, 1917.
13. AW Kopierbuch 6 26(7) Hamburg Transcript, letter to Percy Schramm, October 4, 1917.
14. AW Kopierbuch 6 26(7) Hamburg Transcript, letter to Herr du Bois, September 21, 1916.
15. Gustav Hillard, Herren und Narren der Welt, p. 285.
16. Warburg, Aus Meinen Aufzeichnungen, p. 57.
17. MMW Ma XII, p. 117.
18. Warburg, Aus Meinen Aufzeichnungen, p. 62.
19. Ibid. p. 64.
20. Ibid.
21. Warburg, Zeiten und Gezeiten, p. 54.
22. Prince Max of Baden, Memoirs, Vol. II, p. 9.
23. John W. Wheeler-Bennett, Hindenburg—The Wooden Titan, p. 165.
24. Prince Max of Baden, Memoirs, Vol. II., p. 13.
25. Ibid.
26. Warburg, Aus Meinen Aufzeichnungen, p. 67.
27. Leo Baeck Institute Year Book III, 1958, p. 298.
28. Hamburger Abendblatt, June 22, 1976.
29. EH. SI BI14a F4014, letter from Max Warburg, June 9, 1921.
30. MMW Ma V. Letter from Max Warburg to M.M. Warburg & Co., February 28, 1925.
31. Leo Baeck Institute Year Book III, 1958, p. 298.
32. Warburg, Aus Meinen Aufzeichnungen, p. 68.
33. Ibid.
34. AW Kopierbuch 6 26(7) Hamburg Transcript, letter to Eric Warburg, July 15, 1918.
35. Bing, “Aby M. Warburg,” p. 30.
36. Heise, Persönliche Erinnerungen, p. 51.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. AW Kopierbuch 6 26(7) Hamburg Transcript, letter to Wilhelm Hertz, July 3, 1918.
40. AW Kopierbuch 6 26(7) Hamburg Transcript, letter to Max Warburg, May 19, 1918.
41. Birmingham, “Our Crowd,” p. 372.
42. MAW. “Speech at the Warburg Institute after the death of Gertrud Bing.”
43. Ibid.
44. AW Kopierbuch 6 26(7) Hamburg Transcript, letter to Herr Professor, October 7, 1918.
45. Gombrich, Aby Warburg, p. 215.
46. Maria Christina Warburg (Mills), interview with author.
47. MAW. “Speech at the Warburg Institute after the death of Gertrud Bing.”
48. Maria Christina Warburg (Mills), interview with author.
49. Staatsarchiv Hamburg, Percy Schramm Papers. “Aby Warburg 1866–1929.”
50. Melchior, Random Memories, p. 191.
51. Warburg, Zeiten und Gezeiten, p. 34.
CHAPTER 15
1. Anita Warburg, interview with author.
2. MMW EW. “Memoir Extracts.” Letter from Eric Warburg to Max Warburg, January 27, 1919.
3. MMW EW. “Memoir Extracts.” Letter from Eric Warburg to his parents, December 25, 1918.
4. Warburg, Aus Meinen Aufzeichnungen, p. 71.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid, pp. 50–51.
7. Ruth Fleck, interview with author.
8. MMW Ma XIV, p. 648.
9. MMW MW. Letter from Max Warburg to Albert Ballin, September 2, 1916.
10. Krohn, Die Juden in Hamburg, Vol. I, p. 106.
11. Keynes, Two Memoirs, p. 33.
12. Ibid., pp. 32–33.
13. Ibid., p. 48.
14. Ibid., p. 50.
15. Blumenfeld, Life begins at 65, p. 114.
16. Warburg, Letters to his Sons, letter to Gerald Warburg, March 17, 1919.
17. MMW Ma XIV, p. 577. Letter from Max to Alice Warburg, April 7, 1919.
18. TWL. B171 F27. “Memorandum as to Meeting at Chateau Viliette Today,” April 16, 1919.
19. TWL. B171 F27, Max Warburg memo of April 16, 1919.
20. TWL. B171 F27, letter from Thomas W. Lamont to Bernard Baruch, April 18, 1919.
21. MMW Ma XIV, p. 592.
22. Warburg, Aus Meinen Aufzeichnungen, p. 77.
23. Farrer, The Warburgs, p. 77.
24. MMW Ma XIV, p. 584.
25. Farrer, The Warburgs, pp. 78–79.
26. Warburg, Aus Meinen Aufzeichnungen, p. 98.
27. Ibid., p. 98.
28. Ibid., p. 86.
29. Krohn, Die Juden in Hamburg, Vol. I, p. 204.
30. MMW Ma XIV, p. 592. Letter from Max to Alice Warburg, June 23, 1919.
31. Rathenau, Briefe, p. 460.
CHAPTER 16
1. Letter from Charlotte Warburg to unnamed gentleman, June 16, 1919. (Courtesy of Anita Warburg.)
2. Adler, Jacob H. Schiff, Vol. II, p. 209. Letter from Jacob Schiff to Max Warburg,
August 26, 1919.
3. MMW PM I. Letter from Paul to Alice Warburg, July 10, 1919.
4. BW. Letter from Paul Warburg, December 7, 1919.
5. BW. Letter from Paul Warburg, January 1920.
6. PW. SI B4 F57, letter to Colonel House, October 17, 1918.
7. PW. SI B4 F58, letter to Mortimer Schiff, March 21, 1919.
8. PW. SI B4 F58, letter from Mortimer Schiff, March 24, 1919.
9. MMW PM I. Letter from Paul Warburg to Alice Warburg, July 10, 1919.
10. Warburg, The Federal Reserve System, Vol. II, p. 647.
11. PW. SII B7 F93. Minutes of meeting in home of Dr. G. Vissering, October 13, 1919.
12. PW. SI B5 F59, letter to John W. Davis, November 17, 1919.
13. Keynes, Two Memoirs, p. 71.
14. Warburg, The Federal Reserve System, Vol. II, p. 55.
15. Ibid., Vol. II, p. 719.
16. Ibid., Vol. II., p. 654.
17. PW, Evening Post of New York, January 25, 1932.
18. Turner, German Big Business, pp. 47–48.
19. Krohn, Die Juden in Hamburg, Vol. I, pp. 202–3.
20. Rosenbaum and Sherman, M.M. Warburg & Co., p. 125.
21. MMW MW 11. Letter from Max Warburg to Alice Warburg, June 7, 1921.
22. MMW MW 10. Letter from Max Warburg to Dr. Johann Becker, August 12, 1921.
23. EH. SI B114a F4014. Letter from Max Warburg, June 9, 1921.
24. Rosenbaum and Sherman, M.M. Warburg & Co., p. 128.
25. Weizmann, Trial and Error, Vol. II, p. 288.
26. Gay, Weimar Culture, p. 153.
27. MMW Ma XII, p. 202.
28. MMW Ma XIII, p. 228.
29. MMW Ma XIII, p. 229.
30. Warburg, Aus Meinen Aufzeichnungen, p. 108.
31. Ibid.
32. Leo Baeck Year Book VIII, 1963, p. 267.
33. FW. B266 F11, letter to Louis Wiley, June 30, 1922.
34. Ibid.
35. Warburg, Letters to His Sons, letter to Gerald Warburg, October 16, 1922.
36. TWL. B136 F12, letter from Paul Warburg, November 14, 1922.
37. PW. SII B7 F91. “The Rehabilitation of Europe.”
38. Warburg, Letters to His Sons, letter to Gerald Warburg, November 6, 1922.
39. Fritsch, Mein Streit mit dem Hause Warburg, p. 71.
40. JFD. B21. Excerpt from MW Autobiography.
41. Rosenbaum and Sherman, M.M. Warburg & Co., p. 130.
42. MMW Ma XIII, p. 252.
43. MMWF47.
44. Warburg, Zeiten und Gezeiten, p. 71.
45. Vagts, “M.M. Warburg & Co.,” pp. 381–82.
46. Peukert, Weimar Republic, p. 160.
47. MMW Ma XIII, p. 313.
48. Warburg, The Long Road Home, p. 85.
49. The International Jew, Vol. III, p. 235.
50. Cohen, Not Free to Desist, p. 131.
51. FW. B213 F21, letter to Ludwig Vogelstein, February 1, 1923.
52. Turner, German Big Business, p. 62.
53. MMW Ma XIII, p. 265.
CHAPTER 17
1. DS. Letter from Jacob Schiff to Max Warburg, January 19, 1920.
2. Potter, Men, Money & Magic, p. 19.
3. Warburg, Letters to His Sons, letter to Frederick Warburg, December 22, 1920.
4. Warburg, As I Recall, p. 5.
5. Warburg, Letters to His Sons.
6. Walter Rothschild, Jr., interview with author.
7. FW. B171 F19, letter from Walter Rothschild to Mr. Paul, May 15, 1916.
8. Rothschild, Sharing and Caring, p. 20.
9. FW. B213 F6, letter to Judah Magnes, January 22, 1923.
10. FW, letter of January 22, 1923.
11. Ibid.
12. Warburg, Letters to His Sons, letter to Frederick Warburg, July 30, 1920.
13. CUOH-JG, pp. 402–403.
14. Ibid., p. 404.
15. Bettina Warburg, interview with author.
16. Weber, Patron Saints, p. 83.
17. Warburg, As I Recall, p. 9.
18. Warburg, Letters to His Sons, letter to Gerald F. Warburg, January 19, 1925.
19. Geraldine Zetzel, interview with author.
20. Warburg, As I Recall p. 9.
21. Katharine Weber, interview with author.
22. Warburg, Letters to His Sons, letter to Gerald Warburg, December 18, 1922.
23. MMW Ma XV.
24. DS. Letter from Jacob Schiff to Max Warburg, August 26, 1919.
25. MMW Ma XIV, p. 517.
26. Frieda Schiff Warburg, Reminiscences, p. 112.
27. Adler, “Felix M. Warburg,” p. 39.
28. FW. “Personal Recollections,” by Alice R. Emanuel.
29. Johnson, History of the Jews, p. 430.
30. Adler, Jacob H. Schiff, Vol. II, p. 165.
31. Feder, Heute Sprach ich mit …, p. 115.
32. Ruppin, Briefe, Tagebücher, Erinnerungen, p. 212.
33. FW. B213 F6, letter to Judah Magnes, January 22, 1923.
34. Weizmann, Trial and Error, Vol. II, pp. 309–10. Joshua Freundlich, editor of Volume XII of the Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, says that the meeting with Felix that Weizmann said in Trail and Error took place in spring of 1923 may have been in December 1923.
35. Ibid., Vol. II, p. 310.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid
39. Weizmann, Letters and Papers, Vol. XI, p. 316.
40. Ibid., p. 318. Letter from Chaim Weizmann to Berthold Feiwel, May 21, 1923.
41. FW. “A Prologue,” by Carola Rothschild.
42. Weizmann, Letters and Papers, Vol. XIII, p. 134. Letter from Chaim to Vera Weizmann, November 17, 1926.
43. Weizmann, The Impossible Takes Longer, p. 106.
44. Frieda Schiff Warburg, Reminiscences, p. 148.
45. Weizmann, Letters and Papers, Vol. XII, pp. 55–56.
46. The New Palestine News Bulletin, May 27, 1932.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.
49. Kisch, Palestine Diary, p. 107.
50. Weizmann, The Impossible Takes Longer, pp. 105–6.
51. Weizmann, Trial and Error, Vol. II., p. 310.
52. Ibid., Vol. II, p. 311.
53. Weizmann, Letters and Papers, Vol. XIII, p. 142.
54. Cohen, Not Free to Desist, p. 143.
55. FW. B1163 chapter 10.
56. Farrer, The Warburgs, p. 69.
57. Parzen, Hebrew University, p. 16.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., p. 13.
60. Goren, Dissenter in Zion, p. 183.
61. Ibid.
CHAPTER 18
1. Fairer, The Warburgs, p. 127.
2. Bing, “A.M. Warburg,” p. 302.
3. MAW. “Speech at the Warburg Institute after the death of Gertrud Bing.”
4. Mnemosyne, p. 16.
5. Gay, Weimar Culture, p. 31.
6. Cassirer, Mein Leben mit Ernst Cassirer, p. 126.
7. Diers, “Kreuzlinger Passion,” p. 5.
8. Heise, Persönliche Erinnerungen, p. 52.
9. Frieda Schiff Warburg, Reminiscences, p. 28.
10. Gisela Wyzanski, interview with author.
11. Ibid.
12. Gordon, Fritz Saxl, p. 15.
13. Bredekamp et al., Aby Warburg, p. 68, letter from Max Warburg to Ludwig Binswanger, November 3, 1928.
14. SF-LB. Letter from Binswanger to Freud, January 7, 1920.
15. Ibid.
16. Margot Wittkower, interview with author.
17. Bredekamp et al., Aby Warburg, p. 68, letter from Ludwig Binswanger to Mary Warburg, December 18, 1929.
18. Ibid, p. 3.
19. SF-LB, letter from Freud to Binswanger, November 3, 1921.
20. Heise, Persönliche Erinnerungen, p. 51.
21. SF-LB, letter from Binswanger to Freud, November 8, 1921.
22. Gombrich, Aby Warburg, p. 303.
23. Bredekamp et al., Aby Warburg, p. 285.
24. Ferretti, C
assirer, Panofsky, and Warburg, p. 71.
25. Warburg, “A Lecture on Serpent Ritual,” p. 292.
26. MAW. “Speech at the Warburg Institute after the death of Gertrud Bing.”
27. Gombrich, Aby Warburg, pp. 226–27.
28. Cassirer, Mein Leben mit Ernst Cassirer, p. 151.
29. MAW. “Speech at the Warburg Institute after the death of Gertrud Bing.”
30. Gombrich, Aby Warburg, p. 335.
31. Bredekamp et al., Aby Warburg, p. 7. Letter from Aby Warburg to Ludwig Binswanger, March 30, 1925.
32. Gay, Weimar Culture, pp. 62, 81.
33. Iiebeschütz, “Aby Warburg,” p. 227.
34. Bredekamp et al., Aby Warburg, p. 55.
35. Bredekamp et al., Aby Warburg, p. 58. Letter from Max Warburg to Ludwig Bins wanger, April 25, 1925.
36. Ibid., p. 59. Letter from Mary Warburg to Ludwig Binswanger, April 28, 1925.
37. Heise, Persönliche Erinnerungen, p. 31.
38. Ibid.
39. Mnemosyne, p. 55.
40. Gisela Wyzanski, interview with author.
CHAPTER 19
1. MMW Ma XIII, p. 324.
2. Ibid.
3. Lorenz, Die Juden in Hamburg, Vol. II, p. 1019.
4. Fritsch, Mein Streit mit dem Hause Warburg, p. 8.
5. Ibid., p. 23.
6. Ibid., p. 24.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., p. 63.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., p. 65.
11. Ibid., p. 47.
12. Ibid., p. 84.
13. Lorenz, Die Juden in Hamburg, Vol. II., p. 1464.
14. Report of the International Acceptance Bank, Inc., January 20, 1925.
15. Rosenbaum and Sherman, M.M. Warburg & Co., p. 134.
16. American Jewish Committee, “The Jews in Nazi Germany,” p. 52.
17. CUOH-JW, pp. 50–51.
18. Lippmann, Mein Leben, p. 653.
19. MMW Ma XIII, p. 334.
20. Schacht, Confessions of “The Old Wizard,” p. 408.
21. Tyrell, “Führergedanke und Gauleiterwechsel,” pp. 360–61.
22. Role, Hitlers Stabsleiter, p. 22.
23. Turner, German Big Business, p. 247.
24. Lorenz, Die Juden in Hamburg, Vol. II, p. 1169.
CHAPTER 20
1. Spinelli, Erinnerungen, p. 53.
2. Heise, Persönliche Erinnerungen, p. 57.
3. MAW. “Speech at the Warburg Institute after the death of Gertrud Bing.”
4. Ibid.
5. Cassirer, Mein Leben mit Ernst Cassirer, p. 151.
6. Mnemosyne, pp. 52–53.
7. Warburg, As I Recall, p. 32.
8. Mnemosyne, p. 49.